The prevalence of tinea pedis and tinea manuum in adults in rural areas in Turkey

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of tinea pedis and manuum (dermatophyte infections of the hands and feet) in adults in rural areas of Turkey, the risk factors and self-administered treatment options. A total of 2,574 people living in a rural area were enrolled in the study. Participants were asked demographic data, hygienic habits in a questionnaire. KOH preparations and culture were performed from suspicious lesions. Medical and alternative therapy methods and former dermatophytosis diagnosis history were taken from the respondents with suspicious lesions. Microbiological samples were taken from 285 (11.1%) participants. Culture was positive in 109 (4.2%) of those. The most common agent was Trichophyton rubrum. The predisposing factors were found as age older than 40, male gender and obesity. Forty-nine (44.9%) of patients had taken a medical therapy, 56 (51.4%) had performed non-medical methods (cologne, Lawsonia inermis-Henna and softener creams). Patient's education about the treatment compliance is important.     

萘替芬酮康唑乳膏治疗手足癣疗效观察

目的：观察萘替芬酮康唑乳膏治疗手足癣的疗效。方法：采用随机双盲对照试验。将106名入选病例分为试验组和对照组，试验组外用萘替芬酮康唑乳膏，每日2次，共用2周；对照组外用联苯苄唑乳膏每日1次，共用2周。结果：（1）临床疗效：用药1周和用药2周试验组有效率分别为78．57％和92．85％，和对照组比较差异有显著性。（2）真菌学疗效：用药1周和用药2周试验组真菌清除率分别为82．14％和96．42％；和对照组比较差异有显著性。（3）复发情况：停药3个月，试验组复发率5．36％，和对照组比较差异有显著性。结论：萘替芬酮康唑乳膏治疗手足癣疗效显著、复发率低，值得临床使用。     

建立雄性营养性肥胖幼鼠模型的研究

目的建立一种适合于研究儿童营养性肥胖的幼年大鼠肥胖模型。方法运用过度喂养造成高能量饮食新生大鼠肥胖模型,将出生第3天的雄性SD新生大鼠,随机分为对照组和模型组,模型组3只一笼,对照组10只一笼,分别由母鼠喂养至21 d,断乳后正常食料喂养,60 d后,随机6只一组,观察各组体质量、附睾及肾周脂肪质量,同时测定各组动物血糖、血脂、胰岛素等相关肥胖指标。结果出生21 d时,模型组较对照组体质量、体脂比、Lee′s指数明显增加(P<0.01或P<0.05,t值分别为-13.93,-5.12,-2.73,-4.87),血胰岛素分泌和胰岛素敏感指数均较对照组高(P<0.01,t值分别为-10.22,12.03),血糖和血脂无明显差异(P>0.05),出生后60 d,模型组较对照组体质量、体脂比、Lee′s指数明显增加(P<0.01,t值分别为-10.55,-5.53,-3.93,-5.99),血胰岛素分泌和胰岛素敏感指数、血糖和血脂均明显升高(P<0.01或P<0.05,t值分别为-2.26,-9.03,9.73,-5.47)。结论通过调整新生仔鼠只数,出生后21 d可诱导建立幼年雄性SD大鼠营养性肥胖模型,出生后60...     

建立溶脲脲原体动物模型的实验研究

目的用溶脲脲原体(ureap lasm a urealyticum,UU)感染雄性大鼠泌尿系统,建立人工溶脲脲原体感染的动物模型。方法采用模拟性交的自然方式使雄性大鼠反复感染UU,16天后处死大鼠,解剖泌尿系统,分别取膀胱、前列腺及尿道中段进行UU培养。结果60%的大鼠尿道中段UU培养阳性,40%的大鼠前列腺UU培养阳性,膀胱UU培养阴性。结论成功建立了溶脲脲原体感染的实验动物模型,有助于研究抗支原体药物的作用及疗效。     

由动物模型研究中医理论在运动性疲劳中的应用

本文通过对运动疲劳动物模型建立的规律和方法,及其与运动疲劳理论方面的联系的研究,提出应用中医中药消除运动员训练中的疲劳,提高其机能。要根据中医的整体观念和辩证实施的原则,辩证论治,并利用现代医学的诊断技术,加强疲劳机制理论和治疗的研究。     

