New scoring system for differentiating xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis from gall bladder carcinoma: a tertiary care centre experience

Background

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon variant of chronic cholecystitis, characterized by a focal or diffuse destructive inflammatory process. The importance of XGC is that it mimics gall bladder carcinoma (GBC) both preoperatively and intra‐operatively, as it can present with pericholecystic infiltration, hepatic involvement and lymphadenopathy. As a result of a misdiagnosis, which is not infrequent, the patient may undergo an unnecessary radical cholecystectomy rather than only a cholecystectomy, which is associated with a greater morbidity and mortality. The main aim of the study is to formulate a simple preoperative scoring system for diagnosis of XGC which might benefit patients by avoiding radical procedures.

Methods

A retrospective study was done from all the patients who underwent gall bladder and gall bladder‐related operations (benign and malignant), during a 5‐year time period from 2010 to 2014 in a tertiary care centre were reviewed (n = 462).

Results

Initial analyses of all the clinical and imaging parameters were done. Patients with a long history of recurrent abdominal pain with leucocytosis and who on imaging are found to have a diffusely thickened gall bladder wall, cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis and submucosal hypoattenuated nodules are likely to have XGC while those with anorexia, weight loss, focal thickening of the gall bladder wall on imaging and dense local organ infiltration are more likely to have GBC. The presence of lymph nodes on imaging and the loss of a fat plane interface between the liver and gall bladder are not differentiating factors. A scoring system was made by taking statistically significant features (n = 13) of clinical and imaging parameters in initial assessment to identify the features of XGC. The same scoring system was subsequently applied to the patients who underwent cholecystectomy to study the effectiveness and the results were reviewed.

Conclusion

High value scores (≥11/13) helps in diagnosing XGC in preoperative setting. Hence, intra‐operative frozen section analysis can be avoided in such cases to differentiate XGC and GBC. However in difficult cases with high suspicion of malignancy based on clinical experience, definitive diagnosis still remains a histopathological examination to avoid radical resection in patients who have a benign condition.     

Complications of retained intraperitoneal gallstones from laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now the gold standard procedure for the treatment of symptomatic gall bladder stones. Spillage of gall bladder stones into the peritoneal cavity may occur due to inadvertent iatrogenic gall bladder perforation during dissection of the gall bladder. We report a case of a 66 year old woman who had to return to theatre three times over two years to deal with complications from retained intra-peritoneal gallstones that were spilt at her initial laparoscopic cholecystecomy.     

Treatment of calculous cholecystitis and its complications

Results of treatment of 10,724 patients with different forms of acute and chronic cholecystitis are analyzed. Surgical treatment was performed in 7819 (72.9%) patients. Variants of treatment of acute and chronic cholecystitis are presented. Typical cholecystectomy is the basic surgery in patients with acute calculous cholecystitis (63% procedures). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCE) was performed in 37% patients. Two-stage surgeries with previous microcholecystostomy (MCS) and endoscopic papilloshincterotomy (EPST) are indicated in late hospitalization of patients with intoxication and severe concomitant diseases. They permit to prepare patients for cholecystectomy and to decrease scope of surgery. In cholelithiasis and jaundice EPST and MCS are indicated for almost all patients as a preliminary procedure before surgery on the biliary tract and cholecystectomy. This two-stage variant permitted to reduce postoperative lethality from 9.7 to 1.6%. In chronic cholecystitis LCE is the main type of surgery with minimal postoperative lethality. For patients with recurrent calculous cholecystitis, frequent exacerbations, severe concomitant diseases EPST in choledocholithiasis and sanation of gall bladder through fistula are indicated.     

Comparative assessment of short-term outcomes of cholecystectomy in minimally-invasive surgical procedures for chronic calculous cholecystitis

A randomized blind trial was carried out for comparative evaluation of short-term results of surgical treatment of chronic calculous cholecystitis in 100 patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and in 100 patients after minimally-invasive cholecystectomy. Both groups contained geterogenous patients (morphology in gall bladder zone, concomitant diseases). Statistically significant (p=0.000001) decrease of hospital stay was revealed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It is necessary to keep exact selection criteria for each type of elective surgery in cholelithiasis.     

