An investigation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a standardized Orthosiphon stamineus methanol:water (50:50 vol/vol) leaf extract (SEOS) were evaluated in animal models. Oral administration of SEOS at doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg significantly reduced the hind paw edema in rats at 3 and 5 hours after carrageenan administration (P < .01 and P < .01; P < .01 and P < .05, respectively). SEOS (1,000 mg/kg, p.o.) also produced significant (P < .05) analgesic activity in both the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin-induced licking test (late phase) in mice and rats, respectively. However, SEOS showed no effect on the tail flick and hot plate tests in mice. The results of the present study support the proposal that O. stamineus has anti-inflammatory and non-narcotic analgesic activities. These findings justify the traditional use of the plant for treating pain and inflammation.     

Inhibitory effects of mulberry leaf extract on postprandial hyperglycemia in normal rats

We examined the inhibitory effects of aqueous ethanol extract from mulberry leaves (ME) on postprandial hyperglycemia in normal Wistar rats. ME dose-dependently suppressed the postprandial rise of blood glucose in rats, when ME (0.02-0.5 g/kg) was given 0.5 h before the administration of carbohydrates such as sucrose, maltose and starch. The ME dose showing 50% inhibition of the increment of blood glucose (ED50) was 0.11 g/kg for sucrose, 0.44 g/kg for maltose, and 0.38 g/kg for starch. ME and its basic fraction (MB) containing 1-deoxynojirimycin were assayed for their inhibitory effects (IC50) on disaccharidase derived from the small intestine of rats. The IC50 value of ME was 3.2 microg/mL for sucrase, 10 microg/mL for isomaltase, and 51 microg/mL for maltase. The IC50 value of MB was 0.36 microg/mL for sucrase, 1.1 microg/mL for isomaltase, and 6.2 microg/mL for maltase. The IC50 value of 1-deoxynojirimycin as the principle component in ME was 0.015 microg/mL for sucrase and 0.21 microg/mL for maltase, and this value was comparable to the IC50 of voglibose. The inhibitory activity of ME in a-amylase was weak. These results suggest that ME strongly suppresses postprandial hyperglycemia after carbohydrate loading by inhibiting the activity of disaccharidases in the small intestine of rats.     

Modulatory effects of Gymnema montanum leaf extract on alloxan-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats

OBJECTIVES: In light of evidence that some complications of diabetes mellitus may be caused or exacerbated by oxidative damage, we investigated the effect of Gymnema montanum leaf extract (GLEt) on tissue antioxidant defense systems in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. METHODS: GLEt was administered orally at a doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of body weight for 30 d, after which liver and kidney tissues were assayed for the degree of lipid peroxidation by means of markers, reduced glutathione content and activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase. RESULTS: Treatment of diabetic rats with GLEt increased the antioxidant levels. Liver and kidney from diabetic animals exhibited disturbances in antioxidant defense when compared with normal rats. GLEt at a dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight exhibited a significant effect as compared with 50 and 100 mg/kg of body weight. These effects were compared with glibenclamide, a reference drug. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that, in diabetes, liver and kidney tissues are more vulnerable to oxidative stress and show increased lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant responsiveness mediated by G. montanum may be anticipated to have biological significance in eliminating reactive free radicals that may otherwise affect normal cell functioning and provide a scientific rationale for the use of G. montanum as an antidiabetic plant.     

Antihypertensive and cardiovascular effects of catechin-rich oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) leaf extract in nitric oxide-deficient rats

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) leaf extract (OPLE) possesses good ex vivo vasodilation and antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the catechin-rich OPLE antioxidant, antihypertensive, and cardiovascular effects in normal and nitric oxide (NO)-deficient hypertensive rats. OPLE was administered orally (500 mg/kg of body weight/day) to normotensive Wistar rats and N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced NO-deficient hypertensive rats. OPLE significantly (P<.05) attenuated blood pressure increases, increased serum NO, reduced lipid peroxidation, and showed antioxidant effects in NO-deficient hypertensive rats. OPLE decreased the coronary arteriole wall-to-lumen ratio to near normal values under NO deficiency. Although OPLE showed good antihypertensive and antioxidant effects under NO deficiency, it was not hypotensive to normal rats and produced no chronic cardiovascular toxicity in any of the rats throughout the 12-week study. This is the first report on the in vivo antihypertensive properties of green tea catechins extracted from an alternative source, namely, oil palm leaf, for use as a medicinal food for hypertension and cardiovascular ailments.     

