螺旋CT扫描在诊断齿状突骨折中的价值

目的 探讨螺旋ＣＴ扫描在诊断齿状突骨折中的价值。方法 对９例Ｘ线片显示为具状突骨折或可疑骨折者行螺旋ＣＴ扫描,并分别经冠状面、矢状面多平面重组和三维重建。结果 根据螺旋ＣＴ扫描,修正诊断骨折类型者１例、明确诊断慢骨折者２例、排除诊断骨折者６例。文中对螺旋ＣＴ扫描的优越性及陈旧性齿状突骨折的诊断标准作了讨论。结论 螺旋ＦＣＴ扫描对诊断急性、陈旧性齿状突同折及确定骨折类型具有重要价值。     

MSCT在齿状突骨折中的诊断价值

目的 分析齿状突骨折的CT表现,探讨多层螺旋CT扫描在诊断齿状突骨折中的价值。方法 回顾性分析CT确诊的52例齿状突骨折的MSCT资料,包括横断面骨窗、软组织窗及经冠状面、矢状面多平面重建。结果 根据骨折部位将齿状突骨折分为三型：Ⅰ型为尖端骨折3例;Ⅱ型为基底骨折35例;Ⅲ型为枢椎椎体部骨折14例。结论 MSCT扫描对诊断急性或陈旧性齿状突骨折及确定骨折类型具有重要价值;对于临床上怀疑齿状突骨折,行MSCT扫描是必要的。     

齿状突骨折的MRI诊断

目的分析齿状突骨折的MRI表现,探讨MRI扫描在诊断齿状突骨折中的价值。方法回顾性分析我科CT确诊的52例齿状突骨折患者的MRI资料,MRI扫描包括横断面、矢状面、冠状面的T1WI及T2WI像。结果根据骨折部位将齿状突骨折分为三型,Ⅰ型:尖端骨折,本组3例;Ⅱ型:基底骨折,本组35例;Ⅲ型:枢椎椎体部骨折,本组14例。所有患者中,并发脊髓损伤16例,韧带损伤8例,3例合并颈椎脱位。结论MRI能清晰显示齿状突骨折线,确定骨折类型,显示椎旁软组织损伤,脊髓损伤。对于齿状突骨折患者,MRI对临床治疗有重要指导价值。     

多层螺旋CT及其图像后处理技术在齿状突骨折中的应用价值

[目的]探讨多层螺旋CT横轴位像、MPR及SVR成像在齿状突骨折的应用价值及相关技术要点.[方法]选择18例齿状突骨折病人,行X线和四层螺旋CT检查,将螺旋CT扫描容积数据传输至工作站进行MPR和SVR处理,观察骨折细节,并比较X线平片、CT轴位、MPR及SVR之异同.[结果]多层螺旋CT-3D技术可清晰地显示各种类型的枢椎齿状突骨折.MPR可从任意平面观察骨折及其周围情况,VR可以显示骨折的立体关系.[结论]螺旋CT二、三、四维图像在齿状突骨折诊治方面有重要应用价值.     

寰枢椎骨折的多排螺旋CT扫描及后处理评价

目的　回顾性分析寰枢椎骨折的多排螺旋CT扫描及后处理重建的诊断价值。方法　收集寰枢椎骨折患者4 4例 ,其中寰椎骨折脱位 2 0例 ,枢椎骨折 2 4例 ,所有患者经多排螺旋CT扫描后 ,经MPR与 4D -Angio后处理重建 ,分析不同处理后图象的应用价值。结果　多排螺旋CT及后处理技术可显示骨折部位与类型 ,其MRP与 4D -Angio重建不仅显示寰齿间隙的变化 ,寰齿前间隙的增宽提示横韧带的损伤 ,更可显示齿状突骨折移位的状况。结论　MSCT可清晰评价寰枢椎骨折部位、程度、脱位与否以及骨折类型。     

寰枢椎旋转性半脱位的诊断

目的：探讨X线检查,螺旋CT扫描以及三维影像重建在诊断寰枢椎旋转性半脱位的不同临床意义。方法：24例行颈椎张口位片检查,其中16例和5例对照组采用螺旋CT扫描。结果：平均50%以上2次摄片,部份齿状突与侧块间距显示不清。16例螺旋CT扫描均证实齿状突与寰椎侧块间距不等,三维影像重建立体地再现寰枢椎旋转性半脱位的移位程度和齿状突发育情况。5例对照组正常。结论：常规X线多能确诊,螺旋CT扫描及三维影像重建,可弥补6诊断上的困难,同时也有利于指导治疗。     

