活性氧/谷胱甘肽双重响应型紫杉醇前药纳米粒的制备与评价

目的 设计具有活性氧/谷胱甘肽双重响应的紫杉醇前药纳米粒(ProPTX-SS-NPs),为紫杉醇的应用提供新思路和新方法。方法 以粒径和PDI为指标,考察前药纳米粒的最佳制备方法和工艺;通过电镜观察前药纳米粒的形貌并对其粒径、电位、包封率、载药量等进行考察;考察纳米粒在活性氧和谷胱甘肽环境下的体外释放特性;通过细胞试验考察前药纳米粒的体外细胞毒性和细胞摄取情况。结果 采用最佳工艺制备的纳米粒粒径为(130.20±2.18) nm,分散系数为0.12±0.01,Zeta电位为(–8.45±0.01) mV,载药量为(10.27±1.36)%,包封率为(93.22±2.20)%。前药纳米粒具有良好的活性氧和谷胱甘肽响应特性,并且能够显著抑制MCF-7、HepG2和MDA-MB-231增殖。其对MDA-MB-231细胞的抑制作用最为显著,半数抑制浓度IC₅₀(0.71±0.11)μmol·L^-1,而PTX的IC₅₀为(22.38±3.27)μmol·L^-1。结论ProPTX-SS-NPs具有良好的肿瘤微环境响应性能,具备显著的抗肿瘤活性,是一种极具潜力和应用前景的抗肿瘤纳米系统。     

葫芦素B-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物载药纳米粒的构建与药效学评价

目的 以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）作为纳米制剂载体材料将葫芦素B制备成纳米粒,并考察其对HepG2肝癌细胞的抑制效果。方法 使用乳化溶剂蒸发法制备葫芦素B-PLGA载药纳米粒,以PLGA浓度（X₁）、PVA浓度（X₂）和药物浓度（X₃）作为考察因素,以载药纳米粒的粒径大小（Y₁）和包封率（Y₂）作为评价指标,应用中心复合设计-效应面法优化葫芦素B-PLGA载药纳米粒处方;测定了纳米粒的粒径分布和Zeta电位值,通过透射电镜观察其微观形态,并考察了葫芦素B-PLGA载药纳米粒的体外药物释放特性;比较了葫芦素B与葫芦素B-PLGA载药纳米粒对HepG2肝癌细胞的抑制效果。结果 葫芦素B-PLGA载药纳米粒的最优处方组成为：PLGA浓度为9.0%,PVA浓度为2.0%,药物浓度为4.5%,制备的纳米粒粒径为（145.4±15.8） nm,Zeta电位值为（-7.6±0.8） mV;透射电镜下可观察到纳米粒表面光滑,分布均匀;葫芦素B-PLGA载药纳米粒释药前期出现突释,后期平缓,48 h药物释放达到86%;葫芦素B-PLGA载药纳米粒对HepG2肝癌细胞的抑制作用显著高于葫芦素B。结论 葫芦素B-PLGA载药纳米粒可延缓药物释放,提高对HepG2肝癌细胞的抑制活性,为进一步临床研究奠定实验基础。     

PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒经鼻腔、静脉给药后的药动学研究

目的 采用与静脉注射对比的方式,研究聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-α-细辛脑纳米粒（PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒）鼻腔给药后在大鼠体内的药物动力学。方法 以大鼠为动物模型,采用血药动力学、脑药动力学及荧光标记法对比研究PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒经鼻腔给药与静脉注射后药物/纳米粒在大鼠体内的分布情况。结果 PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒静脉注射及鼻腔给药后血浆中的AUC_（0-∞）分别为（11032.4±1 827.1）ng·mL^-1·min及（5 992.9±717.5）ng·mL^-1·min,C_max分别为（421.9±100.2）ng·mL^-1及（171.7±26.3）ng·mL^-1,PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒鼻腔给药后的绝对生物利用度F为54.3%。PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒静脉注射后α-细辛脑在脑组织中的C_max与鼻腔给药后α-细辛脑在脑组织中的浓度C_max分别为（217.9±29.9）ng·mL^-1及（334.2±62.7）ng·mL^-1,PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒静脉注射与鼻腔给药后的AUC_brain/AUC_plasma值分别为1.37和2.85,且两者具有统计学意义。PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒鼻腔给药后的药物脑靶向效率及鼻-脑传递百分比分别为208.03%及52.01%。荧光标记法结果显示,PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒鼻腔给药后脑靶向性比静脉注射后更强。结论 PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒适合于鼻腔给药治疗脑部疾病。     

