Progress on Detection Methods for Hydroxyl Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as a Biomarker of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromtic Hydrocarbons

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在于环境中的持久性有机污染物,长期暴露可引发肺癌、皮肤癌等恶性肿瘤.而PAHs的代谢物——单羟基多环芳烃(OH-PAHs)可以作为暴露生物标志物综合评价人体对PAHs的暴露水平,从而吸引众多研究人员对OH-PAHs检测方法的研究.笔者介绍了生物标志物以及选用OH-PAHs作为生物标志物的意义,系统综述了OH-PAHs的各种检测方法,包括高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱(气相色谱-质谱)联用技术、同步荧光光谱分析法、毛细管区带电泳法、酶联免疫法和电化学法,并对其检测方法的发展趋势进行了评价和展望.     

人尿中羟基多环芳烃分析方法的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类广泛存在于环境中的持久性有机化学污染物。研究表明,PAHs不仅能引起消化道和呼吸道刺激效应,长期暴露还会对哺乳动物产生致畸、致癌和致突变危害。PAHs在人体内主要以葡萄糖苷酸结合的形式存在,酶解后尿中羟基PAHs(OH-PAHs)作为主要的生物标志物可以综合评价人体多途径接触PAHs的内暴露水平。该文对近年来尿中OH-PAHs的不同前处理技术(水解、萃取净化)和检测方法(液相色谱-荧光检测法、气相色谱-质谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法)进行综述,并对未来发展趋势进行展望。     

人尿液中10种羟基多环芳烃同时检测

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类具有三致作用并在全球广泛分布的有机污染物,对人体健康具有潜在危害[1].PAHs可通过呼吸道、皮肤接触、消化道等多种暴露途径进入人体,经体内代谢成羟基多环芳烃(OH-PAHs),并以葡萄糖醛酸、硫磺酸结合物的形式主要通过尿液排泄[2].目前,国际上广泛利用尿液中OH-PAHs作为生物标志物,对PAHs在人体内的暴露水平进行综合评价[3].     

吸烟对焦炉工人尿中10种多环芳烃代谢物浓度的影响

目的 研究吸烟对焦炉作业工人尿中多环芳烃(PAHs)代谢物浓度的影响.方法 采用高效液相色谱法检测工人工作环境中颗粒物载带上的PAHs浓度;通过职业健康体检和问卷调查的方式收集某焦化厂1401名男性焦炉工人的职业信息,并采集尿液;使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定尿样中10种羟基多环芳烃代谢产物(OH-PAHs)的浓度.按照工作岗位和工作环境PAHs浓度的差异分成对照组、低暴露组、中暴露组和高暴露组4组,采用协方差分析分别比较各组吸烟者与不吸烟者尿中10种OH-PAHs的浓度差异.结果 工作环境中16种PAHs的检测结果均显示高暴露组＞中暴露组＞低暴露组＞对照组,高暴露组的浓度明显高于对照组、低暴露组和中暴露组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在对照组、低暴露组、中暴露组和高暴露组中,吸烟者尿中1-羟基萘(1-OHNa)和2-羟基萘(2-OHNa)的浓度明显高于不吸烟者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);4个组中,吸烟者的1-羟基芘(1-OHP)浓度与不吸烟者的差异无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 在焦炉作业人群中,尿中1-OHNa和2-OHNa可以作为评价吸烟对工人尿中OH-PAHs浓度影响的生物标志物.     

尿中多环芳烃羟基代谢物分析方法研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是广泛分布于环境及职业场所的致癌性化合物,PAHs的生物标志物可以准确反映人体对PAHs的内暴露情况,PAHs在代谢物中主要以OH-PAHs与葡萄糖醛酸结合物的形式存在,本文对尿中OH-PAHs的不同前处理过程与分析方法分别进行了比较与阐述。 更多还原     

