Maternal weight, weight gain during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of abnormal maternal weight or weight gain on pregnancy outcome. METHOD: Records for 191 mothers with abnormal prepregnancy weight (> or = 20%) above, or under, ideal body weight for height) or weight gain > or = 20 kg, or < or = 5 kg during pregnancy were reviewed. The control group consisted of 166 mothers with normal prepregnancy weight and normal weight gain during pregnancy. Data on mothers and their infants were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Obese women and mothers with excessive weight gain during pregnancy had an increased incidence of induced labor (P < or = 0.05) and tendency for emergency cesarean sections during the delivery. Obese women had more large-for-date babies than controls (P < or = 0.05). Weight gain < or = 5 kg during pregnancy was most common in slightly obese women and did not carry any special obstetric or neonatal risk. Underweight women had a significant risk for delivering a small-for-data baby. CONCLUSION: Obese women and women with excessive weight gain during pregnancy need special follow-up and counseling during pregnancy and delivery. Underweight women may need prepregnancy nutritional counseling to guarantee normal fetal growth. In developed countries suboptimal weight gain (< or = 5 kg) during pregnancy seems not to need any medical intervention.     

Maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Relation to prepregnancy weight

OBJECTIVE: To describe the weight gain during normal pregnancy and to evaluate the relationship between maternal pregravid weight and gestational weight change. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 1443 healthy women who delivered of singleton, live infants. Pregravid weight was determined on the basis of maternal reporting and categorized into four categories using the following BMI cut points (kg m-2): underweight (< 19.8), normal weight (19.8-26.0), overweight (26.1-29.0), obesity (> 29.0). Length of gestation was first determined from the onset of the last menstrual period. Weight gain by gestational age: the woman's pregravid weight was subtracted from the weight measured at each visit. Total weight gain was calculated from the last weight measured. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) total amounts of weight gained by gestational week were 0.9 +/- 0.7 kg by 12 weeks, 7.5 +/- 2.7 kg by 28 weeks, and 12.9 +/- 3.8 kg by 40 weeks. Weight gain curve for this sample of women was linear. Weight curves in groups of women who differed in prepregnancy weight status showed similar linear trends. Compared with normal-weight women, obese and overweight women gained less during pregnancy (13.3 kg vs 11.8 kg, 12.2 kg, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Total weight gain in study population was similar to weight gain in other populations reported in publications. There was a tendency for overweight and obese women to gain weight at a lower rate, thus result in a overall lower total weight gain.     

Weight gain during pregnancy in adolescence: predictive ability of early weight gain

Pregnancy weight gains were examined at 4-week intervals from 12-36 weeks' gestation and total gain assessed at delivery in a cohort of 2008 pregnant women aged 18 or less at entry to prenatal care. As early as 12 weeks' gestation, there was a significant association between the amount of weight gained and infant birth weight measured at the time of delivery. At 16 weeks' gestation, gains below the 25th percentile were associated with an increased risk of low birth weight (LBW) (adjusted odds ratio 1.56; 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.43), and by 20 weeks' gestation, the risk of LBW was doubled (adjusted odds ratio 2.00; 95% confidence interval 1.34-2.99). Also at 16 weeks, there was a doubling in the risk of excessive fetal size or macrosomia (adjusted odds ratio 2.31; 95% confidence interval 1.31-4.10) associated with maternal weight gain above the 75th percentile. These results suggest that an increased risk of certain poor pregnancy outcomes is detectable late in the first or early in the second trimester. Consequently, weight gain monitoring may be important early in pregnancy.     

Managing excessive weight gain during pregnancy and the postpartum period

Childbearing is a period in the life cycle during which some women may gain weight, become overweight, or become obese. Despite guidelines issued in 1990 for gestational weight gain, many women exceed them. Women who are overweight before pregnancy are most vulnerable to excessive gestational weight gain. Prenatal interventions to prevent excessive gain have had mixed results. During the postpartum period, 14% to 20% of women may retain weight from pregnancy, which elevates risk of later health problems. Although postpartum weight loss interventions have been shown to have efficacy, these have been tested primarily with White women. Continued efforts are needed in practice and research to develop effective approaches for managing weight during pregnancy and postpartum, especially for low-income and ethnic minority women.     

Women who gain more fat during pregnancy may not have bigger babies: implications for recommended weight gain during pregnancy

Summary. The correlation between infant birthweight and the amount of fat gained during pregnancy (estimated as the change in maternal weight between 10 weeks gestation and 2–3 weeks postpartum) was studied in 115 healthy, parous, urban Scottish housewives. There was very little correlation between these variables (  r = 0.13  , falling to  r = 0.07  after birthweight was adjusted for initial maternal weight and length of gestation), i.e., women who gained more fat during their pregnancies did not give birth to heavier babies. This suggests that for most women one of the principal effects of increasing food intake during pregnancy may be to increase maternal fat gain rather than promote fetal growth, and that efforts to increase birthweight by encouraging greater weight gain during pregnancy may be unsuccessful     

