Breakfast skipping and health-compromising behaviors in adolescents and adults

OBJECTIVE: To investigate which sociodemographic factors and behaviors are associated with breakfast skipping in adolescents and adults. DESIGN: Five birth cohorts of adolescent twins and their parents received an extensive behavioral and medical self-report questionnaire that also assessed breakfast-eating frequency. SETTING: Finland, 1991-1995. SUBJECTS: A population sample of 16-y-old girls and boys (n=5448) and their parents (n=4660). RESULTS: Parental breakfast eating was the statistically most significant factor associated with adolescent breakfast eating. Smoking, infrequent exercise, a low education level at 16, female sex, frequent alcohol use, behavioral disinhibition, and high body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with adolescent breakfast skipping. In adults, smoking, infrequent exercise, low education level, male sex, higher BMI, and more frequent alcohol use were associated with breakfast skipping. In the adult sample, older individuals had breakfast more often than younger ones. Both adults and adolescents who frequently skipped breakfast were much more likely to exercise very little compared to those who skipped breakfast infrequently. Breakfast skipping was associated with low family socioeconomic status in adults and adolescent boys, but not in girls. Breakfast skipping clustered moderately with smoking, alcohol use, and sedentary lifestyle in both adults and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Breakfast skipping is associated with health-compromising behaviors in adults and adolescents. Individuals and families who skip breakfast may benefit from preventive efforts that also address risk behaviors other than eating patterns. SPONSORSHIP: National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA08315), Academy of Finland (44069), European Union Fifth Framework Program (QLRT-1999-00916), Yrj? Jahnsson Foundation, and Jalmari and Rauha Ahokas Foundation.     

Use of the Grade of Membership method to identify consumption patterns and eating behaviors among adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

To identify food patterns and eating behaviors among adolescents and to describe the prevalence rates, this study applied the Grade of Membership method to data from a survey on health risk factors among adolescent students in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (N = 1,632). The four profiles generated were: "A" (12.1%) more frequent consumption of all foods labeled as healthy, less frequent consumption of unhealthy foods, and healthy eating behaviors; "B" (45.8%) breakfast and three meals a day as a habit, less frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables and of five markers of unhealthy diet; "C" (22.8%) lack of healthy eating behaviors, less frequent consumption of vegetables, fruit, milk, cold cuts, cookies, and soft drinks; and "D" (19.3%) more frequent consumption of all unhealthy foods and less frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables. The results indicate the need for interventions to promote healthy eating in this age group.     

Parental influences on adolescent fruit consumption: the role of adolescent self-efficacy

The aims of this study were to examine whether adolescent self-efficacy mediates the associations between parental control, perceptions of the importance of healthy nutrition for child health and barriers to buying fruits and vegetables and adolescent fruit consumption using a theoretically derived explanatory model. Data were drawn from a community-based sample of 1606 adolescents in Years 7 and 9 of secondary school and their parents, from Victoria, Australia. Adolescents completed a web-based survey assessing their fruit consumption and self-efficacy for increasing fruit consumption. Parents completed a survey delivered via mail assessing parental control, perceptions and barriers to buying fruit and vegetables. Adolescent self-efficacy for increasing fruit consumption mediated the positive associations between parental control and perceptions of the importance of healthy nutrition for child health and adolescent fruit consumption. Furthermore, adolescent self-efficacy mediated the negative association between parental barriers to buying fruits and vegetables and adolescent fruit consumption. The importance of explicating the mechanisms through which parental factors influence adolescent fruit consumption not only relates to the advancement of scientific knowledge but also offers potential avenues for intervention. Future research should assess the effectiveness of methods to increase adolescent fruit consumption by focussing on both improving adolescents' dietary self-efficacy and on targeting parental control, perceptions and barriers.     

Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents

Breakfast has been labeled the most important meal of the day, but are there data to support this claim? We summarized the results of 47 studies examining the association of breakfast consumption with nutritional adequacy (nine studies), body weight (16 studies), and academic performance (22 studies) in children and adolescents. Breakfast skipping is highly prevalent in the United States and Europe (10% to 30%), depending on age group, population, and definition. Although the quality of breakfast was variable within and between studies, children who reported eating breakfast on a consistent basis tended to have superior nutritional profiles than their breakfast-skipping peers. Breakfast eaters generally consumed more daily calories yet were less likely to be overweight, although not all studies associated breakfast skipping with overweight. Evidence suggests that breakfast consumption may improve cognitive function related to memory, test grades, and school attendance. Breakfast as part of a healthful diet and lifestyle can positively impact children's health and well-being. Parents should be encouraged to provide breakfast for their children or explore the availability of a school breakfast program. We advocate consumption of a healthful breakfast on a daily basis consisting of a variety of foods, especially high-fiber and nutrient-rich whole grains, fruits, and dairy products.     

农村贫困地区小学生早餐现状

了解农村贫困地区小学生早餐频率及食物摄入情况,为制定营养宣传教育和干预措施提供基础数据.方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,抽取河北省平泉县等5个贫困农村县区15所小学的2 939名小学生为研究对象,问卷调查每周的早餐食用频率及主要食物的摄入情况.结果 参加调查的小学生达不到每天吃早餐的比例为23.2%.早餐食用频率最高的食物是米面制品(66.6%),其次为奶类(35.6%)、蔬菜(33.3%)、肉/蛋/鱼类(29.5%)、豆类(27.7%)和水果(19.3%).早餐营养质量差的小学生比例达到75.3%.Logistic回归分析结果显示,男生、四/五年级、云南地区、父母未在外打工的学生早餐食用频率相对较低;三/四年级、云南地区和住宿的学生早餐质量相对较差.结论 我国贫困农村地区小学生每天吃早餐的频率较低,早餐营养质量差.建议对学生、家长和老师加强合理早餐的教育,改善学生的早餐摄入状况.     

Parent-adolescent relationships and the development of weight concerns from early to late adolescence

OBJECTIVE: This work describes the developmental course of adolescents' weight concerns and examines links with changes in parent-adolescent relationships for girls and boys. METHOD: Adolescents and parents in 191 families participated in 3 annual home interviews; adolescents rated their weight concerns and their intimacy and conflict with parents. Parental knowledge was measured based on the match between adolescents' and parents' reports of youth's experiences each day during 7 evening telephone calls. RESULTS: Girls' weight concerns increased from age 11 to 16 and then declined, whereas boys' concerns declined beginning at age 11. Increases in girls' weight concerns were linked to increases in conflict with mothers and fathers and decreases in maternal intimacy and knowledge. At a trend level, declines in boys' weight concerns were associated with declines in father conflict. CONCLUSION: Mothers and fathers may have unique influences on adolescent weight concerns. Intervention programming should target parent-adolescent relationships.     

Dietary Pattern of Schoolgoing Adolescents in Urban Baroda,India

Diet plays a very important role in growth and development of adolescents, during which the development of healthy eating habits is of supreme importance. There is a dual burden of undernutrition and overnutrition in this age-group. The study assessed the food habits, food preferences, and dietary pattern of schoolgoing urban adolescents in Baroda, India. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in this study. A quantitative survey was carried out using a pre-tested self-administered structured questionnaire among 1,440 students from class 6 to 12 in 7 English medium and 23 Gujarati medium schools. Focus group discussions, 5 each with adolescent boys and girls, were held, along with 5 focus group discussions with teachers of Gujarati and English medium schools. Nearly 80% of adolescents had consumed regular food, like dal, rice, chapati, and vegetables, including green leafy vegetables. Nearly 50% of them had consumed chocolates, and about one-third consumed fast foods. Nearly 60% of adolescents had their breakfast daily while the remaining missed taking breakfast daily. Nearly one-third of adolescents were missing a meal once or twice a week. A large majority had consumed regular foods. However, more than half of them had consumed chocolates, soft drinks, and over one-third had taken fast foods.Key words: Adolescents, Dietary pattern, Nutrition, Urban, India     

