Coronary artery disease in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremities or aortic aneurysm.

Routine coronary angiography was performed in order to determine the incidence and clinical condition of coronary artery disease in 37 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans or aortic aneurysm. Coronary angiography demonstrated significant stenosis in 12 (57%) of 21 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans and in 7 (44%) of 16 patients with aortic aneurysm. The prevalence of risk factors for arteriosclerosis was similar for patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans and those with aortic aneurysm, and similar for patients with and without coronary artery stenosis. But coronary artery disease is often silent in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans.     

Use of coronary arteriography in the preoperative management of patients undergoing urgent repair of the thoracic aorta

Noninvasive innovations have advanced the timing and precision of diagnosis of acute dissection or enlarging aortic aneurysm. However, the need to perform coronary arteriography prior to surgical repair in these patients remains a question for many clinicians. This retrospective 10-year (1978 to 1988) review examined data of 54 patients undergoing urgent surgical repair of thoracic aortic tear, aneurysm, or dissection in our institution. Results of coronary arteriography and clinical variables (history of coronary artery disease, electrocardiographic abnormalities, surgical procedures, and in-hospital mortality) were tabulated. Twenty-seven patients had type A aortic dissection and 27 patients had type B. Twenty-four patients had aortic dissection or tear (type A or B) due to motor vehicle trauma. In patients with type A, a history and/or electrocardiogram suggestive of coronary artery disease was present in 16, in whom cardiac catheterization was performed in five. None required coronary bypass surgery or died. In the 11 patients with no clinical history of coronary artery disease or electrocardiographic abnormalities, six had cardiac catheterization, none had coronary artery disease, two had coronary reimplantation, and six died. Only 1 of the 27 patients with type A dissection had a perioperative myocardial infarction (a patient with a clinical history of coronary artery disease who did not undergo cardiac catheterization). In patients undergoing type B aortic repair, 10 had a clinical history or electrocardiogram consistent with coronary artery disease but only one underwent cardiac catheterization and subsequent coronary artery bypass graft surgery for coronary artery disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Incidence and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute aortic dissection: comparison with abdominal aortic aneurysm and arteriosclerosis obliterans

OBJECTIVES: The incidence and severity of coronary artery disease were studied in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD), and compared with coronary artery disease in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) or arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO). METHODS: A total of 71 patients(42 males, 29 females, mean age 61.4 +/- 10.0 years) with AAD, undergoing coronary angiography between 1988 and 1999, were studied including 38 patients with open communication type and 33 patients with thrombosed type. According to the Stanford classification, 18 patients were type A and 53 patients were type B. Patients with AAD following Marfan syndrome or chest trauma were excluded from the study. Selective coronary angiography was performed in age- and sex-matched patients with AAA(n = 57; 42 males, 15 females, mean age 63.9 +/- 4.6 years) or ASO (n = 95; 66 males, 29 females, mean age 62.4 +/- 9.4 years). Coronary artery disease was defined as > or = 75% stenosis (left main trunk lesion of > or = 50% stenosis) by multidirectional imaging. RESULTS: Significant coronary artery disease was demonstrated in 14 patients with AAD (19.7%), 25 patients with AAA (43.9%), and 49 patients with ASO (51.5%). The incidence of coronary artery disease was significantly lower in the AAD group than in the other two groups (p < 0.05). One-vessel disease was present in approximately 70% of the patients with AAD and coronary artery disease. In contrast, multivessel disease was observed in approximately 50% of patients with AAA and ASO. Classification of the patients with AAD according to the blood flow in the false lumen showed coronary artery disease was more highly associated with the thrombosed type [10 (30.3%) of 33 patients] than the open communication type [4 (10.5%) of 38 patients]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the patients with AAD showed coronary artery disease was associated with a high serum total cholesterol level (p = 0.025) and the thrombosed type (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of coronary artery disease was significantly lower among patients with AAD than among age- and sex-matched patients with AAA or ASO. Coronary artery disease developed in 30% of the patients with the thrombosed type of AAD, although the prognosis seemed to be good.     