Chemical profile and antinociceptive efficacy of Rheedia longifolia leaf extract

Different species of the family Clusiaceae, including Rheedia longifolia, are used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. This family is largely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of Brazil, but their chemical and pharmacological properties have been the subject of a few studies. In previous studies, we found that the aqueous extract from R. longifolia leaves presented important anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. We investigated the chemical profile of R. longifolia and characterized the pharmacological effect of different chemically identified fractions in pharmacological models of neurogenic and inflammatory nociception. The pharmacological tests showed that oral treatment with aqueous crude extract and fractions of methanol extract of R. longifolia leaf induced a significant antinociceptive effect using von Frey filaments. In addition, the most polar fractions presented antinociceptive activity in a neurogenic model of nociception (capsaicin model). The chromatographic analysis indicated the presence of bisflavonoids in the fractions obtained from the methanol extract. These results suggest that bisflavonoids found in methanol-extracted fractions are involved in the inhibition of inflammatory and neurogenic nociception. It is important that the R. longifolia aqueous extract treatment inhibited ulcer formation induced by indomethacin, suggesting an anti-ulcerogenic activity closely associated with its analgesic effect.     

The butanol fraction of guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) leaf extract suppresses MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activity through the suppression of the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway

The leaf extract of guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) has traditionally been used for the treatment of diarrhea and diabetes in East Asia and other countries. Recently, the leaf extract has been employed in the therapy of cancer, bacterial infections, and inflammation in experimental models. However, the exact mechanisms of how guava leaf extract inhibits tumor metastasis and invasion are still unknown. In the present study, we investigated in detail the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the potential antimetastatic and antiinvasive effects of the butanol fraction of guava leaf extract (GBF). Interestingly, we observed for the first time that GBF suppressed both matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 expression and activity in part through the downregulation of the ERK1/2 activation in lung cancer cells. Also, importantly, the major components of the GBF were identified as d-glucuronic acid, quercetin 3-glucuronide, loganin, and xanthyletin by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Collectively, our data indicate that the guava leaf could reduce the metastasis of lung cancer cells and therefore suggest that it could be advantageously used to control the metastatic process.     

Phytochemical investigation on leaf extract of Cordia salicifolia Cham

The dichloromethane extract of leaves of Cordia salicifolia Cham. (Family Boraginaceae) was fractionated by SiO(2) column chromatography and analyzed by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The apolar extract is characterized by a very high content of (+)-spathulenol (0.53%). The major component of the extract exhibited a very weak activity as an inhibitor of growth of Helicobacter pylori in vitro (minimum inhibitory concentration = 200 microg/mL).     

Mulberry leaf extract inhibits cancer cell stemness in neuroblastoma

Emerging evidence proposes that most cancers originate from a rare subpopulation of cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs), which possess characteristics including differentiation, self-renewal, and tumorigenicity. Currently, available therapeutic agents cannot effectively eliminate CSCs. Therefore, the development of a nontoxic, natural treatment that can either overcome chemoresistance or promote the elimination of CSCs is highly desirable. The current study examined whether mulberry leaf (ML) ethanolic extract can effectively eliminate neuroblastoma stem cell-like population. Our data demonstrated that 10-40?μg/ml of ML extract significantly enhanced differentiation by elongating neurites and reducing clonogenicity and sphere formation as shown by the decreased expression of stem cell markers and increased expression of differentiation markers. The knock-down of delta-like 1 homologue by siRNA enhanced the significant inhibitory effects of 40?μg/ml of ML extract on colony formation. Furthermore, phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was increased by 20 or 40?μg/ml of ML extract and the MEK/ERK inhibitors completely blocked differentiation induced by the extract. Taken together, these findings provide experimental evidence that ML may have chemopreventive effects on neuroblastoma cells by inhibiting CSCs characteristics as well as regulating CSCs pathways, which may provide a therapeutic option for controlling the growth of neuroblastoma cells.     

Spermicidal activity of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effective concentration of aqueous extract of old and tender Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves to immobilize and kill 100% human spermatozoa within 20 s. Sander-Cramer test was used to study the spermicidal activity of neem leaf extract. Under the test conditions, minimum effective spermicidal concentrations for tender and old leaf extracts were 2.91 +/- 0.669 mg/million sperm and 2.75 +/- 0.754 mg/million sperm, respectively. The effect of extracts on morphology and viability of sperm was also studied and no change was observed in morphology of head, mid-piece and tail and no viable sperm seen. The leaf extracts were found to be water soluble and carbohydrate in nature. The effect of different concentrations of extracts (old and tender) on percentage motility of the sperm was also studied. With an increase in concentration, there is a linear decrease in percentage motility, becoming zero at a 3-mg dose within 20 s.     