天津市老年人群大气多环芳烃暴露与尿中多环芳烃羟基代谢物的关联研究

目的 同时测定尿中多种羟基多环芳烃(OH-PAHs),以期发现适于联合评价多环芳烃(PAHs)内暴露水平的OH-PAHs.方法 于2011年6月采集112名研究对象24 h的个体颗粒物暴露和晨尿样本,用气相色谱-质谱法检测个体颗粒物样本载带的PAHs及尿样中OH-PAHs.结果 尿样中共检出7种OH-PAHs,其中1-羟基萘(1-OHNap)检出浓度最高[(20.54±28.94) μmol/mol Cr],1-羟基芘(1-OHP)检出浓度最低[(0.73±0.63) μmol/mol Cr].各种OH-PAHs的浓度按照1-OHNap＞9-羟基芴(9-OHFlu) ＞2-羟基萘(2-OHNap)＞3-羟基芴(3-OHFlu)＞2-羟基芴(2-OHFlu)＞6-羟基屈(6-OHChr)＞1-OHP的顺序递减,性别和吸烟对研究对象尿液中OH-PAHs的浓度没有显著影响.总羟基萘(∑OHNap)与1-OHNap具有良好的相关性(r=0.948),总羟基芴(∑OHFlu)与9-OHFlu具有良好的相关性(r=0.975),1-OHNap与颗粒物载带的萘的相关性优于2-OHNap,9-OHFlu与颗粒物载带的芴的相关性优于3-OHFlu和2-OHFlu,∑OHNap、∑OHFlu和6-OHChr与1-OHP的r值分别为0.427、0.543和0.655.结论 仅用1-OHP作为机体PHAs的生物标志物并不能反映人体的内暴露水平,1-OHNap和9-OHFlu对∑OHNap和∑OHFlu暴露水平有较好的预测效果;1-OHNap、9-OHFlu结合1-OHP联合测定可以更为准确和全面地评价PAHs内暴露水平.     

人尿中多环芳烃羟基代谢物的测定及暴露水平研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是典型的持久性有机污染物,普遍存在于环境中,长时间暴露可诱发肺癌等恶性肿瘤.研究PAHs对人体的暴露水平和风险评价可为有效控制环境中的PAHs污染提供基础数据,并揭示PAHs对人体健康的早期影响.尿中PAHs的单羟基代谢物作为生物标志物综合评价人体对PAHs的暴露水平是人体致癌风险评价的核心内容.该文对PAHs的人体吸收代谢途径、主要的生物标志物、检测方法及不同人群的暴露水平等进展进行了综述,并对该领域的研究热点和发展方向做了简要评述.     

多环芳烃暴露生物标志物的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是广泛分布在环境中的复杂混合物,其中一些PAHs具有致癌性.对于生物标志物的研究有利于说明人类暴露于此类致癌物质时健康风险的性质及程度.该文就目前所应用的PAHs生物标志物进行了分类说明,并对用于人类暴露PAHs的生物标志物研究进展进行了综述,指出不同生物标志物所具备的优缺点,并对未来的发展趋势进行...     

被动吸烟对孕妇尿中4种多环芳烃代谢物浓度的影响

[目的] 以尿中2-羟基萘(2-NAP)、2-羟基芴(2-FLU)、9-羟基菲(9-PHE)和1-羟基芘(1-PYR)作为生物标志物,评价太原市孕妇体内多环芳烃(PAHs)暴露水平,探讨被动吸烟对其浓度的影响. [方法]2009年4月-2010年4月,抽取太原市某医院住院分娩孕妇287人,对其工作生活环境等情况进行问卷调查.将符合纳入标准的264名孕妇根据被动吸烟指数等级分为3组:0、1～49、≥50组,收集各组产前尿样,利用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定尿中4种PAHs的羟基代谢产物(OH-PAHs)水平. [结果]符合纳入标准的孕妇尿样中均可检测到2-羟基萘、2-羟基芴、9-羟基菲和1-羟基芘,浓度中位数分别为0.47、0.24、0.23和0.10 μg/mmolCr.除9-羟基菲外,3组尿中2-羟基萘、2-羟基芴、1-羟基芘的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);多元线性回归分析显示,被动吸烟、使用煤炉、采暖期、汽修厂加油站是影响孕妇尿中4种OH-PAHs水平的主要因素. [结论]被动吸烟可以增加孕妇尿中4种OH-PAHs含量,其中2-羟基萘可以作为反映被动吸烟对孕妇体内多环芳烃暴露水平影响的最佳指标.     

岗位工人多环芳烃暴露量的检测方法

目的 为了研究岗位工人多环芳烃暴露量监测方法,我们设计了一套适合岗位工人多环芳烃暴露量的采样仪器,采用PEM^TM个体采样切割器、BGI个体采样泵、石英纤维滤膜及聚氨酯泡沫采集岗位工人暴露的多环芳烃。采用索氏提取器提取,旋转蒸发器浓缩．用带有可调波长荧光检测器的液相色谱仪进行分析。对方法的检出限、回收率、精密度以及样品的稳定性进行了研究,并对100名受试者多环芳烃暴露量进行了监测。结果显示,该方法有较好的检出限,较高的回收率。     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Profile of Kitchen Dusts

Concentrations and profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in thirty dust samples collected from kitchens that use wood cook system (WCS), kerosene stove cook system (KSCS) and butane gas cook system (BGCS). The total PAHs concentrations ranged from 52 to 497,  39 to 96 and 37 to 155 μg kg⁻¹ for WCS, KSCS and BGCS respectively. The results indicate predominance of lower molecular weight (2–3 rings) over higher molecular weight PAHs and users of wood cook system are more exposed to higher levels of PAHs than the users of either kerosene cook system or butane gas cook system.     