江西省农村初中生健康素养与不良饮食行为的关联

  目的  了解江西省农村地区初中生健康素养状况与不良饮食行为的关联,为探索改善学生不良饮食行为的矫正策略提供参考。  方法  采用分层整群随机抽样法对江西省农村地区50所中学4 311名七至八年级学生的健康素养及不良饮食行为进行问卷调查,运用χ2检验和Logistic回归分析初中生健康素养与不良饮食行为之间的关联。  结果  农村地区初中生健康素养水平具备率(≥58分)为18.21%。不良饮食行为发生率相对较高,其中三餐时间不固定的报告率最高,为62.33%,其次为经常喝含糖饮料(54.60%)、不经常喝奶制品(50.38%)、不每天吃早餐(36.23%)、不经常食用蔬果(19.53%)。低水平健康素养者三餐时间不固定(OR=1.35,95%CI=1.11~1.65)、不每天吃早餐(OR=1.23,95%CI=1.01~1.49)、不经常喝奶制品(OR=1.29,95%CI=1.07~1.55)、不经常食用蔬果(OR=1.45,95%CI=1.10~1.92)和经常喝含糖饮料(OR=1.39,95%CI=1.15~1.68)的风险均高于高水平健康素养者(P值均<0.05)。  结论  江西省农村地区初中生健康素养与不良饮食行为之间存在关联,学校、家庭、政府及有关部门可以通过提升初中生健康素养水平来矫正其不良饮食行为,以改善初中生的健康状况。     

Associations Between Parental Concern for Adolescent Weight and the Home Food Environment and Dietary Intake

ObjectiveExamine associations between parental concern about adolescent weight and adolescent perceptions of their dietary intake, home food availability, family mealtime environment, and parents' feeding practices.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingAdolescents, aged 12-15 years from 37 secondary schools in Victoria, Australia, and their parents completed surveys in 2004-2005.Participants1,448 adolescent–parent pairs.Main Outcome MeasuresParental concern about adolescent weight; adolescent perceptions of their food intake and home food environment.AnalysisChi-square tests, exploratory factor analysis, independent t tests (P < .01).ResultsAlthough 12% of parents perceived their adolescent as overweight, 27% were concerned about their adolescent's weight (under- or overweight). Adolescents of concerned parents reported lower intakes of energy-dense snacks and less home availability of these food items, and they perceived that their parents less often listened to and considered their food preferences when shopping and cooking, than did adolescents of unconcerned parents. Concerned parents were no more likely to provide fruits and vegetables in the home or a positive family mealtime environment than unconcerned parents, at least as reported by their adolescents.Conclusions and ImplicationsParental concern about adolescent weight was associated with lower intakes of energy-dense snacks among adolescents, less home availability of these food items, and less supportive parental feeding practices. Parents should be encouraged to listen to and consider their adolescents' food preferences, and provide supportive family mealtime environments and healthful food in the home.     

Fruit, vegetable, and fat intake among non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white adolescents: associations with home availability and food consumption settings

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to explore home food availability and common settings of food consumption as correlates of fruit, vegetable, and fat intake among a sample of non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white adolescents. PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN: Adolescents (n=144 black, 84 white) and their parents completed a cross-sectional survey in an urban adolescent health clinic. The adolescent survey included screening measures for fruit, vegetable, and fat intake and items on frequency of eating meals with family, while watching television, and at three types of restaurants. Parents provided information on home availability of foods. MAIN OUTCOMES: Correlates of fruit, vegetable, and fat consumption. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Spearman correlations for associations among variables, t tests for mean comparisons, and multiple stepwise regression conducted separately for black and white adolescents. RESULTS: In multiple regression, home availability was not significantly associated with fruit, vegetable, or fat intake except for fruit intake among white adolescents only. Use of non-fast-food restaurants was the strongest positive predictor of vegetable intake. For both black and white adolescents, fast-food and buffet restaurant use and eating while watching television were the strongest predictors of fat intake. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with restaurant use and eating while watching television, home availability had a relatively small impact on fruit, vegetable, and fat consumption for both black and white adolescents. Intervention programs on adolescent nutrition should target not just availability of healthful foods, but also ease of access, such as the preparation of fruits and vegetables so that they are flavorful and ready to eat.     

