微通道经皮肾镜与组合式输尿管软镜碎石术治疗肾结石比较性研究

目的 比较微通道经皮肾镜与组合式输尿管软镜碎石术两种方式治疗肾结石的疗效和并发症.方法 100例体外冲击波碎石无效的肾结石患者,分为两组,51例患者行微通道经皮肾镜碎石术,49例患者行组合式输尿管软镜碎石术,比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后住院时间、术后清除率.结果 51例微通道经皮肾镜组手术时间(53.5±19.6)min,术中出血(75.0±18.5) mL,术后住院时间为(8.0±1.5)d;术后总并发症发生率80.4％:47例结石清除,总清石率为92.16％.49例输尿管软镜组手术时间为(49.0±25.6)min,术中出血(15.2±2.9) mL,术后住院时间为(4.5±0.6)d;术后总并发症发生率为30.6％;32例结石清除,总清石率为65.31％.两者比较手术时间无明显差别;术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率、总清石率微通道经皮肾镜组大于组合式输尿管软镜组;但分组分层发现在多部位、多发结石方面清石率组合式输尿管软镜组优于微通道经皮肾镜组.结论 微通道经皮肾镜在治疗结石负荷＜2 cm、下盏结石、单个结石优于组合式输尿管软镜,但在多部位、多发结石方面清石率组合式输尿管软镜优于微通道经皮肾镜.     

经皮肾镜碎石与肾切开取石治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效比较

目的 比较经皮肾镜碎石与肾切开取石治疗复杂性结石的疗效.方法 对我们收治的116例单侧复杂性肾结石患者进行回顾性分析,其中经皮肾镜碎石60例(观察组)、肾切开取石56例(对照组).比较两种治疗方法的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、住院时间、医疗费用、结石残留个数.结果 观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、住院时间、住院费用均比对照组少(P<0.05),观察组术后结石残留率比对照组高(P<0.05).结论 经皮肾镜碎石术与肾切开取石相比,具有手术时间短、出血少、创伤小、恢复快、并发症少、医疗费用低等特点,能安全有效地治疗具有良好适应证的复杂性肾结石.     

标准通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术联合微通道技术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床疗效观察

目的评价标准通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术联合微通道技术治疗复杂性肾结石的安全性和临床疗效。方法采用标准通道联合微通道(F22+F16)经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石治疗的复杂性肾结石病人90例,对手术时间、术中出血量、一期结石清除率和手术并发症等指标进行分析。结果 90例病人中共81例病人行一期标准通道联合微通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石,术中出血量为(94. 71±20. 58) ml,一期总体清石率达为91. 11%,出现术后并发症9例,对症处理后均治愈(仅1例迟发性出血行介入栓塞治疗)。结论标准通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术联合微通道技术治疗复杂性肾结石净石率高、并发症低,治疗复杂性肾结石可行,安全有效。     

复杂性肾结石患者应用经皮肾镜碎石术的疗效观察

目的观察经皮肾镜碎石术治疗复杂肾结石中的应效果。方法将113例复杂性肾结石患者随机分为2组,观察组(n=58例)给予经皮肾镜碎石术,对照组(n=55例)给予传统开放手术。比较2组手术情况、结石清除率、并发症、住院时间及术后结石复发率。结果观察组Ⅰ期结石清除率高于对照组,手术时间、术中出血量、手术并发症发生率、住院时间、术后结石复发率均少于对照组,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经皮肾镜碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石,效果满意。但需严格掌握手术适应证及禁忌证。     

标准经皮肾镜联合膀胱软镜治疗复杂性肾结石的临床观察

目的探讨标准经皮肾镜(PCNL)联合膀胱软镜在复杂性肾结石治疗中的应用效果。方法我科2011年6月至2013年4月间,选取单侧或双侧复杂性肾结石患者79例,建立F22标准经皮肾镜手术通道,标准肾镜下四代超声气压弹道(EMS)碎石,联合电子膀胱软镜将各盏残余结石以钬激光碎石后冲出。同期对照组80例患者,单独使用标准经皮肾镜,以超声或(和)气压弹道碎石后吸出,术后均留置肾造瘘管4~5d,导尿管5~6d,双J管4~6周,术后随访12个月。结果 79例患者手术时间50~140min,平均手术时间(87.68±15.48)min,平均术中出血量(46.25±14.46)mL,平均住院天数(8.32±1.42)d,一期手术手术清石率为94.9%,术后迟发性出血3例。与对照组比较,联合术式手术时间延长(P0.05),术后住院天数缩短(P0.05),一期清石率显著提高(P0.05),术中、术后出血量明显减少(P0.05),出血输血率明显降低(P0.05),术后并发症明显改善(P0.05)。术后分别随访12个月手术致肾功能损害无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论经皮肾镜联合膀胱软镜在复杂性肾结石的治疗是安全、有效、可选择的。     

