钙调蛋白及其基因表达与先天性心脏病右心室舒张性心力衰竭发病关系的研究

目的探讨先天性心脏病右心室舒张性心力衰竭(DHF)患者心肌细胞内Ca2+超负荷、钙调蛋白及其基因表达的变化.方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Western blor技术测定10例先天性心脏病右心室DHF患者(DHF组)和6例正常对照(对照组)钙调蛋白及其基因的表达.结果DHF组患者心肌细胞内Ca2+含量较对照组高3倍以上,有非常显著性差异(P<0.01);肌浆网钙-三磷酸腺苷酶(SR Ca2+-ATPase)和细胞膜L型Ca2+通道的信使核糖核酸(mRNA)水平较对照组减低,有显著性差异(P均<0.05),而肌浆网磷酸受纳蛋白、兰尼碱受体和肌集钙蛋白的mRNA表达较对照组无显著性差异;SR Ca2+-ATPase蛋白的相对含量较对照组减低,有显著性差异(P<0.05);磷酸受纳蛋白的相对含量无显著性差异.结论细胞膜L型Ca2+通道和SRCa2+-ATPase基因表达减低是导致先天性心脏病心肌细胞内Ca2+超负荷和右心室DHF发生的主导因素.     

IP3R在心血管疾病中的作用研究进展

l，4，5三磷酸肌醇受体是存在于内质网、肌浆网及核膜上的一种配体门控Ca2 释放通道蛋白，精确地调控胞浆内Ca2 浓度的变化，从而通过钙信号对细胞内许多生理过程如细胞分裂、增殖、生长、凋亡、功能发挥调节作用。人类近期应用激光共聚焦显微镜、放射配基受体等实验对IP3R的结构、功能及其调节因素进行了研究，表明其在多种心血管疾病的病理生理机制中发挥了重要作用。     

心房颤动电重构心房肌Ca2+调控蛋白异常与解剖学改变关系的研究

目的探讨心房肌Ca2+调控蛋白(calcium handling proteins)在心房颤动(atrial fibrilation,AF)电重构中的作用及与解剖学结构改变的关系.方法测定10例慢性AF患者和6例对照组心房肌Ca2+含量和细胞膜L型Ca2+通道(L-type calcium channel)、肌浆网钙泵(sarcoplasmic reticulum calciumadenodinetriphosphatase,SR Ca2+-ATPase)、磷酸受纳蛋白(phospholamban)、兰尼碱受体(ryanodine receptor)和肌集钙蛋白(calsequestrin)的信使核糖核酸(messenger ribonucleic acid,mRNA)表达;测量AF患者左、右心房内径、二尖瓣口面积和肺动脉收缩压.结果与对照组比较,AF患者心肌细胞内Ca2+含量增加[(1 330±770)μg/ml vs(302±31)μg/ml,P<0.01];细胞膜L型Ca2+通道、SR Ca2+-ATP ase和兰尼碱受体mRNA下调[(0.65±0.30)v(0.97±0.19),P<0.01;(0.73±0.13)vs(1.10±0.11),P<0.001;(0.71±0.25)vs(0.90±0.13),P<0.05].SRCa2+-ATPasemRNA表达与左心房内径中度负相关(r=-0.56,P<0.05);与二尖瓣口面积正相关(r=0.70,P<0.05);细胞膜L型Ca2+通道mR-NA表达与二尖瓣口面积显著正相关(r=0.84,P<0.01).结论频率相关的细胞内Ca2+超负荷可能是AF电重构的始动因素,心房肌Ca2+调控蛋白异常是Ca2+超负荷的分子生物学机制,Ca+调控蛋白mRNA表达异常与左心房解剖学改变之间存在内在联系.     