盐酸环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米粒原位凝胶的制备与评价

目的 制备盐酸环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米粒原位凝胶，并评价其抑菌及创面愈合效果。方法 采用复乳法制备盐酸环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米粒，采用2因素2水平全因子析因实验设计考察了壳聚糖相对分子质量（X₁）和壳聚糖质量浓度（X₂）对壳聚糖纳米粒的药物包封率（Y₁）、粒径分布（Y₂）、多分散系数（Y₃）和Zeta电位（Y₄）的影响；并以泊洛沙姆407作为凝胶基质制备盐酸环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米粒原位凝胶。通过抑菌圈实验比较盐酸环丙沙星乳膏和盐酸环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米粒原位凝胶对金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌活性；使用无菌活检穿刺针在大鼠背部造成直径为5 mm的皮肤全切除的圆形人工创面，并使用金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的培养基感染24 h，建立大鼠创面模型，将模型大鼠随机分为模型组、盐酸环丙沙星乳膏组和盐酸环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米粒原位凝胶组，模型组大鼠创面未接受任何处理，给药组大鼠每2天给药1次，每次给药量均约为1 mg，观察并记录每组大鼠创面脱痂时间和愈合时间。结果 选择低相对分子质量壳聚糖、壳聚糖质量浓度为2.0 mg·mL^-1制备盐酸环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米粒，其中盐酸环丙沙星质量浓度为50.0 mg·mL^-1，其包封率为（85.3±0.9）%，平均粒径为（354.7±15.7）nm，PDI为0.357±0.014，Zeta电位为（22.2±0.5）mV，呈球状分布；盐酸环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米粒原位凝胶和盐酸环丙沙星乳膏对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径分别为（38.4±0.2）、（29.2±0.3）mm，对铜绿假单胞菌抗菌圈直径分别为（41.3±0.6）、（32.1±0.1）mm；大鼠创面给予盐酸环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米粒原位凝胶后，其脱痂时间和愈合时间均较模型组和盐酸环丙沙星乳膏组显著缩短（P<0.05）。结论 成功制备盐酸环丙沙星壳聚糖纳米粒原位凝胶，其可以抑制创面细菌繁殖、加速伤口愈合。     

盐酸阿霉素聚乳酸纳米粒的制备及大鼠体内药动学研究

目的 优化盐酸阿霉素聚乳酸纳米粒（DOX-PLA-NPs）的制备工艺,并对其理化性质、体外释放及大鼠体内药动学进行研究。方法 采用改良的复乳-溶剂挥发法制备DOX-PLA-NPs,正交设计优化其处方工艺,对其纳米粒形态、粒径、Zeta电位、包封率与载药量进行测定。以DOX原药为对照组,考察DOX-PLA-NPs的体外释药特性及大鼠尾静脉给药后的体内药动学参数。结果 DOX-PLA-NPs外观圆整,平均粒径为（125.67±3.80） nm、Zeta电位为（-35.97±1.58） mV、包封率和载药量分别为（81.23±1.46）%,（10.29±0.63）%。体外释放结果显示,DOX经纳米粒包裹后,具明显的缓释作用。DOX原药和纳米粒的体内药动学过程均符合开放式二室模型,t_1/2β分别为（1.15±0.175） h、（6.43±2.12） h,CL分别为（174.76±47.22） h·L^-1、（30.68±11.86） h·L^-1,AUC_0→t分别为（6.01±1.61）μg·h·L^-1、（36.04±13.72）μg·h·L^-1。结论 制备的盐酸阿霉素聚乳酸纳米粒粒径较小、包封率较高,具明显的缓释作用,并能提高药物的生物利用度。     

