灭菌后降温措施对葡萄糖注射液5-HMF的影响

目的 :观察灭菌后葡萄糖注射液持续受热其降解产物 5-HMF生成关系。方法 :对灭菌室采取降温措施 ,分析措施前后灭菌室平均温度的变化和葡萄糖注射液中 5-HMF的差异。结果 :本研究中所采取降温措施能有效地降低灭菌室平均温度 ,(P <0 .0 2 ) ,成品中 5-HMF平均含量明显下降 (P <0 .0 5)。结论 :灭菌后及时对葡萄糖注射液散热降温是保证其质量的一个重要因素     

不同因素对5-羟甲基糠醛含量的影响

目的探讨含葡萄糖等单糖注射液分解产物5-羟甲基糠醛（5-HMF）含量的影响因素，以提高含糖类注射液的质量。方法检测不同pH、灭菌条件及制备工艺对5-HMF含量的影响。结果灭菌温度及时间、制备方法及过程中受热时间均是影响5-HMF含量的因素。结论选择合适的灭菌温度和时间，采用合适的配制方法，可以将含糖类注射液的5-HMF含量控制在最低限度。     

浅析3种不同灭菌柜对降低葡萄糖注射液中5-HMF的作用

目的浅析3种不同灭菌柜对降低葡萄糖注射液中5-HMF(5-羟甲基糠醛)的作用。方法采用不同灭菌柜对葡萄糖注射液中5-HMF的测定值大小来比较。结果不同灭菌柜的采用对5-HMF的吸光度值影响较大,采用SG-19水浴式灭菌柜对降低葡萄糖注射液中5-HMF的吸光度有很明显的作用效果。结论不同灭菌柜的采用对5-HMF的吸光度值影响较大。     

中药注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛来源探讨

目的:通过对中药注射液中的5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF,5-Hydroxymethylfurfural)来源的初步探讨,为提高中药注射液的质量控制水平提供参考依据.方法:利用HPLC方法对注射液、中间体中的5-HMF和寡糖(葡萄糖、果糖及蔗糖)分别进行含量测定,确定5-HMF的来源;通过模拟生产过程考察不同寡糖的受热不稳定情况,来探讨5-HMF的生成机制.结果:只有在含有果糖的中间体中含有5 -HMF.模拟高温灭菌过程发现仅有果糖受热后转化生成5-羟甲基糠醛及其相关物质,而葡萄糖和蔗糖均没有转化.结论:并不是所有的寡糖在高温下都易转化5-HMF.在常见的三种糖中,只有果糖在高温下易转化生成5-HMF,而葡萄糖和蔗糖不易转化.建议对含果糖的中药注射液进行5-HMF的限度检查,而含葡萄糖和蔗糖的可以不控制该项目.     

葡萄糖注射液在灭菌柜内的最佳抽样位置研究

目的使葡萄糖注射液抽检更有代表性、科学性。方法取灭菌柜内不同位置的葡萄糖注射液各1瓶,进行pH值测定、含量测定及5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)限度检查。结果灭菌柜内第3层(由下至上)温度最高,尤其中间位置;第1层四个角位置温度最低。结论在取样品检验时可抽取第3层中间位置的输液作含量测定、5-HMF检查、pH值测定;抽取第1层4个角位置的输液作细菌内毒素检查。     

葡萄糖注射液在灭菌柜内的最佳抽样位置研究

目的 使葡萄糖注射液抽检更有代表性、科学性.方法 取灭菌柜内不同位置的葡萄糖注射液各1瓶,进行pH值测定、含量测定及5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)限度检查.结果 灭菌柜内第3层(由下至上)温度最高,尤其中间位置;第1层四个角位置温度最低.结论 在取样品检验时可抽取第3层中间位置的输液作含量测定、5-HMF检查、pH值测定;抽取第1层4个角位置的输液作细菌内毒素检查.     

葡萄糖氯化钠注射液灭菌后pH下降原因分析

含葡萄糖的注射液灭菌后 pH 值有所下降,尤其是葡萄糖氯化钠注射液(以下简称 GNS)下降明显,本文就其下降原因进行分析。一、pH 下降与5-HMF 的关系含葡萄糖的注射液灭菌后 pH 下降是因为葡萄糖在弱酸性下热压灭菌时部分分解成5-HMF,后者又进一步分解成甲酸和乙酰丙酸等有机酸及有色物质,生成的5-HMF 越多进而分解成有机酸的可能也越多,因此     

正交试验考察葡萄糖注射液中5-HMF的分布

5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)是葡萄糖受热分解的产物,可引起动物横纹肌麻痹及内脏损害,对人体有害,是葡萄糖注射液中的限量杂质.经验表明葡萄糖注射液中5-HMF分布呈不均一性,本文应用正交试验考察了葡萄糖注射液中5-HMF在不同葡萄糖浓度、不同装量规格、不同热压灭菌柜位置条件下的分布,与期有益于工作实践.     

葡萄糖注射液热压灭菌后的质量变化

葡萄糖注射液是最常用的静脉输液剂,配制中需蒸气热压灭菌。葡萄糖溶液在受热后可能颜色加深,pH 下降,并有葡萄糖的分解产物5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)、乙     

对《中国药典》5—HMF限量检查的商榷

葡萄糖注射液在受热后,可产生有毒物质——5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF),使注射液颜色变黄,pH值下降。5-HMF吸收度与注射液的颜色成正比。《中国药典》(下称《药典》)对葡萄糖注射液     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.