二尖瓣分离术后再狭窄的经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术

对经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗的二尖瓣闭式分离术后再狭窄患者１０例（Ａ组），与无二尖瓣分离手术史的患者１０例（Ｂ组），进行对照研究。结果表明，Ａ组二尖瓣瓣口面积（ＭＶＡ）由１．１７±０．２４ｃｍ２增至１．８８±０．２８ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１），Ｂ组中ＭＶＡ由１．５１±０．２７ｃｍ２增至２．５３±０．６７ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１）；血液动力学改善两组差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．１０）。ＰＢＭＶ治疗二尖瓣分离术后再狭窄安全、有效，可避免或推迟开胸术，可作为二尖瓣分离术后再狭窄外科手术的一种替代治疗。     

老年风湿性心脏病患者经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术21例分析

目的评估经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗老年人风湿性心脏病的疗效。方法分析老年风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者行ＰＢＭＶ术前、术后超声心动图、血流动力学指标及心功能状况。结果２１例行ＰＢＭＶ，２０例成功，成功率９５．２％；未发生严重并发症，仅１例因瓣膜明显均质性致密增厚而扩张失效。平均随访９±３个月，ＰＢＭＶ术后二尖瓣口面积从１．１２±０．２５ｃｍ２增加至１．８９±０．２７ｃｍ２，左房平均压从３．４０±１．０８ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）降至１．７２±０．７５ｋＰａ，术后心功能改善１级者６例，改善２级及以上者１４例，手术失败１例心功能无改善。结论ＰＢＭＶ是老年风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者安全、有效的治疗措施之一。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术临床应用体会

采用国产球囊导管及配套器械对１０２例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄（ＭＳ）患者行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ），１０１例手术成功；其中９０例术后随访２３±９个月，二尖瓣口面积（ＭＶＡ）为２．０５±０．４０ｃｍ２，４例发生再狭窄（占４．４％），无１例死亡。认为正确选择适应症、准确定位房间隔穿刺点、严格把握球囊扩张终点是保证手术成功的关键     

经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术术后及随访结果

采用Ｉｎｏｕｅ及国产球囊对４１例患者施行了经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ），成功的４０例平均左房压由术前的１５．７±３．１ｍｍＨｇ降到６．７±２．９ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１），跨瓣压差由术前的１３．１±２．１ｍｍＨｇ降到４．５±２．４ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１），二尖瓣口面积由术前的１．１０±０．２５ｃｍ２增加到１．９９±０．２７ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１），左房内径由４５．８±５．３ｍｍ减少到４１．２±４．９ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０５），心功能由术前的３．１０±０．６２级改善到１．５８±０．７４级（Ｐ＜０．０１）。２４例随访９±５个月结果示除２例发生再狭窄外，其余病例与术后３天相比，二尖瓣口面积和心功能无明显改变，左房内径进一步下降到３８．２±４．６ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明，ＰＢＭＶ的近远期效果良好。     

妊娠期妇女的经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术

对５例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄合并中晚期妊娠的妇女进行经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）。结果，５例孕妇术后心功能明显改善，二尖瓣口面积增大由术前０．８６±０．２１ｃｍ２增至术后１．８４±０．２０ｃｍ２，（Ｐ＜０．００１），４例术后顺利分娩，１例术后剖腹终止妊娠，无１例发生心衰加重情况，４例顺产婴儿发育均正常。５例孕妇中除１例术后合并轻度二尖瓣返流外，无其它并发症。表明ＰＢＭＶ对风湿性二尖瓣膜狭窄合并妊娠的妇女不但疗效可靠、且安全，对胎儿无明显影响，是较理想的治疗方法。     