Family correlates of breakfast consumption among children and adolescents. A systematic review

Regular breakfast consumption can have a multitude of positive health benefits, yet young people are more likely to skip breakfast than any other meal. Given the evidence that dietary behaviours established in childhood and adolescence track into adulthood along with evidence that breakfast skipping increases with age, identifying correlates of children's and adolescent's breakfast behaviours is imperative. The family environment is an important influence on the dietary behaviours of young people, and therefore we systematically reviewed the literature on family correlates of children and adolescent's breakfast consumption. From the 24 papers reviewed, 6 studied children and 19 studied adolescents. Few studies have examined the same specific family correlates of breakfast consumption, limiting the possibilities of drawing strong or consistent conclusions. Research in this area is relatively new and this review has identified areas for further investigation. Parental breakfast eating and living in two-parent families were the correlates supported by the greatest amount of evidence in association with adolescent's breakfast consumption. The results suggest that parents should be encouraged to be positive role models to their children by targeting their own dietary behaviours and that family structure should be considered when designing programmes to promote healthy breakfast behaviours.     

Factors related to the eating habits of students in grades 9-12

This study examined the influence of demographic characteristics and selected family factors on consumption of a healthy breakfast and lunch and consumption of fruits and vegetables among adolescents. A cross-sectional survey was completed by a representative sample (n = 3,155) of students from all high schools in a suburban county near Atlanta, Georgia. Students consuming healthy breakfasts, healthy lunches, and more fruits and vegetables were more likely to be White or Asian (lunch/fruits and vegetables only), better able to communicate with parents or guardians on serious issues, closely monitored by their parents, living with one or both parents, spending less time at home without adults, perceiving themselves at about the right weight or underweight (lunch/breakfast only), male (lunch/breakfast only), and in 9th or 10th grade (breakfast only). These results suggest family factors should be considered in the development and implementation of nutrition interventions.     

Costa Rican adolescents have a deleterious nutritional profile as compared to adults in terms of lower dietary and plasma concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients

OBJECTIVE: Most prospective studies in adult populations show an inverse association between consumption of fruits and vegetables and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants. The objective was to determine whether nutrient intakes and plasma concentrations of antioxidants of adolescents are similar to those of their parents or grandparents as a way of assessing whether dietary habits of parents are passed on to their adolescent children. METHODS: Parents or grandparents (n = 159) aged 29-77 y were selected from the participants of the myocardial case-control study in Costa Rica. One adolescent child or grandchild (12-20 y) was identified for each parent or grandparent. Nutrient intakes and plasma antioxidant concentrations were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire and by high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. RESULTS: As compared to adults, adolescents consumed greater quantities of fruit, dairy products, red meat, carbonated drinks and polyunsaturated fat, but lower quantities of fiber and micronutrients (carotenoids, vitamins A and B6, folate, potassium, magnesium and zinc). Plasma concentrations of all carotenoids, except for lycopene, were lower in adolescents than in adults (p < 0.05). Intakes of lycopene (r = 0.16, p = 0.05), alpha-tocopherol (r = 0.19, p = 0.03) and gamma-tocopherol (r = 0.21, p = 0.01) in adolescents were correlated with those of adults. Plasma concentrations of lycopene (r = 0.20, p = 0.02), alpha-tocopherol (r = 0.18, p = 0.03) and gamma-tocopherol (r = 0.28, p = 0.001) in adolescents were also correlated with those of adults. These data may suggest that adolescents may acquire habitual consumption of foods rich in micronutrients from adults. CONCLUSION: As a proportion of energy, diets of Costa Rican adolescents contain less micronutrients than those of their adult relatives. Parents should be aware of this trend and its association with poor health status.     

Dietary patterns and food choices of a population sample of adults on Guam

This study examined dietary patterns of adults on Guam. Four hundred subjects were selected via a multistage procedure to represent the island's population. A 24-hour dietary recall was administered via telephone in 1995 to 1996. Diets were computer analyzed. There were 4,913 food items reported, representing 1,042 individual foods. Most respondents, 51.3%, had a "more-frequent" eating pattern, 36.9% had "regular" and 11.8% had "less-frequent." Energy consumption increased (p<0.05) with eating frequency. Highest levels of all nutrients (p<0.05) were at the evening meal. The sexes did not differ in nutrient proportions by meal. Grains, meats, and beverages were eaten most frequently. Meat/fish, mixed dishes, and grains supplied 68% of the energy and 47% to 91% of the micronutrients. Twenty five percent of the carbohydrate was from sweetened drinks and desserts. Rice was the most frequently consumed food. More than half of the subjects had no fruit, a third had no vegetables, and only 38.5% had dairy foods. Calcium came from multiple sources: dairy (27.6%), mixed dishes (23.8%), fish (12.6%), desserts (8.5%) and vegetables (6.6%). Most people, 91.8%, had fiesta meals with median consumption at 6 meals per year (range: 0 to 200). Betel nut was used by 12.3% of the sample with median consumption 0 whole nuts per day (range: 0 to 25). Ethnic differences (p<0.01) were observed in both fiesta meal and betel nut consumption. The Guamanian diet includes limited use of traditional foods and dietary patterns associated with increased risk for chronic disease.     