载阿霉素透明质酸聚合物纳米粒的构建及其体外性质研究

目的 合成透明质酸（HA）接枝单油酸甘油酯（GMO）两亲性聚合物HGO,并研究其所制备载阿霉素（DOX）纳米粒的理化性质及体外抗肿瘤效果。方法 HA与GMO通过酯化反应制得载体聚合物HGO,通过核磁共振波谱法及红外光谱法对其进行结构表征;采用芘荧光探针法测定聚合物临界聚集浓度（CAC）。采用透析法制备聚合物HGO载阿霉素（DOX@HGO）纳米粒,并对其进行粒径分布、Zeta电位及微观形态的表征;通过检测其在不同离子强度、不同pH条件下的粒径变化考察纳米粒的体外稳定性;考察DOX@HGO纳米粒在不同pH条件下的体外释放行为;CCK-8法考察DOX@HGO纳米粒对MDA-MB-231细胞的体外抑瘤效果;并通过荧光显微镜研究MDA-MB-231细胞对DOX溶液、DOX@HGO纳米粒的摄取能力,以及HA预处理对DOX@HGO纳米粒摄取的影响。结果 成功制得两亲性聚合物HGO,聚合物HGO中GMO的取代度为15.8%,CAC为0.023 mg·mL^-1。DOX@HGO纳米粒呈规则的球形,平均粒径为（130.800±1.709）nm,平均电位为（-32.600±0.153）mV,包封率和载药量分别为（98.65±0.74）%和（33.03±0.17）%,在不同离子强度下、模拟胃肠液中表现出良好的稳定性;DOX@HGO纳米粒的体外释放表现出pH依赖性。体外抗肿瘤活性实验表明,DOX@HGO纳米粒对MDA-MB-231细胞的生长具有较好的抑制作用;与DOX溶液比较,DOX@HGO纳米粒显著增加肿瘤细胞对于DOX的摄取（P＜0.05） ,HA预处理显著减少肿瘤细胞对DOX@HGO的摄取（P＜0.05）。结论 所构建的DOX@HGO纳米粒具有良好的理化性质,并且具有一定的pH敏感性及靶向抗肿瘤细胞的能力,是具有应用潜力的药物载体。     

负载pVAX1-wapA的壳聚糖及季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒的制备研究

目的 制备负载抗龋DNA疫苗pVAX1-wapA质粒的壳聚糖和季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒,优化其制备工艺,测定其细胞转染效率。 方法 以包封率和粒径为主要指标,单因素法考察载体浓度、pH值、N/P、TPP浓度等因素的影响,Realtime-PCR检测细胞对质粒编码蛋白的转录表达水平以评价载质粒纳米粒的促转染作用。 结果 制得的载DNA疫苗纳米粒粒径均一,形态圆整。壳聚糖(CS)纳米粒粒径为(219.2±18.2) nm,Zeta电位为(24.7±3.5) mV,包封率为91.24%。季铵化壳聚糖(CSTM)纳米粒粒径为(222.5±15.6) nm,Zeta电位为(19.6±1.2) mV,包封率为87.66%。纳米粒可以促进pVAX1-wapA进入细胞,并成功被转录。 结论 制备的包载pVAX1-wapA的季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒可用于重组基因疫苗的运送。     