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??Controversy and Consensus of reserve or removal gall bladder for Chronic Cholecystitis and Gallstone LU Qi-ping. Department of General Surgery, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan 430070, China
Abstract Cholecystectomy has been used for hundreds of years as the standard treatment model of the disease. The therapeutic principle that “Removal the pathology gallbladder with stone with the addition of managing complications outside the gall bladder properly should be the standard treatment, except implement gallbladder fistula operation for acute cholecystitis in case of emergency” performed by academician Huang Zhi-qiang has reached a consensus in biliary tract surgery field. “Cholelithotomy ” or “cholecystectomy ”is the focus of discussion for nearly a decade. There are still no standards for indication and technical operation, especially the problem of postopreation recurrence of stone is not resolve successfully yet, so cholelithotomy should not widely carried out in the absence of large amount of prospective study to confirm the exact curative effect. Which is recommended only on condition of clinical symptoms mild, gall bladder function is well , no family history of metabolic syndrome, elderly in emergency and patients with high-risk. While the former should pay attention to take effective measures to prevent the postoperative recurrence of stones, and ready for cholecystectomy; the latter is only for patients who can’t tolerate emergency cholecystectomy, and elective cholecystectomy should be performed after remission. Relevant clinical and basic researches should move forward under the idea of precise surgery. At the same time, relevant clinical and basic research should be further strengthened, and improve the technology management of surgical treatment for chronic cholecystitis and gallstone disease needs to be improved further.     

Cholecystectomy by mini-laparotomy access. Retrospective analysis of the 10-year work

Ten-year experience of operative treatment of cholelithic disease using mini-access cholecystectomy (MACH) in 920 patients was summarized. There were operated on 167 patients for an acute cholecystitis, chronic calculous cholecystitis--716, gall bladder polyposis--36, gall bladder cancer--1. In 48 patients the MACH was matched with choledochus drainage, in 9--choledocholithotomy was performed, in 1--choledochoduodenostomy. In 6 observations the MACH were done simultaneously inguinal herniotomy, in 10--umbilical herniotomy, in 7--uterine extirpation, in 13--operation for ovarial cyst. The bile leakage from gall bladder bed occurred in 3 observations, the operative wound suppuration--in 4. Duration of stationary treatment was 4.1 days at average.     

Predicting iatrogenic gall bladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors

BACKGROUND: Seventeen independent risk factors were examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis to develop a profile of patients most likely at risk from iatrogenic gall bladder perforation (IGBP) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Since 1989, a prospectively maintained database on 856 (women, 659; men, 197) consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies by a single surgeon (R. J. F.) was analysed. The mean age was 48 years (range, 17-94 years). The mean operating time was 88 min (range, 25-375 min) and the mean postoperative stay was 1 day (range, 1-24 days). There were 311 (women, 214; men, 97) IGBP. Seventeen independent variables, which included sex, race, history of biliary colic, dyspepsia, history of acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis and jaundice, previous abdominal surgery, previous upper abdominal surgery, medical illness, use of intraoperative laser or electrodiathermy, performance of intraoperative cholangiogram, positive intraoperative cholangiogram, intraoperative common bile duct exploration, presence of a grossly inflamed gall bladder as seen by the surgeon intraoperatively and success of the operation, were analysed using multivariate logistic regression for predicting IGBP. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis against all 17 predictors was significant (chi(2) = 94.5, d.f. = 17, P = 0.0001), and the variables male sex, history of acute cholecystitis, use of laser and presence of a grossly inflamed gall bladder as seen by the surgeon intraoperatively were individually significant (P < 0.05) by the Wald chi(2)-test. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, using laser, in a male patient with a history of acute cholecystitis or during an acute attack of cholecystitis is associated with a significantly higher incidence of IGBP.     

Laparoscopic management of a two staged gall bladder torsion

Gall bladder torsion (GBT) is a relatively uncommon entity and rarely diagnosed preoperatively. A constant factor in all occurrences of GBT is a freely mobile gall bladder due to congenital or acquired anomalies. GBT is commonly observed in elderly white females. We report a 77-year-old, Caucasian lady who was originally diagnosed as gall bladder perforation but was eventually found with a two staged torsion of the gall bladder with twisting of the Riedel’s lobe (part of tongue like projection of liver segment 4A). This together, has not been reported in literature, to the best of our knowledge. We performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy and she had an uneventful post-operative period. GBT may create a diagnostic dilemma in the context of acute cholecystitis. Timely diagnosis and intervention is necessary, with extra care while operating as the anatomy is generally distorted. The fundus first approach can be useful due to altered anatomy in the region of Calot’s triangle. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has the benefit of early recovery.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的原因分析及时机选择