钙稳态失衡在致结肠平滑肌收缩性改变中的作用

目的　探讨应激大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩时细胞内外钙离子 (Ca2 +)利用异常、细胞内钙稳态失衡在导致其收缩性改变中的作用。方法　建立寒冷 束缚应激大鼠排便异常的动物模型 ;测定离体结肠环形平滑肌收缩张力 ;差速离心制备结肠平滑肌肌浆网 ,测定肌浆网Ca2 + ATP酶活性。结果　应激大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩活性明显增强 ,并受Ca2 +通道阻滞剂显著抑制。应激大鼠结肠平滑肌肌浆网Ca2 + ATP酶活性降低 5 6 % (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　应激大鼠结肠环形平滑肌收缩活性显著增强 ,可能和肌细胞收缩时细胞外Ca2 +内流增加 ,肌浆网贮存Ca2 +释放减少、Ca2 + ATP酶活性降低等因素导致细胞内钙稳态失衡有关     

钙网蛋白介导缺氧预处理对心脏保护机制的研究

目的探讨缺氧预处理(HPC)对于心肌钙网蛋白表达与肌浆网钙稳态的影响及其信号转导机制。方法选择SD大鼠22只,随机分为假手术组6只,模型组8只,HPC组8只。复制SD大鼠HPC和心肌梗死模型,检测左心室压力最大上升速率和最大下降速率(±dp/dtmax)、TTC法测定心肌梗死面积,差速离心法制备心肌肌浆网并鉴定其纯度,以Millipore滤过法测定肌浆网Ca2+摄取活性和肌浆网Ca2+释放速率,Western blot检测钙网蛋白、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和磷酸化p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶水平。结果与假手术组比较,模型组+dp/dtmax和-dp/dtmax分别下降39%和46%(P<0.05);与模型组比较,HPC组分别升高43%和59%(P<0.05),肌浆网Ca2+摄取升高[(60.38±5.76)nmol Ca2+/(mg·min)vs(31.10±3.13)nmol Ca2+/(mg·min)],肌浆网Ca2+释放降低[(32.12±1.18)nmol Ca2+/(mg·15s)vs(39.61±1.16)nmol Ca2+/(mg·15s),P<0.05],钙网蛋白表达和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶水平明显升高(P<0.05)。结论 HPC通过p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶途径上调钙网蛋白表达,改善心肌肌浆网Ca2+摄取和肌浆网Ca2+释放功能、减轻细胞内钙超载而保护缺血心肌。     

Ca^2＋／CaM依赖的蛋白激酶Ⅱ对神经肽Y诱导心肌细胞内钙重分布的作用

背景神经肽Y(NPY)是中枢神经及末梢神经重要的调节剂,作用广泛,包括调节心脏及血管正常的生理活动,并参与许多心血管疾病的发生发展.研究表明,急性的NPY 刺激可促进心肌细胞钙活动,对心肌产生正性肌力作用.而持续NPY刺激对心肌钙活动的影响及其机制,目前还未见报道.目的 观察NPY刺激对大鼠心肌细胞胞浆钙和肌浆网(SR)内钙分布的影响,以及Ca2 /CaM依赖的蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMK Ⅱ)在其中的作用.方法 用100 nmol/L NPY刺激Sprague-Dawley乳鼠心肌细胞24 h,CaMKⅡ特异性抑制剂KN-93干预.应用荧光染料Fluo-4 AM负载胞浆钙;Fluo-5N AM负载肌浆网内游离钙离子,所有钙影像均由激光共聚焦显微镜记录.应用Western-blot法和免疫荧光法检测Ca2 -ATP酶(SERCA2a)和ryanodine受体(RyR2)两种蛋白的分布及蛋白量的变化.结果 经100 nmol/L NPY刺激24 h后,与对照组相比,心肌细胞胞浆游离钙浓度明显升高(65.3±6.2 VS50.7±4.1,P<0.05),心肌细胞肌浆网内游离钙含量明显低于对照组(67.6±8.3 VS 85.5±6.0,P<0.05),而KN-93可抑制上述效应;NPY可增加SERCA2a和RyR2的蛋白表达(SERCA2a:2.4±0.7 VS对照组:1.4±0.3;RyRz:2.3±0.4 vs对照组:1.2士0.4),KN-93可抑制上述作用.结论 CaMK Ⅱ通过影响SERCA2a和RyR2,调控SR的钙转运,进而介导NPY刺激下的细胞内钙重分布效应.     