硫化铜纳米粒的处方工艺优化与体外评价

目的 为避免硫化铜（CuS）纳米粒体内蓄积,制备并优化CuS纳米粒,分析粒径影响因素并评价其光热性能。方法 在单因素考察基础上,采用星点设计-响应面法进一步分析各因素对CuS纳米粒粒径的影响,获得最佳处方工艺。考察优选的纳米粒的理化性质,包括形态、粒径稳定性、光热转换性能及光热稳定性。采用CCK-8法评价CuS纳米粒对4T1乳腺癌细胞以及HK2肾细胞的毒性,并考察其光热效应对4T1乳腺癌细胞的杀伤效果。结果 CuS纳米粒优选处方工艺的水合粒径为（10.53±1.63）nm;透射电镜下显示其粒径为（3.10±0.81）nm;所优选的CuS纳米粒具有良好的粒径稳定性,良好的光热转换性能与光热稳定性。细胞毒研究显示,所优选的CuS纳米粒分别在100 μg/ml及150 μg/ml浓度范围内,对4T1乳腺癌细胞以及HK2肾细胞均无显著的细胞毒性,且其对4T1乳腺癌细胞具有显著的光热杀伤效果。结论 所制备的CuS纳米粒实际粒径小于6 nm且具有良好的光热效应,有望解决CuS纳米粒体内蓄积的问题,使其更好地应用于抗肿瘤治疗。     

新型姜黄素纳米粒在小鼠体内组织分布的研究

目的 制备新型姜黄素油酸复合物肝靶向纳米粒[Cur（OA）₂-NPs],并对其小鼠体内组织分布进行研究。方法 基于前期工作按最佳工艺,应用改良的溶剂挥发法制备Cur（OA）₂-NPs并进行表征;以25 mg·kg^-1小鼠尾静脉注射Cur（OA）₂-NPs,分别于给药后0.05,0.25,0.75,2,4,6,8,12 h,经眼球取血200 μL,小鼠解剖后取肝脏、心脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏和脑,经过液-液萃取法提取药物,HPLC测定姜黄素油酸[Cur（OA）₂]和姜黄素（Cur）的含量,分析Cur（OA）₂-NPs体内组织分布和药物释放特性;将Cur（OA）₂和DiR荧光染料包裹到mPEG₅₀₀₀-PLGA中制得纳米粒,按Cur剂量25 mg·kg^-1通过静脉注射给予正常小鼠和H22荷瘤小鼠,于不同时间点麻醉小鼠,将其置于785 nm激发波和820 nm发射波形成的活体红外成像系统中扫描成像,研究正常小鼠和H22荷瘤小鼠体内纳米粒的肿瘤靶向性特征。结果 纳米粒呈圆形,大小均匀,平均粒径为（93.39±1.71）nm,载药量为（19.35±0.12）%,包封率为（92.32±3.13）%。血浆中除脑组织外其余组织均可检测到Cur（OA）₂分布,分布迅速,Cur（OA）₂浓度4 h内从310.33 μg·mL^-1减少到28.94 μg·mL^-1,近90%从血管中被清除,肝脏中含量最高可达368.93 μg·g^-1;肝脏、脾脏和肾脏可检测到Cur,分别为125.72,33.60,16.81 μg·g^-1,而血浆、肺脏和脑中则无。纳米粒静脉注射后2 h左右出现峰值,其中肝脏Cur（OA）₂和Cur的浓度最高;活体成像结果也表明,小鼠体内纳米粒主要分布于肝脏和肿瘤部位,肝脏2 h左右达到峰值随后慢慢下降,而肿瘤组织8 h左右可见强烈荧光,并于12 h左右达到峰值,随后缓慢下降,且其荧光强度显著强于肝脏部位。结论 本研究完善了Cur（OA）₂-NPs的评价,为进一步研究其体内抗肿瘤作用奠定了良好的基础,也为难溶的、口服生物利用度低的药物开发提供了解决思路。     