Effects of coronary insufficiency on the early and late results in patients surgically treated for aneurysm of the sub-renal abdominal aorta

Between 1973 and 1988, 200 patients underwent repair of unruptured aortic aneurysm located distal to the renal arteries. There were 181 men (90%) and the mean age was 68.8 years. The most serious associated disease was arteriosclerotic heart disease which was present in 102 patients (51%): 48 patients had angina pectoris; 59 patients had previous myocardial infarct; 8 patients had ischemic myocardiopathy. Associated cerebrovascular disease was found in 29 patients (15%). Of these 200 patients, 36% had no symptoms relating to the aneurysm. The aneurysm was associated with iliac aneurysm (19%), iliac occlusion (14%), distant femoral occlusion (14%). In patients with history of coronary arteries disease (102), 39 (18%) had a coronary angiography prior the elective resection, 18 (9%) coronary artery bypass surgery underwent elective myocardial revascularisation prior to elective resection of their aneurysm. The treatment was by graft replacement and exclusively by graft inclusion. RESULTS: Death occurred within 30 days of treatment in 5 patients (2.5%). The first cause of early death was myocardial infarct (3). Early peripheral vascular complication occurred within 30 days in these 200 patients and were thromboembolism in 12 patients and colic ischemia in 8 patients. Of the 83 patients (1975-1983) who survived operation, follow up information regarding survival was obtained in 79 patients. The overall 5 and 8 years survival rates in percentage in the series were 69% and 50%. The survival rate was greatest in patients free of associated disease and worse in patients with myocardial infarctus. Subsequently 24 vascular operations were performed in these patients: 7 iliac aneurysms, 16 occlusive lesions and 2 false aneurysms. DISCUSSION: Young (15) and associates reported an operative mortality rate of 6.3% for elective aneurysm resection but found that 20% of the patients with pre-operative evidence of coronary artery disease had post-operative myocardial infarct of which 58% were fatal. Hertzer and colleagues (6), using routine coronary angiography prior to elective aortic reconstruction, have documented a 59% incidence of significant anatomic coronary artery disease. This incidence increased to 95% in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and suspected coronary artery disease. Only one patient of the 68 patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm had normal coronary arteries in their series. Thus, considering the omnious implications of coronary artery disease in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms, routine preoperative coronary angiography has been recommended. For Brown and coll. (1), it would appear that the risk of prophylactic coronary artery revascularisation may be greater than that for elective abdominal aortic aneurysm resection alone in the older age group. For the authors, only patients which instable angina pectoris or angina pectoris with a myocardial infarct had a coronary angiography. The coronary artery bypass is recommended for left maintrunk obstruction or diffuse multivessel coronary artery disease.     

Long-term follow-up of a patient with Kawasaki disease and coronary aneurysm associated with asymptomatic thrombosis: a case report

A 20-year-old male was first diagnosed with Kawasaki disease at age 2 years 9 months. Coronary angiography in the acute phase revealed coronary aneurysms, so chronic antiplatelet therapy was initiated with aspirin and ticlopidine. The patient was asymptomatic and was followed up. Stress myocardial imaging showed asymptomatic myocardial ischemia at age 20 years. Coronary angiography was performed, and revealed 99% occlusion of the right coronary artery and collateral circulation from the left coronary artery. Occlusion was attributed to coronary aneurysm thrombosis. Much remains unknown about the long-term prognosis in patients with coronary aneurysm associated with Kawasaki disease. Asymptomatic children who are followed up sometimes develop ischemic heart disease as young adults. This case highlights the need for long-term follow-up in patients with Kawasaki disease and coronary aneurysms.     

老年腹主动脉瘤患者冠状动脉造影的临床意义

目的 探讨老年腹主动脉瘤患者中冠心病(CAD)的检出率及其相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析70例50岁以上同时进行腹主动脉造影和冠状动脉造影的老年腹主动脉瘤患者的临床资料及影像学资料,应用x2检验,多因素logistic回归等方法对数据进行统计和分析.结果 70例患者中,检出CAD 63例(90.0%),其中单支病变20例(28.6%),2支病变15例(21.4%),3支病变22例(31.4%),左主干+3支病变6例(8.6%);多因素logistic回归分析显示,周围血管病是老年腹主动脉瘤合并CAD的最重要预测因素.结论 50岁以上腹主动脉瘤,尤其是合并周围血管病的患者是CAD高发人群,因此在腹主动脉造影时应常规进行冠状动脉造影检查,以免漏诊CAD.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the prevalence of coronary artery disease and risk factors in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA).MethodsCoronary angiography was performed immediately after abdominal angiography in 70 elderly(＞50 years)consecutive patients with AAA. Medical history and imaging characteristics were evaluated. Results CAD was diagnosed in 63 patients(90. 0%)by coronary angiography: 20(28.6%)patients with single-vessel disease(SVD), 15(21.4%)with 2VD, 22(31.4%)with 3VD and 6(8. 6%)with left main disease + 3VD. Multi-variance logistic analysis showed that peripheral disease was the strongest predictor for CAD in AAA patients. Conclusion Coronary angiography should be performed in elderly AAA patients due to the high prevalence of CAD in this patient cohort.     