Junctate蛋白在心力衰竭中的研究进展

Junctate蛋白是在哺乳动物肌浆网/内质网膜上新发现的一种Ca2+结合蛋白,与兰尼碱受体相关联,是天冬氨酰β-羟化酶基因转录的五个家族成员之一。Junctate蛋白存在于多种细胞中,参与细胞内Ca2+浓度的调节。大量的动物实验观察到,过表达junctate蛋白会导致多种钙调控通道功能异常,持续过表达junctate蛋白还会导致心肌肥大、心律失常、心肌纤维化等病理改变,最终会出现心力衰竭。因此,junctate蛋白在心力衰竭中起了重要的作用,现将junctate蛋白在心力衰竭中的相关研究做一综述。     

钙离子敏感受体与相关心血管疾病

钙离子敏感受体(Ca SR)为G蛋白偶联受体C家族成员,存在于多种动物体内,维持体内钙离子稳态,调节细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡等生理活动,参与心血管、泌尿及肿瘤等多种系统疾病的病理过程。实验研究证明,调控Ca SR的表达可有效干预疾病的病理过程,中医中药对心血管疾病有明确的疗效,而这种疗效与Ca SR之间的联系并不明确,研究中医中药对心血管疾病的疗效与Ca SR之间的关系,可能为临床带来新的治疗手段。     

PLN蛋白复合物调控心脏泵功能研究概论及前景展望

肌浆网(SR)钙转运功能障碍为目前公认的人和动物实验性心力衰竭的主要病理特征,SR钙转运受多个蛋白复合物的调控,包括:蛋白激酶及蛋白磷酸化酶以及一些与之相互结合的蛋白和调控亚基,这些蛋白共同作用精细调节肌浆网的钙转运。其中,SR钙摄入受SR Ca-ATPase(SERCA2a)及其磷酸化调控蛋白phospholamban(PLN)的调控,近年来研究显示:除SERCA2a和PLN之外机体内还存在其它与PLN相关的调控SR钙转运的因子,主要包括:蛋白磷酸化酶1抑制因子、热休克蛋白20(HSP20)和HS相关蛋白X-1(HAX-1)等,这些蛋白质与PLN之间存在直接或间接的相互作用通过蛋白复合物的形式精细调控SR的钙摄入、贮存和释放。值得一提的是,PLN/SERCA2a及其相关复合物不仅可调控心肌收缩功能,还可调控动物生存率及心肌重塑;人体研究发现上述SR相关蛋白的基因突变及活性改变也可导致心肌收缩功能抑制以及心室重塑,预期这些遗传学方面的改变可作为心脏病理生理的预后和诊断标志物。     

受磷蛋白磷酸化调控在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

综述受磷蛋白(PLN)磷酸化调控在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。肌浆网(SR)钙转运功能障碍为目前公认的缺血性心脏病的主要病理特征。SR钙转运受2型肌浆网钙泵(SERCA2a)及其磷酸化调控蛋白PLN调控,去磷酸化的PLN抑制SERCA2a钙泵的活性,蛋白激酶PKA和CaMKⅡ对PLN的磷酸化可解除这一抑制作用。近年来,丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶(PP1、PP2A和PP2C)被发现可降低PLN的磷酸化,与蛋白激酶共同作用精细调节肌浆网钙泵的功能。     