可视微通道经皮肾镜一期取石术联合逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床研究

目的观察可视微通道经皮肾镜一期取石术联合逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床效果。方法选取80例复杂性肾结石患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组40例和观察组40例。对照组接受可视微通道经皮肾镜一期取石术,观察组则给予可视微通道经皮肾镜一期取石术联合逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术。比较两组手术情况,检测手术前后肾损伤因子水平,统计结石清除率和围手术期并发症发生率。结果观察组的术中出血量和住院时间均明显少于对照组(P<0.05),并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05),而一期手术结石清除率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组术后的NGAL、Cys-C、KIM-1和Scr水平均较术前明显升高(P<0.05),但观察组术后各项肾损伤因子水平均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论可视微通道经皮肾镜一期取石术联合逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石患者可有效提高一期手术结石清除率,并减少手术操作对肾脏的损伤,减少术中出血量和围手术期并发症发生,缩短住院时间,促进患者恢复。     

经皮肾镜下应用第三代弹道超声波碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石（附30例报告）

目的探讨经皮肾镜下应用第三代弹道超声波碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石的临床效果。方法回顾性分析本院2006年7月～2007年7月经皮。肾穿刺造瘘（PCNL）新型肾镜联合输尿管镜,结合第三代弹道超声波碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石30例的临床资料。结果所有患者均成功建立皮肾通道,26例行Ⅰ期碎石,4例Ⅱ期碎石。平均手术时间120min,结石处理时间为15～150min。未出现气胸、肠道损伤等手术并发症。术后复查KUB平片,23例肾脏结石清除干净,清石率76．7％;3例肾脏有结石残留,行二次肾镜碎石取石,4例辅助体外冲击波碎石治疗。结论PCNL新型肾镜联合输尿管镜,结合第三代弹道超声波碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石具有高效、安全的特点,值得临床推广应用。     

B超引导下经皮肾镜碎石术415例的临床体会

目的探讨B超引导下经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾结石的效果。方法选取鄢陵县中心医院收治的415例肾结石患者,均于B超引导下进行经皮肾镜碎石术治疗。统计结石清除率、手术时间、术中出血量、结石处理时间、住院时间及并发症发生率。结果本组手术时间50～145 min,术中出血量15～60 m L,结石处理时间10～60 min,住院时间7～15 d。本组发生5例并发症(1. 20%),均经相应处理后痊愈。术后1个月复查,结石清除率为93. 98%(390/415)。结论 B超引导下经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾结石,结石清除率高、手术用时短、术中出血少、结石处理时间短,且并发症少,有助于患者早日康复。     

可视化穿刺经皮肾镜联合软性输尿管镜治疗复杂性肾结石

目的将可视化穿刺经皮肾镜与软性输尿管镜联合应用治疗复杂性肾结石,并观察其疗效。方法选取87例复杂肾结石病人,其中观察组(44例)采用可视化穿刺经皮肾镜联合软性输尿管镜手术方式;同时设置对照组(43例),采用普通经皮肾镜手术方式治疗肾结石;统计两组病人术中出血量、手术并发症发生率、结石残留率等指标。结果观察组病人术中出血量(134.4±21.1)ml,手术并发症发生率(2.27%)均明显小于对照组的(153.6±29.2)ml和13.95%,而结石清除率(95.45%)则明显高于对照组(79.06%),两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论可视化穿刺经皮肾镜联合软性输尿管镜治疗复杂肾结石具有创伤小、清石率高等优点,是治疗复杂性肾结石的有效手段。     

B超引导经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的：评价B超引导下经皮肾镜超声联合气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床疗效。方法：对2006年3月-2008年6月，采用B超引导下经皮肾镜超声联合气压弹道碎石术治疗90例96侧复杂性肾结石患者的手术时间、结石清除率、手术并发症等临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：所有患者均成功建立F24皮肾通道并Ⅰ期碎石，平均手术时间70min，平均结石处理时间为50min。本组未出现气胸、肠道损伤等手术并发症。术后复查KUB平片，83例肾脏结石清除干净，净石率92％；7例肾脏有结石残留，辅助ESWL治愈。随访1～6个月，无严重手术并发症。结论：B超引导下经皮肾镜超声联合气压弹道碎石术处理复杂性肾结石具有高效、安全的特点，值得临床推广应用。     

Surgeon-performed ultrasound: endorectal ultrasound

Endorectal (ERUS) and endoanal (EAUS) ultrasound imaging is increasingly being performed by surgeons in the office and outpatient setting for the assessment of both benign and malignant disease.Multiple studies have demonstrated the accuracy of these modalities in identifying pertinent anatomy and anatomic abnormalities.The ultrasound is easily tolerated by most patients, and is easily performed with minimal preparation on the patient's part. The ability of the surgeon to perform and interpret this straight forward diagnostic procedure allows for the simplification of the diagnostic process and a more rapid determination of treatment options for the patient.     