1264例选择性冠状动脉造影的分析

我院１２６４例（男９７６例，女２８８例）选择性冠状动脉造影结果显示：冠状动脉造影确诊冠心病（ＣＡＤ）５６１例，阳性率４４．４％，其中男性４８５例，占男性人数的５０％，女性７６例，占女性人数的２６％。血管受累依次为前降支、三支血管病变（二支血管病变加左主干病变包括在内），二支血管病变，单支右冠，单支回旋支。冠状动脉造影还应用于非冠心病心脏手术前，如瓣膜病、夹层动脉瘤、先天性心脏病疑有冠脉异常者，以及发现冠脉发育或走行异常等。     

Difference in the risk factors for coronary, renal and other peripheral arteriosclerosis in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to clarify the risk factors of several types of arteriosclerosis lesions in Japanese individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH): renal arteriosclerosis (RAS), abdominal aortic sclerosis (AOS), iliac arteriosclerosis (IAS) and coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS: Coronary angiography (CAG) and abdominal aortic angiography (AAA) were performed in 117 consecutive heterozygous FH subjects (79 men, 38 women; age 22-76). RAS (stenotic lesion or aneurysm) was observed in 39 cases (33%), predominantly in the proximal portion (74%) and both sides equally (right/left = 27/23). Most cases of RAS (64%) presented with <25% stenosis. The differences in the contributing risk factors for the progression and development of RAS, AOS, IAS and CAD in FH were then analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed independent risk factors for formation of atherosclerosis in each artery were: age alone for RAS; age and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) for AOS; age, LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) for IAS; and HDL-C and diabetes mellitus for CAD. CONCLUSION: In Japanese subjects with heterozygous FH, there are distinct risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis in the renal, iliac, abdominal aorta, and coronary arteries.     

老年StandfordB型主动脉夹层患者冠状动脉造影的临床意义

目的探讨老年StandfordB型主动脉夹层患者中冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）的检出率及其相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析134例50岁以上同时进行主动脉造影和冠状动脉造影的StandfordB型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料及影像学资料．对数据进行统计分析。结果134例患者中,冠心病的检出率为26．1％（35例）,其中单支病变22例（16．4％）,2支病变9例（6．7％）,左主干或3支病变4例（3．0％）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示．男性（OR=6．682,95％CI1．01—44．13,P=0．049）及吸烟（OR=3．513,95％CI1．05-11．70,P=0．041）是StandfordB型主动脉夹层合并冠心病的预测因素。结论50岁以上StandfordB型主动脉夹层患者共患冠心病的比例较高,在主动脉造影时有必要常规进行冠状动脉造影检查,以免漏诊。     

Coronary arterial aneurysms after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty--a not uncommon finding at elective follow-up angiography

Five coronary arterial aneurysms were found in 4 of 80 (5%) patients who underwent elective coronary arteriography 6 months after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. None of them was present immediately after dilatation. All patients had been suffering from stable angina before angioplasty, while no case had recurrent angina or definite angiographic restenosis at the 6-month follow-up. Quantitative coronary angiography was performed in all angiograms. The coronary aneurysms only developed in the dilated portions (4 in left anterior descending and 1 in an intermediate branch of the left coronary artery): their diameter ranged from 3.1 to 4.4 mm, and their length from 2.2 to 4.9 mm. The ratio between the aneurysm diameter and the coronary arterial diameter (aneurysm: artery ratio) varied from 1.15 to 1.91 (mean 1.47). No significant clinical or technical differences were found between patients who developed aneurysm after angioplasty, and patients who did not. On the other hand, 4 of the 5 patients who developed aneurysm had angiographic evidence of "non-pathologic" dissection immediately after balloon dilatation. Moreover, the ratio between the measured angiographic diameters of the balloon (at maximal inflating pressure) and of the coronary artery selected for the procedure showed that the balloon was mildly oversized (balloon: artery ratio ranging from 1.10 to 1.37, mean 1.28) in all cases with aneurysm except the only 1 in whom dissection did not occur. In conclusion, aneurysm formation after coronary angioplasty is not infrequent in our experience: balloon size and wall dissection seem to be the major factors related to this event.     