Efficacy of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus model

Annually adjusted inactivated influenza vaccines can prevent infection and limit the spread of seasonal influenza when vaccine strain closely matches circulating strain. For the years when the match is difficult to achieve, a rapid screening of a larger repertoire of vaccines may be required but is difficult to accomplish due to the lack of a convenient small animal model of seasonal influenza vaccines. The goal of this work was to determine whether the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus, a small laboratory animal susceptible to infection with unadapted influenza viruses, may become such a model. Cotton rats were immunized with a trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) FluLaval (2006/2007) and vaccine immunogenicity and antiviral efficacy was evaluated against the homologous H1N1 and a heterologous H3N2 challenge. FluLaval induced a strong virus-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody response against homologous virus, elicited sterilizing immunity in the lungs and significantly reduced viral replication in the nose of infected animals. FluLaval was efficacious in cotton rats as either a single-time or a double immunization, although higher level of protection of the upper respiratory tract was achieved following two doses of vaccine. Antibodies against a heterologous influenza strain were induced in FluLaval-vaccinated animals, but vaccine lacked antiviral efficacy and did not reduce replication of a heterologous virus. Similarity of these findings to human TIV data suggests that the cotton rat may prove to be a reliable small animal model of human influenza vaccines.     

小鼠未成熟睾丸同种异体移植的动物模型建立和改进

目的:初步探索采用同品系ICR小鼠作为受体小鼠,建立小鼠未成熟睾丸同种异体移植的动物模型。方法:采用6天龄ICR乳鼠未成熟睾丸作为供体,移植于已去势的同品系ICR受体小鼠颈背部皮下。移植后3、4、5周处死小鼠,观察移植物成活状况和移植物体积,HE染色评估移植物组织病理学的情况。荧光定量PCR检测异位成活的移植物组织内TESK1mRNA表达水平,供体睾丸和相应周龄小鼠睾丸组织作为对照。结果:移植后小鼠睾丸体积增长明显,于移植4周后进入平台期,移植前体积(17.3±2.6)mm3,移植3周组体积(203.1±14.3)mm3,移植4周组体积(236.4±27.5)mm3,移植5周组体积(220.9±17.4)mm3。组织病理学显示,移植物组织内曲细精管发育良好,生精功能正常,移植组曲细精管完整性和中空率3组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。TESK1mRNA表达水平随着移植时间延长逐渐增高,移植前TESK1mRNA水平为对照组的(1.19±0.1)倍,移植3周组mRNA水平为移植前小鼠的(6.74±0.8)倍,移植5周组为移植3周组的(11.23±1.2)倍,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用封闭系ICR小鼠作为受体的ICR小鼠未成熟睾丸移植是可行的。     

由动物模型研究中医理论在运动性疲劳中的应用

本文通过对运动疲劳动物模型建立的规律和方法,及其与运动疲劳理论方面的联系的研究,提出应用中医中药消除运动员训练中的疲劳,提高其机能。要根据中医的整体观念和辩证实施的原则,辩证论治,并利用现代医学的诊断技术,加强疲劳机制理论和治疗的研究。     

Tinea pedis outbreak in swimming pools in Japan

This study was conducted to show a higher prevalence of interdigital tinea pedis in athletes by comparing athletes and non-athletes, and to examine swimming pools as a route of infection. The subjects were 282 athletes, 137 non-athletes, and 140 students enrolled in a swimming class at the University of Tsukuba. This study included the taking of cotton-swab samples from the interdigital skin surfaces of both feet and cultures, microscopical examinations of scales collected from subjects with lesions, and questionnaires. There was a significant difference between athletes and non-athletes in the prevalence of the relevant pathogens, and a higher risk of infection was shown in athletes. The study also found that 63.6% of the swimming class students were carriers, and that 85.0% of their dermatophytes were Trichophyton mentagrophytes. In addition, dermatophytes were also isolated from the floors of the swimming pool and the public baths. The results of these controlled studies suggested that there was a significant risk of dermatophytosis in both athletes and non-athletes using the swimming pool.     

BN大鼠致敏动物模型研究

目的建立经腹腔注射途经给予造模致敏原的BN大鼠致敏动物模型。方法分别在实验第1、5和10天,经腹腔注射给予不同性别(雌性和雄性)和不同周龄(4周龄和8周龄)的BN大鼠,不同剂量(1.00、0.10和0.01mg)的造模致敏原———卵清蛋白(OVA),观察35天。分别于第28、35天内眦取血分离血清,用ELISA方法检测血清中OVA特异性IgE。结果与阴性对照组相比,雌性8周龄BN大鼠中、高剂量组第28、35天血清中OVA特异性IgE浓度显著升高(P<0.05);雄性8周龄BN大鼠低、中剂量组血清中OVA特异性IgE浓度在第28天显著升高(P<0.05),高剂量组血清中OVA特异性IgE浓度在第35天显著升高(P<0.05);雄性4周龄BN大鼠,高剂量组血清中OVA特异性IgE浓度在第35天显著升高(P<0.05)。结论经腹腔注射途径给予不同性别和周龄的BN大鼠不同剂量的OVA,雌性大鼠比雄性大鼠更敏感;8周龄大鼠比4周龄大鼠更敏感;0.10mg或1.00mg的致敏剂量较适合。因此,选用雌性8周龄BN大鼠,经腹腔注射给予0.10mg或1.00mgOVA,35天后即可建立比较理想的BN大鼠致敏动物模型。     