Angiopep-2修饰载神经毒素介孔二氧化硅脂质囊纳米粒的制备及其体内外评价

目的 制备Angiopep-2（ANG）修饰的载神经毒素（neurotoxin,NT）介孔二氧化硅脂质囊纳米粒（mesoporous silica nanoparticles,MSN）（ANG-LP-MSN-NT）,并进行体内外评价。方法 利用改进的Stober法制备介孔二氧化硅纳米粒,然后运用薄膜水化法制备ANG-LP-MSN-NT。考察其形态、粒径、Zeta电位、载药量和包封率;通过小角粉末衍射、氮气吸-脱附法等技术对其进行表征;透析袋法考察其体外释药特性;热板法和醋酸扭体法考察其镇痛效果。结果 制备的MSN比表面积为557 m²·g^-1,孔径和孔容积（V_p）分别为2.94 nm和0.58 cm³·g^-1。ANG-LP-MSN-NT分布均一,无团聚现象,粒径为（123.37±3.76）nm（PDI 0.20±0.02）,Zeta电位为（-16.57±1.59）mV,载药量与包封率分别为（10.75±0.54）%与（91.82±3.12）%。ANG-LP-MSN-NT较MSN-NT体外突释降低,缓释特性明显;药效学实验结果表明ANG-LP-MSN-NT起效快、最大镇痛效应优于其他组别。结论 ANG-LP-MSN-NT解决了二氧化硅易团聚、易突释的问题,且更有利于NT在脑部富集,发挥更好的镇痛效果,该纳米递药系统作为神经毒素载体在镇痛方面具有较好的应用前景。     

Ovarian cancer targeted hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticle system for paclitaxel delivery to overcome drug resistance

Abstract

Objective: Most primary human ovarian tumors and peritoneal implants, as well as tumor vascular endothelial cells, express the CD44 family of cell surface proteoglycans, the natural ligand for which is hyaluronic acid (HA). Paclitaxel (PTX) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent that is widely used for the treatment of several cancers, including ovarian cancer. This study aimed to develop a HA-based PTX-loaded nanoparticle system to improve the ovarian cancer therapeutic effects.

Methods: PTX-loaded cationic nanostructured lipid nanoparticles (PTX-NLCs) were prepared. HA-PE was then coated onto the PTX-NLCs by electrostatic adsorption to form HA-PTX-NLCs. In vitro tumor cell inhibition efficiency was analyzed on SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3 cells) and PTX-resistant SKOV3 cells (SKOV3/PTX cells). In vivo anticancer ability was evaluated with mice bearing SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells xenografts.

Results: HA-PTX-NLCs had an average diameter of 163?nm, and PTX was incorporated with an efficiency of over 80%. The in vitro viability of SKOV3 cells and SKOV3/PTX cells was obviously inhibited by HA-PTX-NLCs. In the ovarian cancer cells model, significant reduction in tumor growth was observed, whereas the conventional PTX injection group did not achieve significance.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that significantly improved results were obtained by the newly constructed HA-PTX-NLCs, in terms of in vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacy. These findings strongly support the superiority of HA based nano-system for the PTX delivery, thus enhance the efficacy of ovarian cancer chemotherapy.     

香菇多糖–番荔素纳米粒的性能考察及其对小鼠黑色素瘤肺转移癌的抑制作用

目的 考察香菇多糖–番荔素纳米粒的性能,及其对小鼠黑色素瘤肺转移癌的体内外抑制效果。方法 采用反溶剂沉淀法制备香菇多糖–番荔素纳米粒,以动态光散射法测定粒径、分散系数（PDI）及Zeta电位,及其在不同生理介质（5%的葡萄糖、生理盐水、PBS的混悬液）中的稳定性;采用透射电子显微镜观察纳米粒的形态、大小;精确称量香菇多糖–番荔素纳米粒质量,并采用HPLC法测量番荔素中番荔辛,计算载药量;用酶标仪在540 nm处测量不同浓度（2、1.5、1、0.5、0.25、0.125 mg/mL）香菇多糖–番荔素纳米粒与5%葡萄糖溶液等渗液的吸光度,并计算溶血率;采用透析袋法考察香菇多糖–番荔素纳米粒的体外释放行为。用划痕实验与MTT实验对香菇多糖–番荔素纳米粒进行体外药效学考察。构建黑色素瘤肺转移癌小鼠模型,以紫杉醇注射液为阳性对照,对不同剂量香菇多糖–番荔素纳米粒进行体内药效学研究。结果 香菇多糖–番荔素纳米粒的粒径为（160.6±1.0）nm,PDI为0.082±0.023,Zeta电位为（-28.10±1.14）m V,透射电镜下呈球状。香菇多糖–番荔素纳米粒在5%的葡萄糖、血浆中稳定,无溶血...     