Coronary angiography of cardiac myxoma

BACKGROUND: Myxoma usually presents with nonspecific symptoms. Preoperative coronary angiography is presently only considered if patients are at increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). The angiographic patterns of cardiac myxoma have not been fully described. HYPOTHESIS: The aim of our study was to investigate coronary angiograms as well as patterns of tumor vascularity in patients with cardiac myxoma. METHODS: From January 1990 to December 2003, 33 patients with cardiac myxoma, who had received surgical resection at our hospital, were enrolled; of these, 9 patients underwent preoperative coronary angiography. The severity and extent of coronary artery stenosis, as well as tumor angiographic patterns, were analyzed. Coronary artery disease is defined as a > 50% stenosis in diameter at any segment of the coronary artery viewed by two orthogonal views on cineangiogram. RESULTS: Four (44.4%) patients showed concomitant CAD. The presence of coronary risk factors was not different between patients with and without CAD. Contrast media-enhanced tumor vasculature was found in five (55.6%) patients. Four (80%) patients had multiple feeding arteries. There was the characteristic "sea anemone" appearance of the tumor vasculature composed of (1) basal vascular network, (2) vessel stem, (3) backbone branches, and (4) dye brushes. These findings were characteristic of cardiac myxoma. CONCLUSION: Coronary angiography can detect the concomitant coronary disease and the unique vascular appearances of cardiac myxoma. Familiarity with the "sea-anemone" angiographic findings may help in the diagnosis of cardiac myxoma.     

Dissecting aneurysm (hematoma) limited to coronary artery. A clinicopathologic study of six patients

Clinical and cardiovascular necropsy features are described in six patients (five women) with dissecting aneurysm (hematoma) limited to coronary artery. The coronary dissections occurred spontaneously in two patients, and an intimal or adventitial tear was not identified in either. Four patients had iatrogenic-induced coronary arterial dissections; three had had aortic valve replacement, and the remaining one had a saphenous vein grafted to the dissected coronary artery. Coronary arterial dissection is an infrequently recognized complication of cardiac surgery and a commonly unrecognized cause of coronary arterial luminal narrowing and sudden death. Although believed to be universally fatal, coronary dissection was not fatal in one of our six patients in whom an occlusive chronic (healed) medial dissection and a healed myocardial infarction were observed.     

Myocardial imaging using thallium 201 scintigraphy after dipyridamole infusion: a case history

Coronary artery disease frequently occurs in combination with peripheral vascular disorders and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality during or after peripheral vascular surgery. However, the detection of coronary artery disease in patients with peripheral vascular disease may be complicated, since most of these patients are unable to perform conventional exercise testing. The authors report a sixty-two-year-old man with an infrarenally located aneurysm of the abdominal aorta who underwent thallium 201 scintigraphy combined with dipyridamole infusion as an alternative exercise test. The subsequent thallium 201 images showed perfusion defects indicative of severe coronary artery disease. Coronary angiography showed an occluded right coronary artery and a significant proximal stenosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery. The patient underwent successful aortocoronary bypass surgery, and two months later, the aortic aneurysm was operated on without complications. As a result, dipyridamole thallium 201 scintigraphy should be considered as a valuable diagnostic test to detect coronary artery disease in patients with peripheral vascular disorders.     

Degenerative aortic valvular stenosis, coronary atherosclerosis, and coronary artery aneurysms: different anatomical manifestations of the same disease

We report a rare combination of valvular aortic stenosis, coronary atherosclerosis and numerous coronary artery aneurysms. A 80 year-old man with previously diagnosed aortic valvular stenosis was admitted to our department for coronary angiography before planned aortic valve replacement. Coronary angiography, apart from critical stenosis of proximal part of left anterior descendent branch of left coronary artery, revealed several large coronary artery aneurysms. We discuss the potential mechanisms responsible for coronary aneurysm formation.     