Lebensmittelverzehr bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland

Since dietary behaviour has an essential impact on health, information on food consumption was obtained in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). The average food frequency and portion size "in recent weeks" was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Two versions of the questionnaire, identical in content, exist: one aimed at parents of 1-10-year-olds and the other directly at 11-17-year-olds. The results include data on 7,186 boys and 6,919 girls, aged 3-17. About half of the participants each consume bread, milk and fresh fruits every day. The majority (about three quarter) eat fast food only once a month or less. However, 16 % of the participants eat chocolate, and almost 20 % other sweets every day. More boys than girls individually consume soft drinks, milk, dairy products, meat, sausage, cereals and white bread every day. More girls consume fresh fruits and raw vegetables each day. With increasing age the proportion of daily consumers of soft drinks, cheese (and among boys also meat and sausage) increases, but the proportion of daily consumers of juices, tap water, milk, dairy products, fresh fruits, raw vegetables, cookies, chocolate, sweets (and among girls also breakfast cereals) falls. As expected the consumption of sweets and soft drinks is relatively high. Whereas more than half of the children each consume fruits and vegetables on a daily base, this consumption declines with increasing age.     

上海市青少年饮食行为现状以及抑郁焦虑情绪的影响

  目的  了解上海市青少年饮食行为现状,并探讨情绪对饮食行为的影响,为培养青少年良好的饮食行为提供参考。  方法  采用分层随机整群抽样方法,于2021年5月对上海市3个区10所初中和6所高中的7 456名学生进行问卷调查,调查内容包括一般情况、饮食行为、患者健康问卷(2条目)和广泛性焦虑量表。  结果  上海市青少年过去7 d每天食用含糖饮料、甜食、油炸食品及西式快餐(≥4次/周)的报告率分别为13.26%,16.90%,6.99%,13.01%,每天吃水果、蔬菜、牛奶、早餐的报告率分别为56.96%,73.00%,65.03%,76.11%,不同性别和学段学生间差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。有抑郁或焦虑情绪青少年不良饮食行为的发生率高于无抑郁或焦虑者(P值均 < 0.01)。校正性别、学校、住宿、成绩、零花钱、社会阶层后,抑郁和焦虑情绪增加青少年各种不良饮食行为的发生风险(P值均 < 0.05)。与无焦虑者相比,轻度和中重度焦虑者每天喝≥1次含糖饮料的风险为1.42(95%CI=1.20~1.67)和2.51倍(95%CI=2.09~3.01),不是每天吃水果的风险为1.30(95%CI=1.16~1.45)和1.28倍(95%CI=1.11~1.47),不是每天吃蔬菜的风险为1.35(95%CI=1.20~1.52)和1.41倍(95%CI=1.21~1.65),不是每天喝牛奶的风险为1.29(95%CI=1.15~1.44)和1.20倍(95%CI=1.04~1.39),不是每天吃早餐的风险为1.75(95%CI=1.54~1.99)和2.97倍(95%CI=2.55~3.46)。  结论  上海市青少年不良饮食行为比例较高,应早期开展饮食行为宣教和干预,并关注青少年负性情绪的发生,以减少不良饮食行为的发生风险。     

The influence of sociodemographic factors on patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption in Canadian adolescents