Lack of blinding of outcome assessors in animal model experiments implies risk of observer bias

ObjectivesTo examine the impact of not blinding outcome assessors on estimates of intervention effects in animal experiments modeling human clinical conditions.Study Design and SettingWe searched PubMed, Biosis, Google Scholar, and HighWire Press and included animal model experiments with both blinded and nonblinded outcome assessors. For each experiment, we calculated the ratio of odds ratios (ROR), that is, the odds ratio (OR) from nonblinded assessments relative to the corresponding OR from blinded assessments. We standardized the ORs according to the experimental hypothesis, such that an ROR <1 indicates that nonblinded assessor exaggerated intervention effect, that is, exaggerated benefit in experiments investigating possible benefit or exaggerated harm in experiments investigating possible harm. We pooled RORs with inverse variance random-effects meta-analysis.ResultsWe included 10 (2,450 animals) experiments in the main meta-analysis. Outcomes were subjective in most experiments. The pooled ROR was 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20, 0.82; I² = 75%; P < 0.001), indicating an average exaggeration of the nonblinded ORs by 59%. The heterogeneity was quantitative and caused by three pesticides experiments with very large observer bias, pooled ROR was 0.20 (95% CI, 0.07, 0.59) in contrast to the pooled ROR in the other seven experiments, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.57, 1.17).ConclusionLack of blinding of outcome assessors in animal model experiments with subjective outcomes implies a considerable risk of observer bias.     

戊型肝炎病毒感染动物模型应用于抗-HEV试剂评价的初步研究

目的应用实验室戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）感染恒河猴动物模型对抗-HEV诊断试剂进行初步的评价。方法用1和4基因型的HEV静脉注射分别感染4只恒河猴，检测实验猴的丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）水平，逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测粪便标本中HEVRNA，抗-HEVIgG试剂（GL-IgG，wT-IgG）分别检测实验猴系列血清抗体水平。结果HEV感染的8只实验猴均出现粪便排毒，1和4基因型HEV感染的实验猴分别有1只和2只出现ALT升高，GL-IgG试剂检测1型HEV实验感染猴有2只抗体阳转，4型HEV实验感染猴有1只抗体阳转；而wT-IgG试剂检测1、4型HEV实验感染猴的抗体均阳转。两种试剂检测感染猴窗口期抗体阳转时间相近，GL-IgG试剂抗体阳性持续到12周，wrT-IgG试剂在16周观察期内均阳性。结论两种试剂均可检测出感染实验猴的抗体，但wT-IgG试剂具有检测灵敏度较高的特点。     

Report of an NIAID workshop on dengue animal models

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease of humans that has re-emerged in many parts of the world and has become an important international public health threat. Dengue incidence and geographical spread has dramatically increased in the last few decades and is now affecting most tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Despite extensive research efforts for several decades, no vaccines or therapeutics are currently available to prevent and treat dengue infections. One of the main obstacles to the development of countermeasures has been the lack of good animal models that recapitulate dengue pathogenesis in humans and reliably predict the safety and efficacy of countermeasures against dengue. In September 2008, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) held a workshop to consider the current state-of-the-art developments in animal models for dengue and discuss strategies to accelerate progress in this field. This report summarizes the main discussions and recommendations that resulted from the meeting.     

鱼藤酮诱导拟帕金森病鼠科动物模型的研究进展

鱼藤酮是一种线粒体复合体Ⅰ抑制剂,因其诱导帕金森病动物模型在病理学等方面优于其他现有动物模型而引起学者们的关注.一般来说,制备鱼藤酮诱导鼠科动物模型的给药方式主要有口服法、皮下注射法、腹腔注射法、微泵静脉灌注射法和黑质立体定向注射法等.模型制备结束后进行行为学评价,主要方法有摆体试验、昏厥试验、疲劳性转棒试验和阿扑吗啡诱导攀爬试验等.动物和给药两个方面因素都会影响鱼藤酮诱导鼠科动物模型的成功制备与否.     