Beneficial lipid-lowering effects of pink guava puree in high fat diet induced-obese rats

A study was carried out to determine the anti-obesity effects of pink guava (Psidium guajava) puree in high fat diet (HFD) induced-obese rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: control negative (CN), fed normal rat pellet; control positive (CP), low, medium and high dosage group (LDG, MDG, HDG) were fed HFD, respectively. CN and CP groups were given distilled water; meanwhile treated groups were given the aqueous puree dissolved in distilled water administered orally for six weeks. The results obtained showed that pink guava puree significantly decreased the body weight and systolic blood pressure of HFD induced-obese rats as compared to control. Blood glucose values for treated groups (4.3-4.9 mmol/L) were significantly lower as compared to CN and CP (5.7 and 5.8 mmol/L) respectively. HDG showed a significant reduction in 34.47% total cholesterol (TC) levels followed by MDG (23.30%) and LDG (22.33%). Triglycerides (TG) levels for all treated groups especially HDG (43.59%) showed significant difference as compared to control. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels showed an increase in the treated group as compared to control. Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels significantly decreased in HDG (69.70%), MDG (39.40%) and LDG (37.12%) as compared to control. Kidney function tests showed significant changes in urea concentrations in treated groups as compared to control. Liver function tests showed significant differences in globulin, A:G ratio, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and CK-Nac in treated groups as compared to control. Specific enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly higher in LDG (2787.50±266.36 U/L), MDG (2819.50±262.04 U/L) and HDG (2897.33±674.97 U/L) respectively, as compared to CN (2184.50±816.59 U/L) and CP (2610.17±61.63 U/L). Significant differences were also seen in superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activities in treated groups as compared to control. In conclusion, this study found that pink guava puree had anti-obesity properties and high enzyme activities.     

Olive leaf extract facilitates healing of experimental cartilaginous injuries in rabbits

We investigated the restorative effect of orally administered olive leaf extract (OLE) on experimentally produced cartilaginous injuries in rabbits. In total, three holes in the left stifle joint, including one in the medial trochlear ridge and two in the trochlear sulcus (proximal and distal) of articular cartilage, were prepared surgically using a drill. For the control group only tap water alone was administered daily, and for the OLE group a water-based solution of OLE (500 mg/kg/day) was administered daily. The injured areas were observed macroscopically and histologically at 3 weeks after the operation. The results indicate that OLE facilitated healing of the three holes and increased the weight of the biceps femoris muscle. Histological examination revealed that in the OLE group, matured cartilage tissues and connective tissues were mixed with regenerated or maturing cartilage tissues with massive proliferation in the injured parts, around which the proliferation of undifferentiated blast cells and the tissue with cartilage substrates were observed. The histological score of the OLE group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cartilage cells in the OLE group was higher than in the control group. Mean density of the restored area observed with Safranin O staining was higher in the OLE group than in the control group. Therefore, OLE is effective for enhancing the healing of cartilaginous injuries. OLE may also have a beneficial effect of slowing and reducing the pathogenesis of degenerative joint diseases in humans.     

Antidiarrheal activity of Laurus nobilis L. leaf extract in rats

In Jordan, the leaves of Laurus nobilis (Family Lauraceae) have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, among other ailments. However, the ethnopharmacology of this plant needs to be scientifically validated. The present work was carried out to evaluate the scientific basis of the antidiarrheal effect of the aqueous extract of L. nobilis leaf. L. nobilis leaf extract significantly inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea (effective concentration producing 50% of the maximum response [EC(50)]=150±6.4 mg/kg) and reduced castor oil-induced enteropooling in rats (EC(50)=162±5.9 mg/kg). The extract also significantly inhibited intestinal transit of a charcoal meal and exerted a significant dose-dependent relaxation (EC(50)=71±5.3 mg/mL) on rat ileal smooth muscle. The aqueous extract tested positive for flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. These results established the efficacy of L. nobilis leaf aqueous extract as an antidiarrheal agent and are consistent with the popular use of the plant in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, particularly diarrhea.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel cyclic-imides as hypoglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidemic agents

Certain new halogenated cyclic-imides related to N-substituted phthalimide moiety were synthesized. Spacers of one or two carbon atom distances were inserted to connect the N-terminus of the cyclic-imide nuclei to the used heteroaryl groups to evaluate the effect of such alteration on biological activity. The synthesized compounds were subjected to hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperlipidemic evaluation. Some of the tested compounds proved to be more potent than the reference drugs glibenclamide and clofibrate. Compound 5e remarkably reduced serum glucose level by 55%; while 5c, 5e, 7d and 8e reduced total serum cholesterol by 58, 56, 54 and 53%, respectively. Those new cyclic-imides could be considered as useful template for future development to obtain more potent hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperlipidemic agents.     