齿状突骨折的诊断与治疗选择

齿状突骨折是枢椎最常见的损伤,早在1910年,Mixter和Osgood就对齿状突骨折进行了外科治疗。目前齿状突骨折的外科治疗方法较多。如何根据患者年龄、骨折类型、伴随损伤、骨折移位情况等多种因素选择合适的治疗方案,是降低不愈合率、减少并发症的关键,笔者就此作一综述。1诊断方法薄层CT扫描是目前诊断枢椎骨折的最好方法,标准的颈椎正侧位、张口位及动力像是必须的,对无明显移位的水平齿状突骨折,有时要辅以侧位断层片。CT三维重建既对齿状突可疑骺分离的诊断有重要价值,又可以判断是否有椎动脉(VA)走行变异,同时还可测量椎弓峡部的高度…     

齿状突骨折的 CT三维重建分型及临床意义

目的探讨齿状突骨折的CT三维重建分型及临床意义。方法2000年9月～2004年6月,对32例寰枢椎损伤患者均行X线检查、螺旋CT薄层扫描及三维重建检查,评价CT三维重建分型及临床意义。结果X线片检查对齿状突骨折的漏诊率为28.13%(9/32),CT平扫漏诊率为6.25%(2/32),CT三维重建无1例漏诊。结论X线片对齿状突骨折易造成漏诊或诊断不确切。CT三维重建能直观、精确地显示病变的立体形态及各解剖结构的空间关系,提供分型依据,对治疗具有指导作用。     

CT平扫及三维重建对齿状突合并周围骨折的诊断价值

目的：探讨CT平扫及三维重建对齿状突合并周围骨折的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析在我院手术治疗的20例新鲜齿状突骨折合并周围骨折患者的X线片及CT平扫和三维重建资料。结果：20例患者术前影像学诊断齿状突合并周围骨折23处．术中另发现5例患者各有1处术前影像资料漏诊的周围骨折，合并存在的周围骨折共28处。其中单凭X线片确诊齿状突骨折5例，检出率25．0％（5/20），合并周围骨折2处，检出率7．1％（2／28）；CT平扫及三维重建确诊齿状突骨折20例，检出率100％（20／20），发现23处周围骨折，检出率82．1％（23/28）。结论：CT平扫及三维重建对齿状突合并周围骨折能作出较全面而准确的诊断，与X线片相比明显提高了骨折的检出率。建议对怀疑有齿状突合并周围骨折的患者进行CT平扫及三维重建检查。     

齿状突合并周围骨折的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨齿状突合并周围骨折的诊治方法。方法：2003年1月～2006年3月我院收治新鲜齿状突骨折合并周围骨折17例。经急诊颈椎正侧位X线片、颅骨牵引后颈椎张口位及侧位X线片、CT冠状面和矢状面平扫加重建，诊断齿状突骨折合并周围骨折。采用谭明生法、Harms法和AO拉力螺钉对本组患者行寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉同定，用自体髂后上棘松质骨行寰枢椎后表面植骨融合．随访观察疗效。结果：17例齿状突骨折患者术前影像学诊断合并齿状突周围骨折20处，术中发现周围骨折5例5处．共25处骨折．平均每例患者1．5处周围骨折。所有患者手术顺利，可疑椎动脉挫伤1例。术后随访3个月～3年，平均1．4年，颈枕部疼痛1例：复查X线片显示齿状突骨折均愈合，畸形愈合3例，合并存在的25处齿状突周围骨折均愈合．无钉棒系统松动、断裂。结论：齿状突合并周围骨折是齿状突骨折的一种特殊类型，由于影像学的局限性．术前准确诊断很闲难。采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉短节段固定融合治疗效果满意．     