In vivo pharmacokinetics,biodistribution and anti-tumor effect of paclitaxel-loaded targeted chitosan-based polymeric micelle

Abstract

A water-insoluble anti-tumor agent, paclitaxel (PTX) was successfully incorporated into novel-targeted polymeric micelles based on tocopherol succinate-chitosan-polyethylene glycol-folic acid (PTX/TS-CS-PEG-FA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and efficacy of PTX/TS-CS-PEG-FA in comparison to Anzatax® in tumor bearing mice. The micellar formulation showed higher in vitro cytotoxicity against mice breast cancer cell line, 4T1, due to the folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. The IC₅₀ value of PTX, a concentration at which 50% cells are killed, was 1.17 and 0.93?µM for Anzatax® and PTX/TS-CS-PEG-FA micelles, respectively. The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of PTX/TS-CS-PEG-FA, as measured by reduction in tumor volume of 4T1 mouse breast cancer injected in Balb/c mice was significantly greater than that of Anzatax®. Pharmacokinetic study in tumor bearing mice revealed that the micellar formulation prolonged the systemic circulation time of PTX and the AUC of PTX/TS-CS-PEG-FA was obtained 0.83-fold lower than Anzatax®. Compared with Anzatax®, the V_d, T_1/2ß and MRT of PTX/TS-CS-PEG-FA was increased by 2.76, 2.05 and 1.68-fold, respectively. As demonstrated by tissue distribution, the PTX/TS-CS-PEG-FA micelles increased accumulation of PTX in tumor, therefore, resulted in anti-tumor effects enhancement and drug concentration in the normal tissues reduction. Taken together, our evaluations show that PTX/TS-CS-PEG-FA micelle is a potential drug delivery system of PTX for the effective treatment of the tumor and systematic toxicity reduction, thus, the micellar formulation can provide a useful alternative dosage form for intravenous administration of PTX.     

Paclitaxel-Loaded Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Films for the Prevention of Postsurgical Adhesions

Purpose. Post surgical adhesion formation results in significant morbidity for surgical patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of paclitaxel (PTX) as an inhibitor of adhesion formation in rats and to design and characterize a controlled release film formulation of the drug for application to exposed surgical sites. Methods. The rat cecal side wall abrasion model was used to investigate the anti-adhesion properties of PTX. The drug was administered by either intraperitoneal injection (i.p.), as the cremophor formulation (Taxol®) or by application of carbodiimide crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) films containing PTX. The HA films were also characterized by measurements of elasticity, degree of swelling in water and drug release rates. Results. Taxol® administered by i.p. injection at 4 mg/kg on a daily basis for between 3 and 5 days resulted in a significant reduction in adhesion formation. All animals in the control group (n = 10) had some form of adhesion following abrasion whereas the percent of animals without adhesions significantly increased and the mean incidence of adhesion formation decreased in the three Taxol® treated groups. The application of 5% PTX loaded HA films had a similar significant effect in increasing both the % of animals without adhesions and in reducing the mean incidence of adhesions. Conclusions. Paclitaxel is an effective inhibitor of adhesion formation in rats. HA crosslinked with 2 mM water soluble carbodiimide and containing 10% glycerol and 5% PTX are flexible, mucoadhesive, biocompatible controlled release films suitable for application to surgical sites for the prevention of adhesion formation.     

