Pré-condicionamento isquémico remoto do miocárdio: dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos à aplicação na prática clínica

Short periods of myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion induce a cardioprotective mechanism when the myocardium is subsequently subjected to a prolonged period of ischemia, a phenomenon known as ischemic preconditioning.As well as its application in the myocardium, ischemic preconditioning can also be induced by brief interruptions of blood flow to other organs, particularly skeletal muscle. Transient ischemia induced noninvasively by inflating a cuff on a limb, followed by reperfusion, helps reduce the damage caused to the myocardium by interruption of the coronary circulation.Remote ischemic preconditioning involves activation of humoral and/or neural pathways that open mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the myocardium and close mitochondrial permeability transition pores, making cardiomyocytes less vulnerable to ischemia-induced cell death.This cardioprotective mechanism is now being translated into clinical practice, with positive results in several clinical trials in coronary artery bypass surgery, surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms, valve replacement surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention. However, certain factors weaken the subcellular mechanisms of preconditioning - age, comorbidities, medication, anesthetic protocol - and appear to explain the heterogeneity of results in some studies.Detailed understanding of the pathways involved in cardioprotection induced by ischemic preconditioning is expected to lead to the development of new drugs to reduce the consequences of prolonged ischemia.     

小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图联合心肌声学造影对心肌梗死后存活心肌的诊断价值

目的前瞻性评价小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图(LDDE)联合心肌声学造影(MCE)对心肌梗死后存活心肌的诊断价值。方法对24例心肌梗死者进行静态MCE、LDDE及3个月后静态超声心动图随访分析。MCE和室壁运动均用16段划分法进行目测半定量计分。心肌造影计分(MCS)回声均匀性增强为1分,回声低淡不均匀为0.5分,缺损为0分。室壁运动计分(WMS)用常规计分法。结果随访时,运动改善的心肌节段中MCS1分占49.4%、0.5分占50.6%,对LDDE均有反应;运动无改善的节段MCS0.5分占9.5%,0分占90.5%,对LDDE有反应者占13.3%,无反应占86.7%。预测存活心肌的敏感性、特异性及准确率分别为LDDE86%、86.7%、86.4%;MCE100%、89.7%、94.6%;LDDE联合MCE86.1%、100%、94.0%。结论心肌微血管结构与功能的完善是心肌存活的基本条件。MCE灌注正常和低灌注,且对多巴酚丁胺有反应的心肌有收缩力储备;而对多巴酚丁胺无反应的低灌注或无灌注心肌则多不能恢复收缩功能。LDDE联合MCE能提高检测存活心肌的特异性及准确率。     

经皮穿刺激光心肌血运重建术抗心肌缺血疗效的评价

探讨经皮穿刺激光心肌血运重建术 (PTMR)治疗严重冠心病患者心肌缺血的疗效。选择 2 1例不适应作冠状动脉成形术和旁路移植术的冠心病患者作PTMR ,观察PTMR手术前、后心肌缺血总负荷 (TIB)和缺血性ST段事件(STI) ,缺血阈值 (MIT)及其变异性 (VMIT)的变化。结果 :PTMR术后TIB降低 (1 7.34± 6 .2 3vs 35 .2 6± 4 .58mm·s,P<0 .0 1 ) ,STI发作次数明显减少 (2 1 .53± 7.34vs 42 .31± 6 .82次 ,P <0 .0 1 ) ;最高和最低MIT增加 ,VMIT降低(31 .2 %± 8.1 %vs 36 .1 %± 1 4 .2 % ,P <0 .0 5)。结论 :PTMR术后近期有较好的抗心肌缺血作用     

An Experimental Study of Myocardial Viability with MyocardialContrast Echocardiography

Background Myocardial blood flow(MBF) can be quantified with myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) during a venous infusion of microbubble. A minimal MBF is required to maintain cell membrane integrity and myocardial viability in ischemic condition. Thus, we hypothesized that MCE could be used to assess myocardial viability by the determination of MBF. Methods and ResultsMCE was performed at 4 hours after ligation of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery in 7 dogs with constant venous infusions of microbubbles. The video intensity versus pulsing interval plots derived from each myocardial pixel were fitted to an exponential function: y=A(1-e-βt), where y is Ⅵ at pulsing interval t, A reflects microvascular cross - sectional area (or myocardial blood volume), and (3 reflects mean myocardial microbubble velocity. The product of A·β　represents MBF. MBF was also obtained by ra-diolabeled microsphere method servered as reference. MBF derived by radiolabeled microsphere - method in the re     