Neurologic injury because of trauma after Type II odontoid nonunion

Background contextTreatment of Type II odontoid fractures remains controversial, whereas nonoperative treatment is well accepted for isolated Type III odontoid fractures. Little is known about long-term sequelae of nonoperative management or risk of recurrent injury after nonsurgical treatment. We hypothesize that a substantial proportion of odontoid fractures assumed to be acute are actually chronic injuries and have a high rate of late displacement resulting in neurologic injury.PurposeTo identify patients presenting with previously unrecognized odontoid fracture nonunions and to document the incidence of new neurologic injury after secondary trauma in this population.Study designRetrospective case series.Patient sampleOne hundred thirty-three patients with Type II odontoid fractures presenting to a Level I trauma center.Outcome measuresComputed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, American Spinal Injury Association Motor Score (AMS), and neurologic examination.MethodsAll patients presenting after traumatic injury to a Level I trauma center from May 2005 to May 2010 with a Type II odontoid fracture on CT scan were included. Patients aged less than 18 years and those with pathologic fractures were excluded. Fractures were classified as chronic or acute based on CT evidence of chronic injury/nonunion including fracture resorption, sclerosis, and cyst formation. Magnetic resonance imaging was then examined for evidence of fracture acuity (increased signal in C2 on T2 images). Patients without evidence of acute fracture on MRI were considered to have chronic injuries. Computed tomography and MRI scans were interpreted independently by two reviewers. Chart review was performed to document demographics, AMS, and new-onset neurologic deficit associated with secondary injury.ResultsOne hundred thirty-three patients presented with Type II odontoid fractures and no known history of cervical fracture with an average age of 79 years. Based on CT criteria, 31/133 (23%) fractures were chronic injuries. Nine additional fractures appeared acute on CT but were determined to be chronic by MRI findings. The overall number of chronic fractures was therefore 40 (30%). Interobserver reliability analysis for classification of fractures as chronic demonstrated κ=0.65 representing substantial agreement. Of the 40 chronic fractures, 7 patients (17.5%) had new-onset neurologic deficits after secondary injury including 4 motor deficits, 2 sensory deficits, and 1 combined deficit. Although the chronic injury group as a whole had similar AMS to the acute injury group (89 vs. 84, p=.27), the seven patients with new-onset neurologic deficit had an average AMS of 52.4.ConclusionsA substantial proportion of patients presenting after cervical trauma with Type II odontoid fractures have evidence of nonacute injury. Of these patients, 17% presented with a new neurologic deficit caused by an “acute-on-chronic” injury.     

Stress fractures presenting as tumours: a retrospective analysis of 22 cases

Frequently, the imaging features of stress fractures may be misinterpreted as tumour-like lesions. The aim of this study was to analyse the quality of different examinations in detecting stress fractures mimicking tumour-like lesions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We evaluated 22 cases which were referred to our department with the suspected diagnosis of bone tumours turning out to be stress fractures. Whenever the MRI did not lead to a diagnosis after a second review, computed tomography (CT) scans and, if still required, additional examinations were performed until the fracture was detected. A stress fracture was diagnosed in 15 cases after the additional CT scan, in five cases with the review of the MRI and in two cases with a combination of several examinations. Especially in stress fractures of the tibia and the femur, CT scanning was essential for making a diagnosis by detecting the fracture line. Bone scans and biopsies, in contrast, were not helpful in making a correct diagnosis.     

Analysis of predisposing factors in elderly people with Type II odontoid fracture

Background contextType II odontoid fracture is the most frequent individual fracture in elderly people. An older person usually sustains a Type II odontoid fracture in a fall from standing or a seated height. A relationship between osteoarthritis in the upper cervical spine and Type II odontoid fracture has been reported. However, to our knowledge, few reports have investigated statistically whether disproportionate degeneration between joints influences the susceptibility to fracture.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess predisposition to Type II odontoid fracture in the elderly.Study designRetrospective review of elderly patients sustained Type II odontoid fracture and other axis fractures.Patient sampleThirty-eight patients aged 65 years and older with axis fractures.Outcome measuresEvaluation of computed tomography findings by focusing on osteoporosis and the disproportion in degeneration between each of the upper cervical joints (atlantooccipital, atlantoodontoid, and lateral atlantoaxial joints).MethodsSeventeen patients had a Type II odontoid fracture, and 21 patients had other axis fractures. Using the computed tomography findings, we classified osteoporosis at the dens-body junction and the severity of degenerative changes in the atlantoodontoid, atlantooccipital, and lateral atlantoaxial joints as none, mild, moderate, or severe. The proportion of patients with moderate or severe osteoporosis and degenerative changes in each joint and that of patients with disproportionate degenerative changes between joints (difference in grade of ≥2 levels between joints) were compared statistically. The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this article.ResultsPatients with osteoporosis and with disproportionate degenerative changes between the atlantoodontoid and lateral atlantoaxial joints were significantly more likely to have a Type II odontoid fracture than other axis fractures. These two factors were also assessed in multivariate logistic analysis. The disproportionate degenerative change between the atlantoodontoid and lateral atlantoaxial joint remained significant, even after adjusting for osteoporosis.ConclusionsOlder patients with the dens fixed to the atlas because of degeneration of the atlantoodontoid joint and a smooth lateral atlantoaxial joint seem to sustain Type II odontoid fractures because, during a simple fall, the rotation of the head produces torque force on the osteoporotic dens-body junction, which acts as the rotatory center. The presence of the disproportionate osteoarthritic degeneration between the atlantoodontoid and lateral atlantoaxial joints predisposes older people to a Type II odontoid fracture.     