Noninvasive assessment of coronary artery ectasia using multidetector computed tomography

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of coronary artery ectasia and its relationship to atheromatous changes in participants undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography. BACKGROUND: Coronary artery ectasia occasionally encountered on conventional coronary angiography is considered a manifestation of atherosclerosis. METHODS: Four hundred consecutive participants, 300 men (mean age 56 years) who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography were evaluated. Coronary artery ectasia was defined as an arterial segment with a diameter of at least 1.5 times the diameter of the adjacent normal coronary artery. The prevalence and location of coronary artery ectasia as well as concomitant atherosclerotic changes were evaluated. The association of coronary artery ectasia with coronary risk factors was also studied. RESULTS: Coronary artery ectasia was encountered in 31 participants (8%), 29 men. The right coronary artery was most commonly affected with ectasia (50%) and most participants had single-vessel involvement (74%). Twenty-six of 31 participants (84%) had coexisting atheromatous wall changes or insignificant coronary artery disease; four participants out of 31 (13%) had significant coronary artery disease. Coronary artery ectasia thrombosis was found only in one patient (3%). No apparent correlation was present between coronary artery ectasia and diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking and family history of coronary artery disease. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of coronary artery ectasia in consecutive participants who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography is 8%. The right coronary artery was most commonly affected and most participants had single-vessel involvement. Coronary artery ectasia usually is associated with atheromatous changes, but not with significant coronary artery disease. Coronary artery ectasia thrombosis was a rare complication. No specific predisposing factors have been identified.     

Surgical Management of Multiple Coronary Artery Aneurysms,Including the Giant Form

Coronary artery aneurysms are clinically relevant, because thromboembolism, rupture, and hemodynamic problems related to compression may occur. Surgical management is not standardized, and an individual approach toward each aneurysm is prudent. Giant coronary artery aneurysms (larger than 20 mm in diameter) originate in different ways and are extremely rare, and their surgical treatment is also not well defined.Herein, we report the case of a 63-year-old man who had 2 aneurysms of the circumflex coronary artery and a 65-mm aneurysm of the right coronary artery. The diagnosis was established by use of transesophageal echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and coronary angiography. An intraoperatively discovered smaller aneurysm of the right coronary artery was ligated. The giant thrombus-filled aneurysm of the right coronary artery was partially resected, because it compressed the right atrium and ventricle. A graft of the greater saphenous vein was constructed to the distal right coronary artery. The smaller, noncompressing aneurysms in the circumflex coronary artery were excluded by means of proximal and distal suture ligation, and bypass grafting was performed with use of skeletonized left internal mammary artery. The procedures were successful. We discuss the reasons behind our individual approach toward our patient''s aneurysms.Key words: Coronary aneurysm/diagnosis/etiology/surgery, coronary artery disease/complications, coronary thrombosis/complicationsCoronary artery aneurysms can portend thromboembolism, rupture, and compression-related hemodynamic problems. Giant coronary artery aneurysm is an extremely rare abnormality of varying origins but with life-threatening complications. Surgical approaches are not well defined. Here, we present the case of a 63-year-old man who had multiple coronary artery aneurysms (one of which was 65 mm in diameter) and discuss our surgical management.     

Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery ectasia without obstructive coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND: Aetiology, clinical significance and treatment options for coronary artery ectasia/aneurysm is not clear. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether exercise can induce coronary ischemia in patients with coronary artery ectasia/aneurysm without significant coronary stenosis. METHODS: Coronary artery ectasia was defined as 1.5-2-fold, aneurysm as >2-fold luminal dilatation of the adjacent normal segment. The study patients could have irregularities with ectatic coronaries but they did not have stenotic lesions >50% with visual assessment of two blinded observers. Patients having coronary artery ectasia or aneurysm with prior myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, bundle branch block, significant ST-T changes were excluded. The control group was formed from a well matched population of 32 patients with normal coronary arteries who have not performed a treadmill test before coronary angiography. The study group underwent a symptom limited treadmill test if they did not have one before coronary angiogram, all control patients underwent treadmill test. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients with coronary artery ectasia/aneurysm (ranging from one to three vessels) but without significant stenosis were derived from 4470 cardiac catheterization procedures between January 1998 and July 2000. In the study group, 17 of the patients had positive treadmill tests with respect to five patients in the control group (P = 0.004). In subgroup analysis, diffuse ectasia/aneurysm (involving 2-3 vessels) was found to be strongly related with ischemia (P = 0.005) with respect to local disease. CONCLUSION: Coronary artery ectasia/aneurysm may lead to exercise induced ischemia, especially in the diffuse form.     