实验性顿抑心肌的微循环障碍

为了探讨顿抑心肌微循环改变及机制，制备左前降支冠状动脉不同阻断时间(15min和60min)后再灌注犬心肌顿抑模型，在不同观察时间点静脉注射舍全氟丙烷声振白蛋白微泡造影剂，采用二次谐波成像和间歇发射技术行心肌声学造影，计算心肌声学造影图像上心肌视频密度峰值、心肌声学造影曲线上升斜率和曲线早期下降斜率，测定相应时间点冠状静脉窦血乳酸浓度，结果发现，心肌顿抑早期心肌视频密度峰值显著增高，1h后恢复至结扎前水平；再灌注期顿抑区与正常区视频密度峰值比值、心肌声学造影曲线上升斜率比值、心肌声学造影曲线早期下降斜率比值显著高于左前降支冠状动脉结扎前，随着再灌注时间的延长比值逐渐回降；再灌注期冠状静脉窦血乳酸浓度明显增高。以上结果提示，心肌顿抑早期心肌微循环处于“高动力”状态，血流灌注增加与排空加快并存；顿抑心肌缺氧代谢加强；心肌内微循环短路可能是心肌顿抑微循环障碍的机制。     

经静脉心肌声学造影评价心肌梗死后存活心肌的价值

目的　探讨经静脉心肌声学造影 (MCE)对心肌梗死后存活心肌的诊断价值。方法　 2 4例心肌梗死患者用二维超声评价室壁运动情况 ,同时经静脉进行MCE ,以 3个月后静态超声心动图左室心肌节段性运动改善为依据评价MCE对心肌梗死后存活心肌的诊断价值。结果　在 2 4例病人的 384个心肌节段中 ,运动异常节段 184个。在运动异常的 184个节段中 ,MCE1分 39段 ,0 5分 5 0段 ,0分 95段。 3个月复查 79个节段有运动改善 ,其中 39段来自MCE1分的心肌 ,4 0段来自MCE0 5分的心肌。MCE对预测心肌梗死后室壁运动改善的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为 :10 0 %、89 7%、84 8%、10 0 %和 94 6 %。结论　MCE能比较准确地预测心肌梗死后心肌的存活性     

心肌生长因子对兔实验性心肌梗死范围的影响

目的 :研究心肌生长因子 ( MGF)对兔心肌梗死范围的影响。方法 :用心电图 ST段抬高总值、ST段抬高≥ 2 mm导联数和病理性 Q波导联数标测法结合硝基四氮唑蓝大体标本染色观测MGF对高位双重结扎兔冠状动脉前降支后造成的急性心肌梗死范围的影响。结果 :在结扎冠状动脉前降支 7d内 ,MGF大剂量组及小剂量组均能使结扎前降支所引起的 ST段抬高减轻 ,ST段异常抬高导联数减少 ,病理性 Q波数减少 ,ST段恢复至等电位线的时间提前 ,升高的肌酸激酶值降低 ,梗死心肌重量占左室重量的百分率减小 ,与生理盐水对照组比较有显著性差异 ( P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :MGF能缩小兔实验性心肌梗死范围。     

心肌梗塞溶栓治疗对某些神经内分泌递质的影响

目的 探讨急性心肌梗塞患者早期冠状动脉（冠脉）再灌注对循环中内皮素、心钠素及肾素－血管紧张素系统的影响。方法 接受静脉溶栓治疗的３１例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者在发病后１２、２４、４８小时、第７及１４天分别取血测定血浆中内皮素、心钠素、肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮及血管紧张素转换酶。依冠脉早期再灌注指标，将患者分为再灌注组（Ａ组）和非再灌注组（Ｂ组）。比较两组患者血中神经内分泌递质的动态变化。并设正