BACKGROUND: Poor dietary habits may increase risk for obesity and chronic diseases among Canadian adolescents. OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study were to: (a) establish the patterns of fruit and vegetable intake by Canadian adolescents, and (b) identify the impact of sociodemographic factors-including age, household income, household education, ethnicity, living arrangement, and location-on the pattern of fruit and vegetable intake in this population. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study using the data from the Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.1, Public Use File. The survey used questions similar to a food frequency questionnaire. METHODS: Total fruit and vegetable intake of 18,524 Canadian adolescents (12 to 19 years old) was cross-tabulated between two age groups (12 to 14 years old [n=7,410] and 15 to 19 years old [n=11,114]) by sex, level of household education, total household income, ethnicity, living arrangement, and geographical location. RESULTS: The data revealed that a 38.3% of Canadian adolescents in this study consumed fruits and vegetables five to 10 times per day; fewer older adolescents (15- to 19-year-olds) reported eating fruits and vegetables at that frequency as compared with the younger subgroup (12- to 14-year-olds) (P<0.001). Household education and income independently had a significant (P<0.001) positive impact on fruit and vegetable consumption. Females reported a significantly (P<0.05) higher frequency of intake than did males. Adolescents living in homes with only one parent reported a significantly (P<0.005) lower frequency of intake, as compared with adolescents living with two parents. CONCLUSIONS: These results may help to identify adolescent groups at risk for poor eating habits and support the implementation of programs to encourage higher fruit and vegetable intakes.     

Family circumstance and adolescent dietary behaviours

The available information on the contribution of family circumstance to adolescent dietary behaviours is inconsistent. Indicators of family circumstance may impact adolescent behaviours by influencing their daily home environment. This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between indicators of family circumstance and (i) breakfast skipping and (ii) consumption of snack food, fast food, fruits and vegetables among adolescents. Dietary behaviour was assessed using a web-based survey completed by 1884 adolescents from years 7 and 9 of secondary schools in Victoria, Australia, at baseline and 2 years later. Five indicators of family circumstance (parental marital status, maternal education, maternal employment status, number of brothers and number of sisters) were assessed with a questionnaire completed by parents at baseline only. Logistic regression was used to examine cross-sectional associations between indicators of family circumstance and dietary behaviours. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between indicators of family circumstance and 2-year change in dietary behaviours. Individual indicators of family circumstance were differentially associated with adolescent dietary behaviours. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations differed for adolescent boys and girls highlighting the importance of assessing specific dietary behaviours and food types individually by gender. This study highlights the complexity of the relationships between family circumstance and adolescent dietary behaviours. Future research needs to assess the efficacy of strategies promoting maternal nutritional knowledge on the dietary behaviours of adolescents.     

中国青少年饮食行为与心理亚健康的相关性

  目的  了解中国青少年心理亚健康与饮食行为的相关性,为改善青少年心理亚健康提供科学依据。  方法  2015—2017年在中国六大行政区采用分层随机整群抽样方法抽取16 545名13~22岁青少年,采用青少年亚健康多维评定问卷(Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescents, MSQA)的心理问卷进行心理亚健康测试,同时进行饮食行为调查。  结果  男生在早餐、零食、碳酸饮料、蔬菜、鱼肉以及乳制品方面“基本都吃/喝”的比例分别为76.2%,20.2%,19.0%,78.4%,52.4%,59.2%,女生分别为79.2%,28.6%,12.6%,78.3%,43.2%,54.9%,除“蔬菜”选项外,其他各项在性别间分布差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为20.79,320.10,229.06,150.27,32.21,P值均 < 0.01)。心理亚健康方面,男生心理亚健康状态、品行亚健康和社会适应亚健康检出率分别为20.7%,26.0%,17.2%,女生分别为18.6%,24.1%,14.8%,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为17.32,7.66,17.46,P值均 < 0.01)。控制年龄和性别后,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,早餐“基本都吃”和“偶尔吃”、蔬菜“基本都吃”和“偶尔吃”、鱼肉“基本都吃”和“偶尔吃”、牛奶、乳制品“基本都喝”和“偶尔喝”与心理亚健康状态的发生均呈负相关(OR值分别为0.60,0.73;0.50,0.65;0.74,0.77;0.73,0.69,P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  健康的饮食行为是避免青少年产生心理亚健康的保护因素。建议学校针对家长及学生定期开展膳食营养讲座及发放膳食营养指导手册,学校食堂配备公共营养师指导日常配餐等。