开展经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术的经验和体会

采用Ｉｎｏｕｅ法对５０例风心二尖瓣狭窄（ＭＳ）患者施行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗。单纯ＭＳ者１４例，伴二尖瓣返流（ＭＲ，１－２／４度）及轻度主动脉瓣病变３６例。房颤２１例，外科闭式分离术后再狭窄４例，术后血液动力学显著改善：左房平均压从２３．７±７．７降至１１．０±４．９ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１），跨二尖瓣压差（ＭＶＰＧ）由２０．２±８．３降至４．１±３．２ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１）。二尖瓣瓣口面积从０．９１±０．２０扩大到２．０３±０．２ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１），左房径从４．９６±０．８２缩小至４．１±０．５１ｃｍ（Ｐ＜０．０１），主功能从３±０．４６提高到１．３７±０．５１（Ｐ＜０．００１）。本组病例无１例发生严重并发症。掌握好房间隔穿刺技术，选择无明显瓣膜钙化和瓣下严重融合的病例，对房颤病人进行抗凝准备和正确掌握扩张终点是ＰＢＭＶ成功和减少严重并发症的重要保证。     

闭式分离术后再狭窄的经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术

对闭式分离术后平均１３．９±６．５（４～２４）年的１６例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄病人进行了经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗。男性５例，女性１１例。平均年龄４３±６（３２～５２）岁。结果：二尖瓣口面积由０．９８±０．２０ｃｍ２增加至１．９１±０．４９ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣跨瓣压差由１．５８±１．０８ｋＰａ（１２±８ｍｍＨｇ）降至０．５０±０．５０ｋＰａ（４±４ｍｍＨｇ，Ｐ＜０．０１）。并发症：术后发生二尖瓣返流１例，返流加重１例；４例发生房间隔水平分流；３例扩张时球囊破裂。结果提示：对二尖瓣闭式分离术后再狭窄病人（１）行ＰＢＭＶ治疗是一种安全有效的方法；（２）二尖瓣超声记分对其病例选择及疗效判断有重要价值，记分≤１０者疗效最佳；（３）操作中房间隔穿刺及二尖瓣口扩张有时将面临困难，应慎重对待。     

79例经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术患者10年远期疗效评价

目的评价二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）后１０年以上的远期疗效。方法对７９例ＰＢＭＶ患者进行严格的术后追踪随访,包括超声心动图和临床心功能评价。平均随访时间（１１．２±１．１）年。结果ＰＢＭＶ术后二尖瓣口面积（ＭＶＡ）显著扩大,为（１．０９±０．３２）ｃｍ２与（２．０４±０．４３）ｃｍ２,Ｐ＜００１;随访１０年,ＭＶＡ逐渐减小至（１．４７±０．３６）ｃｍ２,Ｐ＜０．０１;再狭窄率为３９．２％。ＰＢＭＶ术后心功能改善１个级别以上者占９７．５％。术后１０年随访心功能仍然维持在Ⅰ～Ⅱ级而未再次行介入或心脏手术者占７７．２％。术后新出现或轻度加重的二尖瓣反流以及新出现的房间隔分流分别为１２．６％和７．９％,均未引起明显的血流动力学障碍,长期保持良好的心功能。结论ＰＢＭＶ术后１０年以上临床远期疗效良好,未见严重并发症。     

经皮球囊二尖瓣扩张术后再狭窄及远期疗效

目的对经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）后病人长期随访资料作了回顾性分析，以确定再狭窄率、远期疗效及其影响因素。方法对１９８６年５月～１９９５年１２月随访资料完整的１６０例患者进行了回顾性研究，其中男５５例，女１０５例，年龄３８９±８９岁。随访时间１２～８１个月，平均３６±１５个月。对影响远期疗效的因素，用Ｃｏｘ风险模型作了分析。结果随访期间，１２７例（７９％）心功能持续改善。超声心动图测得的术前、术后及随访的二尖瓣口面积分别为１１５±０２ｃｍ２、２１５±０４ｃｍ２和１９２±０４ｃｍ２。２６例（１７％）发生再狭窄，其中１７例症状复发。结论ＰＢＭＶ术后可保持较好的远期疗效，平均３６个月的再狭窄率为１７％。术前超声心动图计分、心功能、有无心房颤动和左房压为长期疗效的独立预测因素。     