Hyaluronic Acid Layer-By-Layer (LbL) Nanoparticles for Synergistic Chemo-Phototherapy

Purpose

The aim of this study was to design hyaluronic acid (HA) layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoparticles, which carried paclitaxel (PTX) and Indocyanine green (ICG) to both tumor cells and tumor associated cells to achieve synergistic chemo-photothermal therapeutic effect.

Methods

The LbL-engineered nanoparticles (PDIH) were prepared by dopamine self-polymerization on PTX nanocrystal to form thin, surface-adherent polydopamine (PDA) films, which subsequently absorbed ICG and HA. The tumor cell and tumor associated cell targeting and antitumor efficacy of PDIH were investigated both in vitro an in vivo using 4 T1 murine mammary cancer cell lines and mice bearing orthotopic 4 T1 breast tumor.

Results

PDIH presented a long-rod shape in TEM and showed enhanced photothermal effect and cytotoxicity upon NIR laser irradiation both in vitro and in vivo. PDIH also displayed high target ability to CD44 overexpressed tumor cells and tumor associated cells mediated by HA. In vivo antitumor study indicated that PDIH therapeutic strategy could achieve remarkable antitumor efficacy.

Conclusion

PDIH showed excellent tumor-targeting property and chemo-photothermal therapeutic efficacy.

     

消癌平注射液联合紫杉醇对人卵巢癌SK-OV-3细胞增殖及裸鼠异位移植瘤生长的作用

目的 研究消癌平（XAP）注射液和紫杉醇（PTX）联合应用对人卵巢癌SK-OV-3细胞增殖及裸鼠异位移植瘤的抑制作用。方法 将生长至对数期的人卵巢癌SK-OV-3细胞分为6组：对照组、紫杉醇组（10 nmol/L）、消癌平注射液低、高剂量组（20、80 μl/ml）、消癌平注射液低、高剂量联合组（PTX 10 nmol/L+XAP 20 μl/ml、PTX 10 nmol/L+XAP 80 μl/ml）,各组分别加入药物干预24 h或48 h后,MTT法测定并计算细胞存活率。将36只雌性荷人卵巢癌细胞SK-OV-3的异位移植瘤裸鼠随机分为6组,包括对照组（G1：生理盐水）、紫杉醇组（G2：PTX 10 mg/kg）、消癌平注射液低、高剂量组（G3：XAP 20 ml/kg、G4：XAP 50 ml/kg）、低剂量联合组（G5：PTX 10 mg/kg+XAP 20 ml/kg）以及高剂量联合组（G6：PTX 10 mg/kg+XAP 50 ml/kg）,每组6只。各治疗组予相应药物治疗18 d,观察记录小鼠一般情况、体重、肿瘤体积,并计算抑瘤率。结果 SK-OV-3细胞体外实验结果显示,与对照组相比,消癌平注射液、低剂量联合组和高剂量联合组的SK-OV-3细胞存活率均显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）,且联合用药组与紫杉醇组相比,也有显著差异（P<0.05）,并呈现剂量和时间依赖性。裸鼠异位移植瘤实验结果显示,高剂量联合组的抑瘤率明显高于对照组和紫杉醇组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 消癌平注射液和紫杉醇联用对人卵巢癌细胞SK-OV-3裸鼠异位移植瘤的抑制具有协同作用（P<0.05）。     

Synergistic anticancer effects of andrographolide and paclitaxel against A549 NSCLC cells

Context: Paclitaxel (PTX) is widely used in chemotherapy for cancer treatment; however, it has some serious side effects. Andrographolide (Andro) is a potential cancer therapeutic agent isolated from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (Acanthaceae).

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of PTX combined with Andro against A549 cells.