Mulberry leaf extract restores arterial pressure in streptozotocin-induced chronic diabetic rats

Free radical-induced vascular dysfunction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease found in chronic diabetic patients. Morus alba (MA) leaf extract is promoted for good health especially in diabetic patients. Interestingly, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of MA have been reported in experimental animals. Thus, the hypothesis of this study was that the long-term treatment with MA could improve vascular reactivity of chronic diabetic rats. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of long-term treatment with MA on the vascular responses to vasoactive agents in streptozotocin-induced chronic diabetic rats. The diabetic rats were either orally administered with distilled water, MA (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/kg per day) or subcutaneously injected with insulin (4 U/kg per day) for 8 weeks. After each treatment, the fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, vascular responses to vasoactive agents and tissue malondialdehyde were examined. Morus alba at the doses of 0.5 and 1 g/kg, which significantly reduced blood glucose level, also significantly decreased the high blood pressure in diabetic rats. Vascular responses of the chronic diabetic rats to vasodilators, acetylcholine (3-30 nmol/kg) and sodium nitroprusside (1-10 nmol/kg) were significantly suppressed by 26% to 44% and 45% to 77% respectively, whereas those to vasoconstrictor, phenylephrine (0.01-0.1 μmol/kg) were significantly increased by 23% to 38% as compared to normal rats. Interestingly, the administration of 0.5 and 1 g/kg MA or 4 U/kg insulin significantly restored the vascular reactivities of diabetic rats. Moreover, 8 weeks of diabetes resulted in the elevation of malondialdehyde content in tissues (liver, kidney, heart, and aorta), and MA treatment significantly lessened this increase. These results provide the first evidence for the efficacy of MA in restoring the vascular reactivity of diabetic rats, the mechanism of which may associate with the alleviation of oxidative stress.     

The anti-inflammatory effect of Indonesian Areca catechu leaf extract in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme can cause inflammation. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is also involved in the inflammatory response through regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Areca catechu is one of the known fruit plants of the Palmaceae family. It has been used for a long time as a source of herbal medicine in Indonesia. In this study, we explored the effect of Indonesian Areca catechu leaf ethanol extract (ACE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and carrageenan-induced paw edema models. Recently, this natural extract has been in the spotlight because of its efficacy and limited or no toxic side effects. However, the mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory effect remains to be elucidated.

MATERIALS/METHODS

We measured NO production by using the Griess reagent, and determined the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins, such as iNOS, COX2, and NF-κB, by western blot. To confirm the effect of ACE in vivo, we used the carrageenan-induced paw edema model.

RESULTS

Compared to untreated cells, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with ACE showed reduced NO generation and reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression. We found that the acute inflammatory response was significantly reduced by ACE in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these results suggest that ACE can inhibit inflammation and modulate NO generation via downregulation of iNOS levels and NF-κB signaling in vitro and in vivo. ACE may have a potential medical benefit as an anti-inflammation agent.     

Catechin-rich oil palm leaf extract enhances bone calcium content of estrogen-deficient rats

ObjectivePostmenopausal estrogen deficiency often causes bone density loss and osteoporosis. This study evaluated the effects of an oral administration of oil palm leaf extract (OPL) on bone calcium content and structure, bone density, ash weights, and serum total alkaline phosphatase (T-ALP) of estrogen-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rats.MethodsFemale Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five experimental groups: 1) intact (normal control); 2) ovariectomized (OVX control), and OVX rats supplemented with 3) 2% (w/v) green tea (OVX + GT), 4) OPL 150 mg/kg of body weight, or 5) OPL 300 mg/kg of body weight in the drinking water.ResultsAfter 3 mo, the OVX control rats had significantly decreased femur and tibia masses (?5% and ?3%, respectively), ash (?15% and ?10%), calcium content (?0.5% and ?2.7%), and bone density and T-ALP concentrations (?40%) compared with intact rats. The catechin-rich OPL dose dependently increased the OVX bone density and structure, femur and tibia masses (by +8% and +12% respectively), ash (by +30% and +20% respectively), calcium (by +3% and +5%), and T-ALP concentrations (by +76%) compared with the OVX rats. The increases by OPL were higher than that in OVX + GT and control intact rats.ConclusionThe catechin-rich OPL increased the bone mass in estrogen-deficient rats by increasing osteoblast activities to higher levels than in normal rats and those supplemented with GT. This was shown by the modulation of serum T-ALP levels, bone calcium content, total mineral content, and bone histologic structure. The OPL is a potential inexpensive ingredient for protection against osteoporosis and influences bone metabolism by encouraging bone formation.     