急性一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病的动物模型制备研究

目的建立急性一氧化碳(CO)中毒迟发性脑病的动物模型,为其机制研究提供基础.方法体重240～280 g雄性SD大鼠,分次腹腔注射CO染毒制备模型,动态监测尾血碳氧血红蛋白(HbCO)浓度,确定染毒剂量和间隔 .分别于染毒后1、3、7、14、21 d取脑组织,常规制备石蜡病理切片,行HE、Luxol氏坚牢蓝焦油紫及Tunnel原位末端凋亡染色.结果染毒后,大鼠体内血液HbCO迅速升高,使用分次腹腔注射法,大鼠可维持长时间(＞16 h)高HbCO状态(HbCO＞50%) ;病理学检查显示染毒大鼠除急性脑损伤外,还在染毒1～2周后出现脑细胞凋亡、大脑白质脱髓鞘、大脑基底结区变性坏死等二次损伤改变,与临床病理学特点十分吻合.结论本研究建立了一种较为符合迟发性脑病临床特征的动物模型,该模型的建立将可为深入研究急性CO中毒致迟发性脑损伤的机制提供可靠基础.     

Incidence of occult athlete's foot in swimmers

Athlete's foot is a dermatophytic infection frequently found in adults. This disease is, in some cases, asymptomatic. In order to evaluate the incidence of subelinical infection, we obtained 300 toe-web samples from the fourth interdigital space of 150 regular swimmers. More over, 66 specimens from the pool area were analysed. The method used was the carpet technique described by Mariat et al. (10). The fungal isolates were identified according to standard methods. A list of epidemiological data was completed for every swimmer.In our results, 22 swimmers had positive cultures (15%), 8 of these cases had no lesions (36%). They included 7 infections with Trichophyton mentagrophytes (87.5%) and one with T. rubrum (12.5%). We observed one case with a dual infection. Only one sample from the inanimate environment was positive. This study showed a significant incidence of occult athlete's foot in swimmers. To control this endemic problem, adequate preventive measures must be taken.     

动物感染戊型肝炎病毒的研究进展

近期研究发现,戊型肝炎病毒在多种动物中广泛存在,被认为是一种新的人畜共患病。此文针对动物感染戊型肝炎病毒及其人畜共患性方面作了综述。     

常压低氧高二氧化碳清洁级动物饲养舱的研制

目的：研制在清洁级条件下符合复制低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉高压和右心室胀大动物模型的清洁级动物饲养舱。方法：采用隔离密封的结构和电气控制技术，建立起均匀混合各种气体浓度的动物饲养舱。结果：通过电气控制舱内氧与二氧化碳浓度，使舱内饲养的动物出现明显的肺动脉高压与右心室胀大，光镜与电镜下出现符合低氧性肺动脉高压的病理改变。结论：该饲养舱适合用清洁级动物复制慢性低氧(高二氧化碳)性肺动脉高压的动物模型。     

光气急性中毒的剂量-反应关系与肺水肿动物模型的建立

目的明确光气急性中毒的剂量-反应关系与其半数致死浓度（LC50）,建立光气中毒肺水肿动物模型,为进一步研究光气损伤机制及防治手段奠定基础.方法小鼠按体重随机分为6组,每组10只,雌雄各半,分别按3.7、4.3、4.7、5.2、5.7、6.3ml给予40%三光气（BTC）;大鼠按2.00、3.03、4.58、6.93、10.50 ml分别给予BTC,动态染毒3 min.随即连续7 d观察其进食、活动及死亡情况.应用改良寇氏法计算小鼠、大鼠光气染毒的LC50.小鼠染毒后4 h,肺脏右叶称量湿重,放入75℃烤箱烘烤24 h,称量肺脏干重,计算肺脏湿干比;取肺脏左叶进行常规HE染色,光镜下观察病理学变化.结果小鼠光气中毒的LC50及其95%可信区间为11.97 g/m^3（9.52～14.42 g/m^3）.大鼠光气中毒的LC50及其95%可信区间为13.81 g/m^3（9.16～14.07 g/m^3）.光气染毒后,小鼠肺湿干比随时间延长呈逐渐上升趋势,2 h时显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论本实验确定了小鼠、大鼠光气染毒3 min的LC50,并依此成功建立了光气中毒肺水肿模型.     

人类疾病模型动物的管理要点

近年来,国内、国外人类疾病模型动物品种、品系繁多,遗传背景各异.国内基因修饰动物模型发展也很快,这些模型动物既有我们自己研发的,也有从国外引进的.建立动物模型的上游科研工作成绩突出,但宝贵的动物模型建立或引进后,由于种种原因导致动物断种、失去原有生物学特性的案例却屡见不鲜.从人类疾病模型动物的引种、保种、检疫隔离、饲养管理的特殊性等方面加强管理,可有效地控制和避免突变系出现自身修复,转基因动物的基因丢失,敲除基因动物基因复位等问题,从而达到保持其固有生物学特性的目的.