Biology of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the heart

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional intracellular organelle supporting many processes required by virtually every mammalian cell, including cardiomyocytes. It performs diverse functions, including protein synthesis, translocation across the membrane, integration into the membrane, folding, posttranslational modification including N-linked glycosylation, and synthesis of phospholipids and steroids on the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane, and regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis. Perturbation of ER-associated functions results in ER stress via the activation of complex cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling pathways, collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) (also known as misfolded protein response), leading to upregulation of expression of ER resident chaperones, inhibition of protein synthesis and activation of protein degradation. The UPR has been associated with numerous human pathologies, and it may play an important role in the pathophysiology of the heart. ER stress responses, ER Ca(2+) buffering, and protein and lipid turnover impact many cardiac functions, including energy metabolism, cardiogenesis, ischemic/reperfusion, cardiomyopathies, and heart failure. ER proteins and ER stress-associated pathways may play a role in the development of novel UPR-targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases.     

Ca2+ blinks: rapid nanoscopic store calcium signaling

Luminal Ca(2+) in the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) plays an important role in regulating vital biological processes, including store-operated capacitative Ca(2+) entry, Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release, and ER/SR stress-mediated cell death. We report rapid and substantial decreases in luminal [Ca(2+)], called "Ca(2+) blinks," within nanometer-sized stores (the junctional cisternae of the SR) during elementary Ca(2+) release events in heart cells. Blinks mirror small local increases in cytoplasmic Ca(2+),orCa(2+) sparks, but changes of [Ca(2+)] in the connected free SR network were below detection. Store microanatomy suggests that diffusional strictures may account for this paradox. Surprisingly, the nadir of the store depletion trails the peak of the spark by about 10 ms, and the refilling of local store occurs with a rate constant of 35 s(-1), which is approximately 6-fold faster than the recovery of local Ca(2+) release after a spark. These data suggest that both local store depletion and some time-dependent inhibitory mechanism contribute to spark termination and refractoriness. Visualization of local store Ca(2+) signaling thus broadens our understanding of cardiac store Ca(2+) regulation and function and opens the possibility for local regulation of diverse store-dependent functions.     

肌浆网钙泄漏在心脏功能不全中的作用

同步肌浆网Ca2+释放以外的Ca2+释放即肌浆网Ca2+泄漏（Ca2+ leak），包括Ca2+火花（Ca2+ spark）、自发性Ca2+波（spontaneous Ca2+ wave）和其他微小Ca2+释放等。心肌细胞肌浆网Ca2+泄露主要是由II型兰尼碱受体（ryanodine receptor 2,RyR2）介导的，它可以通过减少肌浆网Ca2+的有效释放导致心脏收缩功能障碍；通过升高舒张期胞浆Ca2+引发心脏舒张功能不全，诱发心律失常。此外，肌浆网Ca2+泄露还可以引起因肌浆网Ca2+回摄增多消耗更多的ATP，导致心律失常、心力衰竭等心脏疾病的进一步恶化。     

NADH oxidase activity of rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates calcium-induced calcium release

NADH and Ca2+ have important regulatory functions in cardiomyocytes related to excitation-contraction coupling and ATP production. To elucidate elements of these functions, we examined the effect of NADH on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release and the mechanisms of this regulation. Physiological concentrations of cytosolic NADH inhibited ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2)-mediated Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) from SR membranes (IC50=120 micromol/L) and significantly lowered single channel open probability. In permeabilized single ventricular cardiomyocytes, NADH significantly inhibited the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ release. Blockers of electron transport prevented the inhibitory effect of NADH on CICR in isolated membranes and permeabilized cells, as well as on the activity of RyR2 channels reconstituted in lipid bilayer. An endogenous NADH oxidase activity from rat heart copurified with SR enriched with RyR2. A significant contribution by mitochondria was excluded as NADH oxidation by SR exhibited >9-fold higher catalytic activity (8.8 micromol/mg protein per minute) in the absence of exogenous mitochondrial complex I (ubiquinone) or complex III (cytochrome c) electron acceptors, but was inhibited by rotenone and pyridaben (IC50=2 to 3 nmol/L), antimycin A (IC50=13 nmol/L), and diphenyleneiodonium (IC50=28 micromol/L). Cardiac junctional SR treated with [3H](trifluoromethyl)diazirinyl-pyridaben specifically labeled a single 23-kDa PSST-like protein. These data indicate that NADH oxidation is tightly linked to, and essential for, negative regulation of the RyR2 complex and is a likely component of an important physiological negative-feedback mechanism coupling SR Ca2+ fluxes and mitochondrial energy production.     