Fractures of the Odontoid in Children

Odontoid fractures are rare in children; they may, however, occur at any age with a prevalence in younger children. Below the age of 9, there is almost exclusively a separation of the subdental synchondrosis, whereas in children older than 9 years, the basal odontoid fracture resembles the adult type. Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) are the dominant trauma. Clinically, a substantial lesion of the upper cervical spine cannot be excluded the symptoms of odontoid fracture, such as neck pain or neck stiffness, being subtle and unspecific. Therefore, the diagnosis of odontoid fractures is based on radiographic screening of traumatized cervical spines with a standard three-view program (anteroposterior, lateral from the occiput on Th1, transoral dens view). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are reserved to special indications. Acute odontoid fracture is mainly treated conservatively, preferably with a Minerva cast. In exceptional cases, operation with preservation of C1/C2 mobility may be indicated. The genesis of os odontoideum may be traumatic and is due to untreated odontoid fractures in children below the age of 2.5 years. Chronic atlanto-axial instability is treated by segmental fusion.     

False-positive diagnosis of an odontoid fracture by CT scan

Although computed tomography (CT) is a valuable tool for evaluating spine trauma, it's usefulness is limited. Horizontally oriented fractures of the cervical spine, particularly type 2 fractures at the base of the odontoid process, may be difficult to detect with CT. Our case report illustrates a false-positive diagnosis of this fracture and suggests that conventional polytomography is superior to CT for demonstrating this particular lesion when minimal displacement is present.     

螺旋CT重建在胸腰椎骨折诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT重建在胸腰椎骨折患者诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法 前瞻性分析了2001年6月至2002年3月对25例胸腰椎骨折患者进行三维CT扫描重建情况。其中男16例，女9例。年龄19—86岁，平均35．6岁。车祸伤10例，高处坠落15例。25例均行X线平片、普通CT、二维及三维CT重建检查。结果 单纯性压缩骨折12例，爆裂性骨折13例，其中合并椎管轻度狭窄3例，中度狭窄6例，重度狭窄4例，脊椎滑脱3例。结论 螺旋CT重建有利于胸腰椎骨折分型、早期诊断、手术治疗和治疗效果评价。     

枢椎影像学测量与镁合金中空拉力螺钉设计与制作

目的研究正常人齿状突及Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的基本影像数据．指导设计Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的内固定可降解AZ31B镁合金中空螺钉设计与制作。探讨采用镁合金中空拉力螺钉治疗Ⅱ型齿状骨折的可行性。方法来自广州军区广州总医院的正常成人齿状突螺旋CT影像资料150份,Ⅱ型齿状突骨折影像资料43份,在计算机上采用螺旋CT的影像标尺直接测量枢椎的总高度、齿状突长度、骨折线距齿状突尖的距离、齿突后倾角及枢椎可供中空螺钉固定长度。根据影像学数据设计出理想的镁合金中空螺钉并在6具尸体标本模拟ⅡB型齿状突骨折镁合金中空螺钉内固定。术后目测骨折端即时稳定性。结果枢椎高度为（35．11±4．15）mm,齿状突长度（14．99±1．26）mm,齿状突基底的冠状径为（8．94±1．26）mm,矢状径为（10．20±1．02）mm,骨折线距齿状突尖的距离为（10．49±1．75）mm,进针后倾角（17．56±5．29）°。结论国人Ⅱ型齿状突骨折内固定的螺钉长38mm,直径3．5mm,远端螺纹长约1cm较合适。设计出可降解AZ31B镁合金中空螺钉外表美观,与临床使用钛合金中空螺钉外形基本相符,操作便利,目测骨折端即时稳定性好,为下一步行生物力学检测提供依据。     

高分辨率CT在舟骨骨折诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的评价高分辨率CT在急性舟骨骨折诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法术前对46例47侧舟骨骨折患者进行腕关节常规X线片检查，其中对27例采用高分辨率CT检查。术后对全部47侧腕关节进行X线片及CT检查。结果术前42侧腕关节X线检查显示舟骨骨折，5侧未能显示。CT检查明确显示27例舟骨骨折的部位、骨折移位和粉碎的情况。术后发生舟骨骨折不愈合、畸形愈合、螺钉的位置以及创伤性关节炎等均可在CT扫描时清楚显示。结论CT检测能提高舟骨骨折的诊断水平，为临床制定治疗方案提供可靠依据。