Materials and methods: The effects of 24–48?h treatment with 0.48–60.75?nM PTX and 5.10–328.0?μM Andro on cellular proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by sulphorhodamine B assay, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection, PI staining and ROS assay, respectively. Synergy was determined using combination index. The antitumour efficacy of 20?mg/kg PTX with 100?mg/kg Andro was studied in a xenograft murine model.

Results: IC₅₀ value of the PTX combined with Andro against A549 cells was 0.5–7.4?nM, which was significantly lower than that of PTX (15.9?nM). PTX with 10?μM Andro caused (1.22–1.27)-fold apoptosis and 1.7-fold ROS accumulation compared with PTX alone. N-Acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, blocked this synergy in vitro. In contrast, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest resulting from PTX was not potentiated by Andro. Moreover, PTX in combination with Andro inhibited the growth of A549 transplanted tumours by 98%.

Discussion and conclusion: The results indicate that the combination of PTX and Andro exert significant synergistic anticancer effect on A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. The synergy may be the result of the accumulation of ROS. The combination of Andro and PTX represents a potential strategy for the treatment of A549 cells.     

Cellular uptake and antitumour activity of paclitaxel incorporated into trilaurin-based solid lipid nanoparticles in ovarian cancer

Abstract

Trilaurin-based solid lipid nanoparticles (TL-SLNs) containing paclitaxel (PTX) were prepared by hot-melt high-pressure homogenisation and subsequent freezing and thawing. PTX-containing TL-SLNs showed 160.0?±?15.8?nm of mean particle size and ?43.9?mV of zeta potential. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed the spherical shape and submicron-size of the TL-SLNs. Differential scanning calorimetry measurement presented melting transition peak of TL in SLNs indicating the solidified state of the core lipid. The prepared TL-SLNs were physically stable without significant particle size changes at 4?°C for 2 months. The amounts of uptake into the human ovarian cancer cells, SKOV-3, were similar between PTX delivered in Cremophor EL-based formulation and TL-SLNs. In vitro and in vivo antitumour activity of PTX in TL-SLNs was comparable to the commercial Cremophor EL-based formulation in SKOV-3. These results suggest that PTX-loaded TL-SLNs have promising potential as an alternative parenteral formulation for PTX.     

In vitro human plasma distribution of nanoparticulate paclitaxel is dependent on the physicochemical properties of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(caprolactone) nanoparticles

In this study, we synthesized and characterized two methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(caprolactone) (MePEG-b-PCL) amphiphilic diblock copolymers, both based on MePEG with a molecular weight of 5000 g/mol (114 repeat units) and PCL block lengths of either 19 or 104 repeat units. Nanoparticles were formed from these copolymers by a nanoprecipitation and dialysis technique. The MePEG₁₁₄-b-PCL₁₉ copolymer was water soluble and formed micelles that had a hydrodynamic diameter of 40 nm at all copolymer concentrations tested, and displayed a relatively low core microviscosity. The practically water insoluble MePEG₁₁₄-b-PCL₁₀₄ copolymer formed nanoparticles with a larger hydrodynamic diameter, which was dependent on copolymer concentration, and possessed a higher core microviscosity than the MePEG₁₁₄-b-PCL₁₉ micelles, characteristic of nanospheres. The micelles solubilized a maximum of 1.6% w/w of the hydrophobic anticancer agent, paclitaxel (PTX), and released 92% of their drug payload over 7 days, as compared to the nanospheres, which solubilized a maximum of 3% w/w of PTX and released 60% over the same period of time. Both types of nanoparticles were found to be hemocompatible, causing only minimal hemolysis and no changes in plasma coagulation times as compared to control. Upon in vitro incubation in human plasma, PTX solubilized by micelles had a plasma distribution similar to free drug. The majority of PTX was associated with the lipoprotein deficient plasma (LPDP) fraction, which primarily consists of albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. In contrast, nanospheres were capable of retaining more of the encapsulated drug with significantly less PTX partitioning into the LPDP fraction.