Laparoscopic ultrasound

Laparoscopic ultrasonography is a relative latecomer to the area of surgical sonography whose arrival can be attributed to the need for development of specialized transducers that could fit through conventional laparoscopic trocars. The quality, reliability, and ease of use of such units has evolved rapidly, so that laparoscopic ultrasonography may now be performed on a routine basis. Laparoscopic ultrasonography allows the surgeon to look into the tissues being operated upon, thereby compensating for the inability to physically palpate such tissues. Thus, it has not only helped to mimic open surgery, but has also refined the current techniques of laparoscopic operations. With the increasing availability of equipment, as well as the training of surgeons in this modality, laparoscopic ultrasound is quickly becoming an essential tool for the surgeon aiming to take laparoscopic surgery to new frontiers.     

Three-dimensional ultrasound

Laparoendoscopic surgery is fueled by technology, and advances in medical imaging may bring about further progress. The application of three-dimensional ultrasound to minimally invasive surgery represents technology “just over the horizon.” This article describes the scientific basis of three-dimensional ultrasound and its ability “to see” anatomy not readily visualized laparoscopically. Three-dimensional ultrasound may offer a more intuitive, accurate assessment of hidden anatomic structures in real time, using a safe, non-ionizing and cost-effecitve technology.     

Intraoperative ultrasound

Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) can provide various diagnostic information that is otherwise not available, and can guide or assist various surgical procedures in real time. With refinement of equipment, IOUS is currently used in a wide variety of surgical operations,such as hepatobiliary, pancreatic, endocrine, cardiovascular,and neurologic surgery. Our overview of IOUS, including instrumentation,techniques, indications, advantages, disadvantages,and future perspective, is described in this article. Being safe, quick, accurate, and versatile intraoperatively, IOUS is a valuable technique that surgeons are recommended to master to improve intraoperative decision making and surgical procedures.     

二维超声联合三维超声诊断胎儿半椎体

目的探讨二维超声联合三维超声诊断胎儿脊柱半椎体的价值。方法回顾性分析11胎经随访证实的胎儿脊柱半椎体的二维及三维超声图像,比较二维超声、二维超声联合三维超声诊断半椎体的准确率。结果 11胎半椎体中,单发9胎,其中6胎为胸椎、2胎为腰椎、1胎为骶尾椎病变,胸腰段多发畸形2胎,其中1胎合并椎体融合。二维超声诊断胎儿半椎体7胎(7/11,63.64%),二维超声联合三维超声诊断胎儿半椎体11胎(11/11,100%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);二维超声准确定位半椎体9胎(9/11,81.82%),二维超声联合三维超声准确定位半椎体10胎(10/11,90.91%),差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论二维超声联合三维超声可提高诊断胎儿半椎体准确率,有助于早期发现胎儿半椎体。     

Physics of ultrasound

Procedures involving ultrasound have expanded into many areas of medicine, including Anaesthesia. A good understanding of ultrasound and its benefits and limitations is therefore essential to anaesthetic practice. This article outlines the fundamentals of ultrasound and how it is generated. Images obtained through ultrasound are often subject to artefact; the common artefacts encountered in clinical practice and difficulties imaging certain tissues are explained. Various imaging modes including Doppler ultrasound and their uses are also described. Although largely a safe and widely used technique, the potential safety concerns and hazards resulting from the effects of ultrasound waves on body tissues are discussed.     

乳腺黏液癌常规超声和超声造影表现

目的观察乳腺黏液癌的常规超声和超声造影(CEUS)表现。方法回顾性分析16例经手术病理确诊的乳腺黏液癌患者(17个病灶),术前均接受常规超声及CEUS检查;以常规超声观察并记录病灶位置、大小、形态、内部回声、钙化、后方回声及血流特点等,CEUS观察病灶增强程度及增强方式等。结果 17个病灶中,常规超声显示16个(16/17, 94.12%)呈低回声、1个为等回声;15个(15/17, 88.24%)形态不规则或呈分叶状,14个(14/17, 82.35%)边界不清或有毛刺;10个(10/17, 58.82%)内部回声不均匀;3个(3/17, 17.65%)内部可见局灶性液化区,9个(9/17, 52.94%)可见砂砾样钙化;11个(11/17, 64.71%)内部可探及血流信号,其中8个可探及动脉频谱。CEUS表现为低增强15个、高增强2个;不均匀增强16个、均匀增强1个;16个病灶内见持续性无增强区;13个结节被膜呈稍高增强、4个无被膜高增强。结论乳腺黏液癌超声表现有一定特征性,对诊断该病具有一定临床价值。     

Physics of ultrasound

Ultrasound is a form of non-ionizing radiation that uses high-frequency sound waves to image the body. It is a real-time investigation which allows assessment of moving structures and also facilitates measurement of velocity and directionality of blood flow within a vessel. It can be used for a variety of purposes in the intensive care setting, for example to aid central venous catheter and pleural drain insertion. When using this imaging modality it is vital to understand the relevant physical principles and how the images are created. This article will explain these principles, including the use of Doppler ultrasound and the interpretation of common artefacts.