Effects of obesity and weight gain during pregnancy on obstetrical factors

The relationship between the body weight or weight gain during pregnancy and various obstetrical factors was investigated in 731 patients who delivered in San-ikukai Hospital for in the year 1986. The patients were classified into three groups according to their body weight in non-pregnant states: slender (n = 214), ordinary (n = 379) and obese (n = 138), according to the standard for "The decision diagram for the estimation of obesity and emaciation in Japanese" published in 1986 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan. Each of these groups was further divided into two groups according to the degree of weight gain during pregnancy (more or less than 15kg). Then, the duration of labor, the blood loss during delivery, the birth weight, the placental weight and the obstetrical abnormalities (prolonged labor, arrested labor, blood loss of more than 500 ml, fetal distress and toxemia of pregnancy) were investigated in these groups. The blood loss, the neonatal birth weight and the placental weight in the obese groups were much greater than those in the ordinary or the slender group (p less than 0.005). However, there was no significant difference in the duration of the labor among these groups. The incidence of obstetrical abnormalities in the obese group was significantly higher than in the ordinary or the slender group (chi 2 = 4.37, p less than 0.05, chi 2 = 5.27, p less than 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

孕前BMI及孕期增重对妇女产后两年体重变化的影响

目的:探讨孕前BMI及孕期增重对妇女产后2年体重变化的影响。方法:采用历史-前瞻性队列研究设计,选择合肥市某区妇幼保健站进行产后42天体检的418例妇女为研究人群并建立观察队列,采用问卷调查和查阅孕产妇管理档案的方法收集基线资料,于产后42天及6月、12月、18月、24月对其进行连续性随访观察各时点的体重值。结果:418例产妇产后42天、6月、12月、18月、24月恢复至孕前体重率分别为7.42%、15.38%、32.58%、24.89%、27.97%。孕前BMI各组(18.5kg/m2组,18.5kg/m2≤BMI24kg/m2组,≥24kg/m2组)产后各时点比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。孕期增重3组(孕期增重较少组、孕期增重适中组和孕期增重较多组)妇女产后42天、18月和24月体重变化值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:孕前BMI、孕期增重影响产后2年体重的变化,根据孕前BMI将孕期增重控制在合理范围内可有效促进妇女产后体重恢复到孕前水平并控制远期肥胖的发生。     

Patterns of maternal weight gain in pregnancy

Summary. A retrospective study of 1145 pregnant women showed that trends in mean maternal weight gain from the time of booking until delivery were not linear. Statistically significant lower rates of maternal weight gain were seen before 16 weeks, after 36 weeks and between 28 and 32 weeks gestation (   P < 0.05  ). The mean maternal weight gain was 10.71 kg (SD 4.3) and the mean weekly weight gain was 0.38 kg (SD 0.16). A wide variation of maternal weight gain was seen in women with a normal outcome. The mean weight gain in heavy (>68 kg) and light (<55.4 kg) women was less than that in women whose weight was in the third quartile (60–68 kg,   P <0.05  ). The mean maternal weight gain was less in young (<20 years) women than in older women (>25 years;   P <0.05  ), less in parous than in primigravid women from week 37 onwards (   P <0.05  ), less in smokers than in non-smokers from 20 weeks onwards (   P <0.05  ), and greater in hypertensive women (BP> 140/90) than in normotensive women (   P <0.05  ) from week 24 onwards. The mean weight gain in women who had small for gestational age (SGA) infants was not significantly different from that in women who had infants that were of appropriate size for gestational age. After taking into account infant and placental weight using multiple regression analysis, the factors that were associated with statistically significant differences in average weekly weight gain were parity, body mass index, smoking habit and raised blood pressure. Only 9.6% of the variation in average weekly weight gain could be predicted using these variables. It is unlikely that the measurement of maternal weight gain would be useful in detecting women who will have SGA infants or will develop hypertension.     

Patterns of maternal weight gain in pregnancy

A retrospective study of 1145 pregnant women showed that trends in mean maternal weight gain from the time of booking until delivery were not linear. Statistically significant lower rates of maternal weight gain were seen before 16 weeks, after 36 weeks and between 28 and 32 weeks gestation (P less than 0.05). The mean maternal weight gain was 10.71 kg (SD 4.3) and the mean weekly weight gain was 0.38 kg (SD 0.16). A wide variation of maternal weight gain was seen in women with a normal outcome. The mean weight gain in heavy (greater than 68 kg) and light (less than 55.4 kg) women was less than that in women whose weight was in the third quartile (60-68 kg, P less than 0.05). The mean maternal weight gain was less in young (less than 20 years) women than in older women (greater than 25 years; P less than 0.05), less in parous than in primigravid women from week 37 onwards (P less than 0.05), less in smokers than in non-smokers from 20 weeks onwards (P less than 0.05), and greater in hypertensive women (BP less than 140/90) than in normotensive women (P less than 0.05) from week 24 onwards. The mean weight gain in women who had small for gestational age (SGA) infants was not significantly different from that in women who had infants that were of appropriate size for gestational age. After taking into account infant and placental weight using multiple regression analysis, the factors that were associated with statistically significant differences in average weekly weight gain were parity, body mass index, smoking habit and raised blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy in the context of the obesity epidemic

The Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council have issued new guidelines for gestational weight gain as well as recommendations for action and research that call for "a radical change in the care provided to women of childbearing age." For the first time, these guidelines consider the outcomes of both mother and child during and after delivery and the trade-offs between them. The recommendations call for women to begin pregnancy at a healthy weight and to gain within the guidelines, a goal not previously achieved. They also call for individualized preconceptional, prenatal, and postpartum care to help women attain a healthy weight, gain within the guidelines, and return to a healthy weight. Scientific evidence was inadequate to provide specific guidelines by obesity class or to support a public health recommendation to reduce the guidelines below 5-9 kg (11-20 lb) for obese women.     