提高经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术疗效及防止并发症的经验和体会

目的通过１５２例经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）病例分析,总结ＰＢＭＶ术中、术后提高疗效及防止并发症的经验和体会。方法采用Ｉｎｏｕｅ法进行ＰＢＭＶ,并对部分操作技术进行了改进。术后对１１０例病人随访２４±１０个月,观察ＰＢＭＶ术后近期及远期疗效。结果１５２例中１５１例成功,成功率９９５％;长期随访的１１０例患者,７６％心功能稳定于ＮＹＨＡⅠ级,二尖瓣口面积（ＭＶＡ）（２０６±０４０）ｃｍ２,有５３％发生再狭窄,无一例死亡。结论作者认为严格选择病人、熟练地进行房间隔穿刺与球囊扩张、操作人员密切配合及术后预防再狭窄是提高ＰＢＭＶ疗效与避免并发症的关键     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴中度返流

目的　探讨经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术 (PBMV)治疗二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)伴中度二尖瓣返流(MR)的近、远期疗效。方法　采用自制二尖瓣球囊导管治疗MS伴中度MR患者 6 2例 ,其中二尖瓣膜明显增厚、钙化者 7例 ,对左室最大前后径、二尖瓣口面积、左房平均压、二尖瓣跨瓣压差及心功能(NYHA分级 )等主要指标随访观察 12～ 36个月。结果　术后二尖瓣口面积明显增大 [(0 83± 0 18)cm2 比 (1 86± 0 2 4 )cm2 ,P <0 0 1],左房平均压 [(32± 8)mmHg比 (13± 8)mmHg ,P <0 0 1,1mmHg=0 133kPa]及二尖瓣跨瓣压差 [(18± 9)mmHg比 (5± 3)mmHg ,P <0 0 1]明显降低 ,心功能明显改善 [(2 81± 0 2 4 )级比 (1 4 6± 0 37)级 ,P <0 0 1],左室最大前后径无显著改变 [(4 5± 4 )mm比 (4 6± 4 )mm ,P >0 0 5 ]。对左室最大前后径、二尖瓣口面积及心功能等指标随访观察 12～ 36个月均无明显改变。结论　选择合适病例 ,严格把握球囊扩张终点 ,风湿性二尖瓣狭窄并中度返流患者PBMV的近、远期疗效显著。     

Floppy mitral valve, mitral valve prolapse, and mitral valvular regurgitation

Opinion statement  

Non-surgical mitral valvuloplasty for rheumatic mitral stenosis

One hundred and twenty-six patients of rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS), aged 10-30 (mean 19.5 +/- 5.9) years underwent balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV). All valvuloplasties were done by the anterograde transvenous, transatrial route. The procedure was successful in 120 (95%) cases. Single balloon was used in 10 patients early in the series and double balloon was used in the other 110 patients. BMV resulted in a significant increase in the mitral valve area (MVA) from 0.96 +/- 0.35 to 2.3 +/- 0.8 cm2 (p less than 0.0001) and a significant fall in the transmitral pressure gradient (TMG) from 28.2 +/- 3.2 to 7.4 +/- 4.8 mmHg (p less than 0.001). The MVA achieved by BMV was found to have a significant positive correlation with the balloon diameter to body surface area ratio (BD/BSA) (r = 0.69, p less than 0.001). New mitral regurgitation (MR) developed in 15 patients--trivial in 11, 2+ in 2 and 3+ in 2. One patient required emergency mitral valve replacement. Procedure induced MR did not have a significant relation to the balloon size, degree of mitral sub-valvular pathology or the severity of mitral stenosis. Iatrogenic atrial septal defect was detected by oximetry in none, by angiography in one patient, and by Doppler color flow imaging in 5 patients. Cardiac tamponade was the most frequent serious complication, occurring in 6 patients, 4 of whom died following emergency surgery. Sixty-five patients have been followed up for at least 6 months (range 6-30, mean 16.3 +/- 6.3 months) following BMV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Inoue-balloon mitral valvuloplasty in double-orifice mitral stenosis

We report 7 symptomatic patients with stenotic double-orifice mitral valve of incomplete bridge type. In each patient, the fibrous bridge tissue between the valve leaflets was successfully split using an Inoue balloon valvuloplasty technique with stepwise dilations applied only to the posteromedial orifice.     

