经纤维支气管镜行支气管肺癌局部化疗

目的：观察局部化疗结合全身化疗与单纯全身化疗对中,晚期肺癌的疗效。方法：应用NK－3K型注射针经纤维支气管镜直视下对31例支气管肺癌行瘤体局部注药加全身化疗与对照组37例单纯行全身化疗。结果：观察组纤支镜下有效率（CR＋PR＋MR）83＝9％,对照组（CR＋PR＋MR）51．7％,观察组纤支镜下（CR＋PR）58．1％,对照组纤支镜下（CR＋PR）24．1％,两组对比P＜0．05。结论：局部化疗加全身化疗效果明显,特别在解除支气管阻塞方面尤为显著,作用快,副作用小。     

复方抗瘤冲剂结合化疗治疗晚期肺癌的疗效观察

目的：评价复方抗瘤冲剂联合全身化疗在治疗晚期肺癌中的价值。方法：65例经组织学证实均为晚期肺癌，随机分为两组。化疗组30例采用全身化疗用丝裂霉素、长春花碱酰胺和顺伯（MVP）方案；联合化疗组35例采用复方抗瘤冲剂＋MVP方案，化疗至少2疗程。结果：联合化疗完全缓解（CR）2例，部分缓解（PR）17例，有效率为54.3%；化疗组CR0例，PR10例，有效率为33．3％。联合化疗组的有效率较化疗组高，两组比较，有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。联合化疗组的临床症状改善有效率85．7％，化疗组50％，两组比较亦有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。两组毒副作用大致相同（P＞0．05），与化疗组相比，联合化疗组能提高肺癌患者外周血CD4、CD4／CD8值（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。结论：复方抗瘤冲剂在联合全身化疗中对晚期肺癌的治疗可获得一定的疗效，可抑制癌细胞生长和提高机体的免疫功能。     

经纤维支气管镜行非小细胞肺癌局部化疗临床研究

目的　观察经纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )行瘤体内局部注射抗癌化疗药物结合全身化疗 ,与单纯全身化疗治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效。方法　选择 6 6例中晚期非小细胞肺癌 ,随机分为观察组 34例 ;经纤支镜直视下对支气管腔内瘤体局部注射化疗药物 ,同期全身化疗 ;对照组 32例 ;单用全身化疗 (方案同观察组 )。一疗程结束后评价两组疗效 ,化疗期间记录毒副反应。结果　以X线标准评价 :观察组有效率 (CR +PR)为 36 .36 % ,对照组有效率 (CR +PR)为 31.2 5 %。两组间疗效未见差异性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;以纤支镜标准评价 :观察组有效率 (CR +PR)为 71.88% ,对照组有效率 (CR +PR)为 4 3.33%。组间疗效比较有统计学意义(P <0 .0 5 )。观察组支气管腔内瘤体缩小较对照组明显。结论　经纤支镜行肿瘤局部注射抗癌药物加全身化疗在解除支气管阻塞方面效果明显 ,毒副反应未见明显增加 ,是治疗晚期肺癌有效的姑息方法之一。     

经纤维支气管镜行中晚期非小细胞肺癌局部化疗23例近期疗效观察

目的：观察经纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)行瘤体内局部注射抗癌化疗药物结合全身化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效。方法：选择23例晚期非小细胞肺癌，经纤支镜直视下。对气管或支气管腔内瘤体部分行局部注射化疗药物，同期全身化疗。疗程结束后评价疗效。结果：以X线标准评价：有效率(CR PR)为34.78％(8／23)；以纤支镜标准评价：有效率(CR PR)为65．22％(15／23)。经瘤体局部注药后，管腔内瘤体缩小较明显。结论：经纤支镜行肿瘤局部注射抗癌药物加全身化疗在解除支气管阻塞方面效果明显。     

纤维支气管镜下微波联合局部注药治疗在支气管结核中的应用

目的：探讨应用纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）介入微波并局部注药治疗支气管结核的疗效。方法：将46例支气管结核患者随机分为治疗组和对照组；治疗组22例强化期采用纤支镜介入微波并局部注药加全身化疗，对照组24例只进行全身化疗。结果：22例共进行136人次治疗，治疗成功率100％，症状改善率为95．4％，痰菌阴转率83．3％，纤支镜下病灶吸收率86．4％，胸部CT所见病灶吸收率85．7％，与对照组相比有显著性差异（P＜0．01）；无1例发生气胸、出血、结核播散、肺部继发性感染等并发症；治疗组远期疗效也较对照组有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：该疗法效果显著，明显优于单纯全身化疗组，另一种安全、有效、易行的治疗支气管结核的综合性方法，能减少手术及各种并发症的发生。     