目的:研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中转开腹的原因及时机。方法:将成功施行LC的胆囊炎合并胆囊结石患者归入LC组,中转行开腹胆囊切除术(open cholecystectomy,OC)的患者归入OC组,进一步根据中转开腹的时机分为主动中转组与被动中转组,以观察LC中转开腹的危险因素及术中、术后各项指标。结果:OC组上腹部手术史例数、急性胆囊炎发作例数、白细胞计数、胆囊壁厚度均大于LC组;主动中转组手术时间、术中出血量、输血例数、术后引流量、排气时间、下床时间、术后住院时间均明显优于被动中转组。结论:上腹部手术史、急性胆囊炎发作、白细胞计数偏高及胆囊壁厚度增加均是中转开腹的危险因素,根据术中探查情况选择合适的中转开腹时机具有积极的临床意义。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗合并肝硬化的急性胆囊炎

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗对合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的急性胆囊炎患者的安全性及疗效。方法〓回顾性分析于2013年9月到2014年12月进行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗的合并肝硬化高压症急性胆囊炎患者12例。其中,肝功能Child-pugh A级7例,Child-pugh B级5例,分析12例患者经皮经肝穿刺胆囊置管引流术后并发症发生情况、术后炎症消退情况、术前后肝功能变化情况。结果〓12例患者均通过皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗后胆囊炎症消退,并择期成功行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术。其中,有2例患者因穿刺出现腹腔内出血,后经保守治疗后出血停止。无胆瘘发生。术后部分患者肝功能有所改善。结论〓经皮经肝穿刺胆囊置管引流治疗对合并肝硬化的急性胆囊炎是一种安全的治疗方法,可作为后续安全地施行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术的过渡。     

慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石行保留及切除胆囊的争议与共识

胆囊切除术作为慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石的标准治疗模式已沿用百余年。黄志强院士所提出的“除了在紧急情况下实施胆囊造瘘术治疗急性胆囊炎外,胆囊结石的外科治疗是切除含结石的病理胆囊,并适当地处理结石的胆囊外并发症”的治疗原则在胆道外科学界已达成共识。近10余年来,我国出现了对于该病“保胆”与“切胆”之争。国内的保胆取石术尚缺乏规范化的适应证标准和技术操作标准,尤其是有关结石复发问题尚未得以解决,在无大宗病例前瞻性研究报告证实其确切疗效之前,还不宜作为标准术式广泛推广开展。建议仅在临床症状轻微、胆囊功能良好、无代谢综合征和家族史、且个人意愿强烈病人和急症条件下的老年、高危病人中试行。应进一步加强相关的临床与基础研究,完善对慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石病手术治疗的技术管理。     

PARTIAL CHOLECYSTECTOMY*

An alternative to cholecystostomy and standard cholecystectomy for ‘difficult’ gall bladders has been described previously. The procesured, partial cholecystectomy, involves leaving in situ part or all of the wall of the gall bladder which lies directly in relation to the liver and/or structures in the porta hepatis. Eleven such procedures have been performed over a 5 year period, and the common indication in all was severe inflammation or fibrosis in the region of Clot's triangle. One patient developed a self-limiting postoperative bile leak. One patient has formed bile duct stones and appears to have oriental cholangiohepatitis. In the remainder of the patients, there has been no recurrence of biliary tract symptoms. The procedures id definitive and safe, and may usually be performed when cholencystostomy would have been undertaken.     

Aortic surgery in the presence of cholelithiasis. Should simultaneous cholecystectomy be performed?

From 1984 to 1987, a cholecystectomy for biliary lithiasis was carried out at the same time as aortic vascular surgery in 21 patients. Seventy six percent of patients presented an abdominal aortic aneurysm and 24% occlusive atherosclerosis. Thirty eight percent had previously presented symptoms related to biliary lithiasis. Biliary surgery was conducted after closure of the retroperitoneum. The gall bladder region was drained separately. The technique did not increase operative morbidity or mortality. Combined cholecystectomy and vascular surgery depends on two arguments. Firstly, patients with stones present a higher risk of post-operative cholecystitis. Secondly, a significant percentage of non-cholecystectomized patients will present with biliary symptomatology in the months following vascular surgery.     

Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis in elderly and senile patients]

There were analyzed the results of treatment of 69 elderly and senile patients, operated on for an acute calculous cholecystitis, in 19 of whom cholecystectomy, using miniapproach was performed. The performance of an assisting manipulating channel, application of oblique-changing puncture of gall bladder and of special instruments were proposed to improve technical condition of cholecystectomy performance while usage of miniapproach, its rational exploitation and reduction of intra- and postoperative complications occurrence.     