Maternal weight and weight gain in pregnancy and obstetric outcome

We studied 3002 antenatal patients to assess the relationship between maternal weight at booking in the first trimester and the total weight gain during the pregnancy and the birth weight of infants, pregnancy complications and mode of delivery. We found if the weight of the mother in the first trimester was lower or higher by 20% as compared with the standard weight, and the weight gain was more than 16 kg and less than 2.5 kg, there was higher incidences of maternal and fetal morbidity (P less than 0.01).     

妇女孕前身高、体重及孕期体重增加对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨妇女孕前身高、体重及孕期体重增加对妊娠结局的影响。方法对２５８４例单胎初产妇,测量孕前身高、体重和孕期体重增加情况,计算体重指数（ＢＷＩ）,并随访妊娠结局。根据孕妇身高确定新生儿出生体重标准。结果与正常体重孕妇相比,高体重孕妇的妊高征、手术产、高体重儿发生率及低体重孕妇的低体重儿发生率显著增加。结论孕前体重和孕期体重增长,是新生儿出生体重增加及孕妇发生并发症的重要因素。     

The effect of maternal weight gain in pregnancy on birth weight

The association between maternal weight gain during pregnancy and the infant's birth weight was studied in 14,121 term singleton births. The parturients were stratified into four body-mass categories, three age groups, four parity groups, and three levels of educational attainment. A separate multiple regression analysis was performed for each category to control for the confounding effect of gestational age, maternal social class, ethnicity, cigarette consumption, marital status, age, parity, education, and weight for height. A significant positive influence of prenatal weight gain on birth weight was found for all subgroups. The effect varied depending on maternal pre-pregnancy body mass, age, parity, and the level of formal education.     

Optimal weight gain during twin pregnancy in Japanese women with favorable perinatal outcomes

Objective: We examined the optimal weight gain in the healthy Japanese women with favorable perinatal outcomes of (dichorionic) twin pregnancy.

Methods: We calculated the average weight gain in the women whose height was 150–164?cm with favorable perinatal outcomes of dichorionic twin pregnancy set for this study. The women were categorized to underweight, normal, overweight and obese based on the pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) categories according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) body mass index (BMI) cutoffs.

Results: The average GWG in the normal-weight women with the favorable perinatal outcomes was 13.9?±?3.6?kg. It was significantly different from that in the underweight, overweight and obese women according to the both 2 BMI cutoffs by Student’s t-test (p?Conclusion: There are optimal ranges of weight gain during twin pregnancy based on the BMI classification.     

妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇的体重适宜增长

目的 探讨适合糖代谢异常孕妇妊娠期适宜体重增长范围.方法 对2005年1月至2007年12月在北京大学第一医院分娩的妊娠合并糖代谢异常的足月单胎且病历资料完整的孕产妇661例进行回顾性分析.根据孕前体重指数(BMI)将研究对象分为低体重组(BMI<18.5)40例(Ⅰ组);正常体重组(BMI 18.5～23.9)400例(Ⅱ组);超重组(BMI 24～27.9)162例(Ⅲ组);肥胖组(BMI≥28.0)59例(Ⅳ组).分析孕前不同BMI组正常出生体重儿和巨大儿母亲的孕期增重,并计算出新生儿出生体重在3000～3500 g产妇的孕期平均增重,作为各孕前BMI组孕期适宜的体重增长.结果 孕前不同BMI组分娩巨大儿者孕期增重明显大于分娩正常体重儿者的孕期增重,Ⅱ组孕期平均增重分别为(17.0±5.2)kg和(14.1±4.7)kg,m组孕期平均增重分别为(16.8±7.3)kg和(11.9±5.1)kg,Ⅳ组孕期平均增重分别为(18.3±6.7)kg和(11.2±5.4)kg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).各组孕妇孕期平均体重增长和适宜增重范围:Ⅰ组(15.6±3.3)kg,(14.0～18.O)kg,Ⅱ组(13.9±4.6)kg,(11.0～16.5)kg,Ⅲ组(11.5±5.2)kg,(9.0～15.0)ks,Ⅳ组(10.1±2.9)kg,(7.0～12.7)kg.结论 对孕前不同体重的糖代谢异常孕妇进行血糖监测的同时,使其妊娠期体重增长在各自适宜的范围,有助于获得理想出生体重的新生儿.