Percutaneous mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation

Mitral regurgitation (MR) associated with, ischemic, and degenerative (prolapse) disease, contributes to left ventricular (LV) dysfunction due to remodeling, and LV dilation, resulting in worsening of MR. Mitral valve (MV) surgical repair has provided improvement in survival, LV function and symptoms, especially when performed early. Surgical repair is complex, due to diverse etiologies and has significant complications. The Society for Thoracic Surgery database shows that operative mortality for a 1st repair is 2% and for re-do repair is 4 times that. Cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac arrest are required. The attendant morbidity prolongs hospitalization and recovery. Alfieri simplified mitral repair using an edge-to-edge technique which subsequently has been shown to be effective for multiple etiologies of MR. The MV leaflers are typically brought together by a central suture producing a double orifice MV without stenosis. Umana reported that MR decreased from grade 3.6 +/- 0.5 to 0.8 +/- 0.4 (P < 0.0001) and LV ejection fraction increased from 33 +/- 13% to 45 +/- 11% (P = 0.0156). In 121 patients, Maisano reported freedom from re-operation of 95 +/- 4.8% with up to 6 year follow-up. Oz developed a MV "grasper" that is directly placed via a left ventriculotomy and coapts both leaflets which are then fastened by a graduated spiral screw. An in-vitro model using explanted human valves showed significant reduction in MR and in canine studies, animals followed by serial echo had persistent MV coaptation. At 12 weeks the device was endothelialized. These promising results have paved the way for a percutaneous or minimally invasive-off pump mitral repair. Evalve has developed catheter-based technology, which, by apposing the edges of a regurgitant MV, results in edge-to-edge repair. Release of the device is done after echo and fluoroscopic evaluation under normal loading conditions. If the desired effect is not produced the device can be repositioned or retrieved. Animal studies show excellent healing, with incorporation of the device into the leaflets at 6-10 weeks with persistent coaptation. Another percutaneous approach has been to utilize the proximity of the coronary sinus (CS) to the mitral annulus (MA). Placement of a self-compressing device in the CS along the region of the posterior MA has, in canine models, reduced MR and addresses the issues of MA dilation and its contribution to MR. Ongoing studies are underway for both techniques.     

End-diastolic amplitude of mitral valve echogram in mitral stenosis

By using simultaneous recordings of the mitral valve echogram and apex cardiogram, the mitral echogram amplitude was measured at the onset of left ventricular isovolumic contraction (MAIC). Twenty normal subjects and 68 patients with a reduced diastolic closure rate in the mitral valve echogram were studied. Of these patients, 53 had mitral stenosis, 6 aortic valvar stenosis, and 9 hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. In the normal subjects the MAIC ranged between 2 and 4 mm, average 2-7 mm, in the patients with aortic valvar stenosis or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy between 2 and 4 mm, average 2-9 mm, and in the patients with mitral stenosis between 6 and 17 mm, average 11-3 mm. The DE/MAIC ratio, where DE represents the opening amplitude of the mitral valve in early diastole, was between 3-3 and 6-5, average 5-1, in normal subjects; in the patients with aortic stenosis or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy the DE/MAIC ratio was between 2-7 and 6-5, average 4-2, and in the patients with mitral stenosis between 0-7 and 1-5, average 1-1. An excellent correlation was found between the DE/MAIC ratio and mitral valve area in the patients with mitral stenosis (r = 0-84, P less than 0-01) while the correlation between the diastolic closure rate and valve area was less satisfactory (4 = 0-62, P less than 0-01). These findings suggest that in cases with a reduced diastolic closure rate for reasons other than mitral stenosis, error can be avoided by using the DE/MAIC ratio.