Design and application of a class of sensors to monitor Ca2+ dynamics in high Ca2+ concentration cellular compartments

Quantitative analysis of Ca(2+) fluctuations in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) is essential to defining the mechanisms of Ca(2+)-dependent signaling under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we developed a unique class of genetically encoded indicators by designing a Ca(2+) binding site in the EGFP. One of them, calcium sensor for detecting high concentration in the ER, exhibits unprecedented Ca(2+) release kinetics with an off-rate estimated at around 700 s(-1) and appropriate Ca(2+) binding affinity, likely attributable to local Ca(2+)-induced conformational changes around the designed Ca(2+) binding site and reduced chemical exchange between two chromophore states. Calcium sensor for detecting high concentration in the ER reported considerable differences in ER Ca(2+) dynamics and concentration among human epithelial carcinoma cells (HeLa), human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293), and mouse myoblast cells (C2C12), enabling us to monitor SR luminal Ca(2+) in flexor digitorum brevis muscle fibers to determine the mechanism of diminished SR Ca(2+) release in aging mice. This sensor will be invaluable in examining pathogenesis characterized by alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis.     

Cellular mechanisms of altered contractility in the hypertrophied heart: big hearts, big sparks

To investigate the cellular mechanisms for altered Ca2+ homeostasis and contractility in cardiac hypertrophy, we measured whole-cell L-type Ca2+ currents (ICa,L), whole-cell Ca2+ transients ([Ca2+]i), and Ca2+ sparks in ventricular cells from 6-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and from age- and sex-matched Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley control rats. By echocardiography, SHR hearts had cardiac hypertrophy and enhanced contractility (increased fractional shortening) and no signs of heart failure. SHR cells had a voltage-dependent increase in peak [Ca2+]i amplitude (at 0 mV, 1330+/-62 nmol/L [SHRs] versus 836+/-48 nmol/L [controls], P<0.05) that was not associated with changes in ICa,L density or kinetics, resting [Ca2+]i, or Ca2+ content of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). SHR cells had increased time of relaxation. Ca2+ sparks from SHR cells had larger average amplitudes (173+/-192 nmol/L [SHRs] versus 109+/-64 nmol/L [control]; P<0.05), which was due to redistribution of Ca2+ sparks to a larger amplitude population. This change in Ca2+ spark amplitude distribution was not associated with any change in the density of ryanodine receptors, calsequestrin, junctin, triadin 1, Ca2+-ATPase, or phospholamban. Therefore, SHRs with cardiac hypertrophy have increased contractility, [Ca2+]i amplitude, time to relaxation, and average Ca2+ spark amplitude ("big sparks"). Importantly, big sparks occurred without alteration in the trigger for SR Ca2+ release (ICa,L), SR Ca2+ content, or the expression of several SR Ca2+-cycling proteins. Thus, cardiac hypertrophy in SHRs is linked with an alteration in the coupling of Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channels and the release of Ca2+ from the SR, leading to big sparks and enhanced contractility. Alterations in the microdomain between L-type Ca2+ channels and SR Ca2+ release channels may underlie the changes in Ca2+ homeostasis observed in cardiac hypertrophy. Modulation of SR Ca2+ release may provide a new therapeutic strategy for cardiac hypertrophy and for its progression to heart failure and sudden death.     