腹腔热灌注化疗对进展期胃癌术后的疗效观察

目的观察腹腔热灌注化疗联合静脉化疗对进展期胃癌术后的疗效及并发症。方法将我院60例接受根治性胃切除手术的进展期胃癌的患者随机分为腹腔热灌注化疗联合全身化疗组（治疗组,n=30）及单纯全身化疗组（对照组。n=30）,治疗组行腹腔热灌注保留化疗4次,之后行FOLFOX4方案静脉化疗。对照组单纯FOLFOX4方案静脉化疗。对其疗效及并发症,进行对照观察。结果并发症比较：治疗组腹胀及肌酐升高的发生率均显著高于对照组（93．33％vs．16．67％,P〈0．05;13．33％vs．3．33％,P〈0．05）,腹胀及肌酐升高均为Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,治疗后均恢复正常。局部复发及转移率：治疗组腹膜腔局部复发率显著低于对照组（13．33％vs．33．33％,P〈0．05）,而远处转移率无显著差异（30．00％vs．33．33％,P〉0．05）。治疗组3、5年生存率分别显著高于对照组（70．00％vs．50．00％,P〈0．05,56．67％vs．33．33％,P〈0．05）。结论进展期胃癌术后进行腹腔热灌注化疗联合全身静脉化疗能够能改善局部治疗效果,提高患者远期疗效,且毒性反应可以耐受。     

经纤支镜灌注治疗肺结核的近期疗效观察

目的：探讨经纤支镜灌注治疗肺结核的治疗价值。方法：将53例肺结核病患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组强化期采用纤支镜灌注治疗加全身化疗,对照组只进行全身化疗。结果：强化期结束时,治疗组症状明显改善96．43％,痰菌阴转率89．26％,病灶显著吸收率75％,而对照组分别为56％,52％,32％（P＜0．01）,结论：经纤支镜灌注治疗肺结核疗效显著,且无并发症及明显毒副反应,值得进一步推广使用。     

紫杉醇24h持续静脉泵入联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床观察

目的观察分析紫杉醇24h持续静脉输注联合顺铂（DDP）治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的近期疗效和安全性。方法35例TNM分期为Ⅲ-Ⅳ期晚期肺癌患者,鳞癌25例,腺癌10例,30例为初次化疗患者,5例曾接受过化疗,中位年龄57岁。紫杉醇175mg／m^224h持续静脉输注,顺铂75mg／m^2,d2、d3、d4,21天为1个周期。结果35例患者共完成154个化疗周期,可评价疗效及毒副反应33例,完全缓解（CR）5例,部分缓解（PR）15例,疾病稳定（SD）4例,疾病进展（PD）9例,有效率（RR）60．0％。其中鳞癌可评价者23例,CR5例,PR12例,SD1例,PD5例,RR73．9％,腺癌可评价者10例,CR0例,PR3例,SD3例,PD4例,RR30．0％,经统计分析鳞癌组有效率显著高于腺癌组（P〈0．05）,该方案主要的不良反应为中性粒细胞减少,Ⅲ-Ⅳ度45％,脱发、肌肉关节痛等,多以Ⅰ-Ⅱ度为主,发生率分别为75％、24％。结论紫杉醇24h持续静脉输注联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌近期疗效肯定,毒副反应轻,耐受性好,可以考虑作为治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗方案。     

氩氦刀联合放化疗治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌

目的 讨论氩氯刀联合放化疗治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效。方法 2003年10月至2006年2月采用氩氯刀联合放化疗治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌42例（综合组），选择同期奈件相同采用常规放化疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌38例作对照（常规组）；比较两组病人的KPS、局部复发率、中位生存期、生存率。结果 综合组和常规组的KPS改善率分别为28．57％和10．52％，稳定率分别为42．86％和36．84％，恶化率分别为2857％和52．63％：综合组KPS评分高于常规组（X^2=6．32，P〈005）。原发灶局部复发率综合组显著低于常规组（28．57％〈50.00％；X^2=3．86，P〈0．05）；中位生存期综合组16个月，常规组14个月；1、2、3年生存率综合组稍高于常规组（63．53％〉5350％，31．99％〉29．13％，21．33％〉16．18％）。但两组间生存曲线比较无统计学意义（X^2=0．33，P〈0．05）。结论 氩氯刀联合放化疗可有效地降低不可切除非小细胞肺癌的局部复发率．改善病人功能状态。     

经纤维支气管镜治疗痰菌阳性的支气管内膜结核的疗效分析

目的：探讨经纤支镜局部给药治疗痰菌阳性的支气管内膜结核的疗效。方法：对52例痰菌阳性的支气管内膜结核随机分为治疗组和对照组，治疗组采用纤支镜局部给药＋全身化疗，对照组采用单纯全身化疗。结果：治疗组瘘菌转阴率为100％，病变改善有效率为96．2％，而对照组分别为69．2％，65．3％（P＜0．05）。结论：经纤维支气管镜局部治疗瘘菌阳性的支气管内膜结核疗效显著，副作用少，值得广泛推广。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.