Acute inferior myocardial infarction in a young female patient with polyarteritis nodosa

Coronary involvement of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) has been mostly identified in postmortem studies. We report a case with inferior myocardial infarction (MI) because of coronary dissection and thrombosis in PAN. A 23-year-old woman with chest pain was admitted to the emergency department. The admission ECG was suggestive of inferior MI with no right ventricular infarction. Coronary angiography revealed an occluded right coronary artery because of coronary dissection and concomitant thrombosis. Coronary angioplasty and stent implantation were performed successfully without complications. This report emphasizes the importance of PAN in spontaneous coronary dissection and thrombosis even in young patients.     

主动脉夹层合并冠心病的联合介入治疗（附8例报告）

目的评价覆膜支架联合PCI治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层合并冠心病的安全性和有效性。方法2005年1月至2007年7月完成的8例覆膜支架联合PCI治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层合并冠心病患者，首先完成主动脉夹层覆膜支架置入术，3～7d后完成PCI。观察住院期间及随访期间疗效。结果经左桡动脉行主动脉造影：夹层破裂口位于左锁骨下动脉外缘0～10mm 1例、11～30mm 4例，31～50mm 3例，其中1例有2个破裂口，余7例均为单破裂口。7例主动脉夹层向下累及肾动脉及其以下的血管。1例置入Talent支架，7例置入Aegis支架，共8枚（直径34—38mm，长度100—140mm）。1例覆膜支架封闭左锁骨下动脉，术后无上肢和脑缺血症状。覆膜支架置入成功率100％。术后即刻造影：4例近端破裂口完全封堵，4例少量残余内漏。术后住院期间2例胸背部仍有疼痛，复查增强螺旋CT，原内漏无扩大，经对症止痛逐渐好转，无截瘫、死亡等并发症发生。冠状动脉造影证实8例中单支病变4例，2支病变3例，3支病变1例。靶病变平均狭窄85．6％±14．0％．靶血管参考直径2．8±0．3mm。对11支靶血管共置入12枚支架，其中1例于前降支置入2枚相连支架。支架平均长度23．5±13．6mm。PCI即刻成功率100％，无PCI相关严重并发症发生。随访期1～31个月（平均18．0±8．5个月），8例均存活，无迟发内漏或需二次手术者及不良心脏事件发生。结论覆膜支架联合PCI治疗StanfordB型主动脉夹层合并冠心病安全可行，手术成功率高，术后患者恢复快，冠状动脉PCI的抗凝治疗未对大动脉支架术后构成不良影响，更长期的疗效需进一步随访观察。     

Left main coronary artery ostial stenosis: Clinical markers,angiographic recognition and distinction from left main disease

Among 1254 patients with coronary artery occlusive disease (CAOD) who underwent cardiac catheterization studies in our laboratory from 1975 through 1977, 114 (9%) had significant (≥50%) stenosis of the left main coronary artery (LMCA). Thirty-four of the 114 (29.8%) had stenosis of the LMCA ostium (2.7% of all CAOD patients). Clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic data of the 34 patients were analyzed. Unstable angina was more frequent in these patients, most of whom were in functional classes III and IV, than those with other LMCA lesions. Of the 18 who underwent treadmill exercise testing, results were positive in 16 (11 of whom had ST segment depression ≥2 mm Hg), negative in none and indeterminate in two. By avoiding overlapping the coronary ostium with the sinus of Valsalva without significant foreshortening of the LMCA during angiography, LMCA ostial stenosis was recognizable in all patients in the moderate left anterior oblique position only and not in other projections. Coronary arteriography was performed without occurrence of ventricular fibrillation, infarction, or any other morbidity or mortality in the 34, as well as in the entire group of 114 patients with LMCA disease. To ensure a safe procedure, left ventricular filling pressure was monitored constantly via a catheter in the pulmonary artery, and patients experiencing sharp increases following coronary injections were promptly treated with nitroglycerine. Coronary artery bypass, with an average of 3.2 grafts per patient, was performed in 30 patients with a survival of 97% and only one death in a patient who underwent aortic valve replacement and triple bypass. Stenosis of the ostium of the LMCA is not an uncommon lesion in patients with CAOD and should be suspected in all patients whose symptoms are severe. Coronary angiography, performed with adequate precautions, as well as aortocoronary bypass, can be accomplished successfully.