Sorcin interacts with sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+–ATPase and modulates excitation–contraction coupling in the heart

Sorcin is a 21.6-kDa Ca(2+) binding protein of the penta-EF hand family. Several studies have shown that sorcin modulates multiple proteins involved in excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling in the heart, such as the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), L-type Ca(2+) channel, and Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger, while it has also been shown to be phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). To elucidate the effects of sorcin and its PKA-dependent regulation on E-C coupling in the heart, we identified the PKA-phosphorylation site of sorcin, and found that serine178 was preferentially phosphorylated by PKA and dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase-1. Isoproterenol allowed sorcin to translocate to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In addition, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of sorcin in adult rat cardiomyocytes significantly increased both the rate of decay of the Ca(2+) transient and the SR Ca(2+) load. An assay of oxalate-facilitated Ca(2+) uptake showed that recombinant sorcin increased Ca(2+) uptake in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that sorcin activates the Ca(2+)-uptake function in the SR. In UM-X7. 1 cardiomyopathic hamster hearts, the relative amount of sorcin was significantly increased in the SR fraction, whereas it was significantly decreased in whole-heart homogenates. In failing hearts, PKA-phosphorylated sorcin was markedly increased, as assessed using a back-phosphorylation assay with immunoprecipitated sorcin. Our results suggest that sorcin activates Ca(2+)-ATPase-mediated Ca(2+) uptake and restores SR Ca(2+) content, and may play critical roles in compensatory mechanisms in both Ca(2+) homeostasis and cardiac dysfunction in failing hearts.     

游离脂肪酸导致内质网应激的机制及其治疗

内质网是参与细胞蛋白质、脂质合成的重要细胞器,并且参与钙离子的储存及其信号转导.游离脂肪酸通过破坏内质网结构及钙离子稳态、导致蛋白从内质网到高尔基体的转运障碍,引起未折叠或错误折叠蛋白质在内质网中蓄积,激活内质网应激.内质网应激是多种疾病的病理生理基础,研究游离脂肪酸与内质网应激的关系,对了解疾病的发病机制及指导治疗有...     

Broken heart: A matter of the endoplasmic reticulum stress bad management?

Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. The induction of the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress, a result of a disruption in the ER homeostasis, was found to be highly associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart diseases and heart failure. This review will discuss the latest literature on the different aspects of the involvement of the ER stress in cardiovascular complications and the potential of targeting the ER stress pathways as a new therapeutic approach for cardiovascular complications.     

Modulation of SERCA: implications for the failing human heart

Human heart failure is characterized by distinct alterations in the intracellular homeostasis and key regulators of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca ²⁺ sequestration mechanisms. Systolic peak Ca ²⁺ is reduced, diastolic Ca ²⁺ levels are increased and diastolic Ca ²⁺ decay is prolonged. Recently specific changes in the expression, function and modulation of SR Ca ²⁺-ATPase (SERCA) have been elucidated. As such, in a variety of studies SERCA expression appeared to be decreased in the failing human heart, although these findings have been discussed controversially depending on the studied tissue, especially with respect to the non-failing samples and regional variation in the obtained samples. However, consistent findings of a diminished Ca ²⁺ dependent SERCA activation were found. Increasing evidence has been provided that one of the underlying mechanisms for a decreased activation of SERCA is its altered regulation. With respect to this, the modulations through phospholamban and Ca ²⁺-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) play a detrimental role in regulating SERCA function. Phospholamban phosphorylation of SERCA at the serine-16 and threonine-17 site is diminished in human heart failure resulting in decreases in the apparent affinity for Ca ²⁺ of the SR Ca ²⁺ uptake rates. In contrast, activation of CaMK II leads to an increased maximal velocity of SR Ca ²⁺ sequestration that may enhance SR Ca ²⁺-load. Additional regulation has been recently elucidated by changes in the apparent coupling ratio of Ca ²⁺ transported per ATP hydrolysed. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding how SERCA is modulated under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.