多环芳烃遗传毒性研究进展

多环芳烃类化合物是广泛存在于各种环境介质中的一类有机污染物,并能通过呼吸、饮食、饮水、皮肤接触等多种途径进入人体,对人体健康和环境产生严重危害。关于多环芳烃的毒性研究已经涉及遗传毒性、肝脏毒性、生长发育毒性及致癌性等方面,该文综述了其遗传毒性的研究进展,主要包括DNA损伤、染色体损伤以及遗传易感性等。     

多环芳烃暴露评价的生物标志物研究

目的探讨人尿中1-羟基芘(1-OH-Py)和3-羟基苯并(a)芘(3-OH-BaP)可否作为人体环境暴露多环芳烃(PAHs)肺癌风险评价的生物标志物。方法选择100名处于不同工作环境的非嗜烟成人作为研究对象,采集每名受试者24 h的个体呼吸带空气样品、饮食样品和尿液样品,用高效液相色谱(highperformance liquid chromatography,HPLC)分别测定呼吸和饮食样品中的14种PAHs化合物,以及尿液样品中的1-OH-Py和3-OH-BaP。结果焦炉工人日暴露PAHs的总量(其中BaP的中位值约为9.2μg/d)显著高于一般人群(BaP约0.8μg/d);焦炉工人尿中1-OH-Py的浓度(约2.0μmol/mol)也显著高于一般人群(约0.1μmol/mol);但是,焦炉工人尿中3-OH-BaP的浓度(约0.04μmol/mol)却显著低于一般人群(约0.07μmol/mol)。尿中1-OH-Py与人体暴露14种PAHs均呈显著正相关关系,而尿中3-OH-BaP却与人体暴露PAHs呈显著负相关关系。结论该研究首次提出了用1-OH-Py、3-OH-BaP的比值定量评价人体暴露PAHs肺癌风险的模型。     

Exposure of Firefighters to Particulates and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Firefighting continues to be among the most hazardous yet least studied occupations in terms of exposures and their relationship to occupational disease. Exposures are complex, involving mixtures of particles and chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Adverse health effects associated with these agents include elevated incidences of coronary heart disease and several cancers. PAHs have been detected at fire scenes, and in the firehouse rest area and kitchen, routinely adjoining the truck bay, and where firefighters spend a major part of each shift. An academic-community partnership was developed with the Cincinnati Fire Department with the goal of understanding active firefighters’ airborne and dermal PAH exposure. PAHs were measured in air and particulates, and number and mass concentrations, respectively, of submicron (0.02–1 μm) and PM2.5 (2.5 μm diameter and less) particles during overhaul events in two firehouses and a University of Cincinnati administrative facility as a comparison location. During overhaul firefighters evaluate partially combusted materials for re-ignition after fire extinguishment and commonly remove Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). Face and neck wipes were also collected at a domestic fire scene. Overhaul air samples had higher mean concentrations of PM2.5 and submicron particles than those collected in the firehouse, principally in the truck bay and kitchen. Among the 17 PAHs analyzed, only naphthalene and acenaphthylene were generally detectable. Naphthalene was present in 7 out of 8 overhaul activities, in 2 out of 3 firehouse (kitchen and truck bay) samples, and in none collected from the control site. In firefighter face and neck wipes a greater number of PAHs were found, several of which have carcinogenic activity, such as benzofluoranthene, an agent also found in overhaul air samples. Although the concentration for naphthalene, and all other individual PAHs, was very low, the potential simultaneous exposure to multiple chemicals even in small quantities in combination with high ultrafine particle exposure deserves further study. It is recommended that personal respiratory and skin protection be worn throughout the overhaul process.     

Compost-Mediated Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Soil

Compost-assisted remediation of a manufactured-gas plant soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed in thermally insulated composting chamber using mushroom compost consisting wheat straw, chicken manure, and gypsum. The degradation of individual PAHs was in range of 20–60% at the end of 54 days of composting followed by further increase of PAH removal (37–80%) after another 100 days of maturation. Both chemical analysis of the contaminated soil for PAHs and ecotoxicity tests on bioluminescent bacteria, earthworms, and plant seeds were performed before and after the composting. After the composting, inhibition of bioluminescence decreased, whereas no significant change in toxicity was observed for earthworm survival and seed germination. Using bacterial culture of Escherichia coli K12 genotoxicity tests were performed on samples taken from different parts of the composting pile; after the composting the decrease in genotoxicity was observed only in the sample taken from upper part of the composted pile. Received: 2 March 2002/Accepted: 12 June 2002