‘Lewisham Scoring System’ to Facilitate the Clinical Diagnosis of Empyema

Introduction: Patients with empyema of gall bladder have a higher mortality rate. We hypothesised a scoring system, which we call the Lewisham Score, to predict the development and diagnosis of empyema Material and Methods: Patient with histologically proven acute cholecystitis who underwent operation over a five year period (2004–2009) were selected and a retrospective cohort analysis of those who developed empyema vs. simple acute cholecystitis was performed. Various parameters and the Lewisham score were compared

Results: Patients with empyema were elderly females with a higher C-reactive protein and had a higher Lewisham Score of > 5 and those with simple cholecystitis had a lower Lewisham score (< 4) and lower C-reactive protein. Discussion: Patients with proven acute cholecystitis and a Lewisham score > 5 should undergo cholecystectomy at the same admission     

GRIPPING THE DIFFICULT GALL BLADDER DURING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Grasping a tense, inflamed gall bladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is often a problem. Although many surgeons have developed techniques to deal with this, the published work lacks information about how to manage this problem. To collate experience about how to deal with this we interviewed 20 experienced Australian surgeons and compiled a repertoire of tactics that might help deal with this clinical situation. Most surgeons indicated that they deflated the gall bladder using a needle and suction as a preliminary step. Most respondents also described the use of a specific type of forceps for the task. Various manoeuvres, such as displacement of the gall bladder with forceps, dislodging an impacted stone to make it easier to grasp, the use of a retraction suture through the gall bladder were described. The various tactics are summarized in the paper. A range of strategies applied by experienced surgeons for the task of gripping a difficult gall bladder has been documented in this paper. The variety of approaches suggests that surgeons should be prepared to flexibly apply different approaches to this task.     

Partial cholecystectomy as a safe and viable option in the emergency treatment of complex acute cholecystitis: a case series and review of the literature

Partial cholecystectomy (PC) is an alternative choice to standard cholecystectomy in situations with increased risk of Calot's components injury. We reported our experience with the patients treated with PC and reviewed the literature. Fifty-four patients with complex acute cholecystitis underwent PC, including conventional partial cholecystectomy (CPC; n = 48) and laparoscopic partial cholecystectomy (LPC; n = 6). The clinical diagnosis was verified by ultrasonography. In addition, we reviewed 1190 published cases (1972-2005) who underwent a "nonconventional" surgery for severe cholecystitis, including cholecystostomy, CPC, or LPC. Review of the literature, including our cases, showed a male:female ratio of 1.3:1. The major operative indication was severe acute cholecystitis. Procedures included cholecystostomy (65.8%) and PC (34.2%). In the follow-up (n = 1190), biliary leak (4.8%), retained stones (4.6%), recurrent symptoms (2.3%), wound infections (1.9%), persistent biliary fistula (0.9%), and prolonged biliary drainage (0.2%) were found, with an overall mortality rate of 9.4 per cent. In 133 patients, because of postoperative complications (e.g., recurrent symptoms, remaining common bile duct stones, or persistence of bile fistula), reoperation was necessary, including 121 cases (90.1%) of cholecystectomy, whereas the other 11 patients underwent other procedures such as common bile duct exploration or closure of the fistula. The surgical trend for complex acute cholecystitis treatment has been changed from only cholecystostomy to a spectrum of cholecystostomy, CPC, and LPC with the progressive increase of PC. The proportion of the LPC compared with CPC has also increased during recent years. It seems that PC is a safe procedure for treating complicated acute cholecystitis. Whether the indication and need for alternative techniques to standard cholecystectomy is changing should be evaluated in future studies.     

亚甲蓝示踪腹腔镜胆囊管分型的临床价值

目的:评价术中亚甲蓝示踪技术用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)预防胆管损伤的价值。方法:LC术中解剖分离胆囊三角、胆囊管前,将0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释的50%医用亚甲蓝注射液注入胆囊内,使胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管染色,术野中胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者的解剖关系清晰可见,可预防LC手术过程中损伤胆管。结果:100例慢性结石性胆囊炎患者在LC时应用了亚甲蓝示踪技术,其中82例胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管染色清晰可见;15例胆囊、胆囊壶腹部、胆囊管染色,3例仅胆囊、胆囊壶腹部染色。无一例发生胆管损伤。结论:非急性、结石嵌顿性胆囊良性疾病用此法可避免由于胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者关系的错误辨别所致胆管损伤的发生。