乌饭树叶醇提物抗大鼠精神疲劳作用

目的观察乌饭树叶醇提物(VEE)对睡眠剥夺(SD)所致大鼠精神疲劳的改善作用及机制。方法采用小站台水环境(flower-pot)方法对大鼠进行睡眠剥夺,建立精神疲劳模型后通过自发活动箱、Morris水迷宫评价大鼠的精神状况。用高效液相-电化学法和荧光法检测大鼠脑干单胺类递质的含量。结果与空白睡眠剥夺组[(19.2±4.1)s,(3455±843)mm]比较,空白正常睡眠组与醇提物灌胃低、中、高剂量组大鼠找到水迷宫中隐藏平台所用潜伏期[(10.6±2.8),(13.0±8.2),(11.2±6.4),(6.9±2.4)s]以及总路程[(1 490±380),(2 392±1 612),(2 102±1 321),(1 167±364)mm]均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);高剂量醇提物组还可明显提高大鼠的旷场实验(OFT)得分(70±9),与空白睡眠剥夺组(51±11)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);空白睡眠剥夺组大鼠脑干内肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量分别为[(0.346 7±0.082 7),(0.013±0.003 3),(12.182 0±1.083 5)ng/mg],高剂量醇提物给可明显提高大鼠脑干内肾上腺素[0.540 8±0.219 1)ng/mg,高剂量醇提物组可明显提高大鼠脑干内肾上腺素[(0.540 8±0.219 1)ng/mg]及多巴胺[(0.030 4±0.005 8)ng/mg]的含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),显著低于大鼠脑干5-羟色胺[(10.030 0±0.853 8)ng/mg]的含量(P<0.05)。结论乌饭树叶醇提物可以改善大鼠精神疲劳时的自发活动度与认知能力,可能通过改变脑干内的单胺类递质的含量发挥作用。     

竹叶提取物大鼠代谢试验研究

目的:研究竹叶提取物在SD大鼠体内的生物转运,为其应用提供安全性毒理学评价依据。方法:选用为4.0 g/kg体重剂量进行代谢试验研究。结果:竹叶提取物灌胃后各个时相血浆、肝脏、肾脏、脑、肌肉组织及尿液中4种碳苷黄酮原形物均无检出;灌胃给予竹叶提取物,只有在12~24 h时段从粪便中检出的原形物占摄入量的27.6%。竹叶提取物中一种羟基香豆素类化合物灌胃后各个时相在大鼠肝脏、脑、肌肉组织及粪便中均无检出,在血液及肾脏中有检出,24 h后该组分在在尿液中检出1.9%。结论:4种碳苷黄酮在大鼠胃肠道内均无直接吸收,其中一部分被直接排出体外,另一部分在胃肠道逐渐分解成小分子而被吸收入血液。其中的一种羟基香豆素类化合物主要经胃肠道直接吸收入血液,在肾脏中代谢后从尿液排出体外。     

王不留行醇提物和水提物对离体蛙心的影响

目的 王不留行不同提取液对离体蛙心的影响及其作用机制初探。 方法 采用斯氏蛙心灌流法制备离体蛙心标本,然后在灌流液中分别加入不同质量浓度的王不留行提取液、阿托品、盐酸异丙肾上腺素,观察药物对离体蛙心的作用。 结果 王不留行醇提液对心肌收缩力和心率的抑制作用整体上较水提液对心肌收缩力和心率的抑制作用高。随着王不留行水提液质量浓度增大,对离体蛙心的心肌收缩力和心率的抑制率逐渐增大,除25 mg·ml-1质量浓度组外,50 mg·ml-1、75 mg·ml-1、100 mg·ml-1 3个剂量组给药后与给药前相比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。王不留行醇提液组,除75 mg·ml-1质量浓度组对心率影响差异无统计学意义外,25 mg·ml-1、50 mg·ml-1、100 mg·ml-1 ?3个质量浓度组给药后的心肌收缩力和心率与给药前相比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。随着细胞外钙离子浓度的增大,提取液对蛙心心肌收缩力的抑制率逐渐增强（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,加入阿托品和盐酸异丙肾上腺素后提取液对离体蛙心的抑制作用有所降低。 结论 王不留行醇和水提取液对离体蛙心活动有一定的抑制作用,作用机制可能与钙离子通道有关。