山东贯叶连翘挥发油成分分析

目的研究山东产贯叶连翘挥发性化学成分。方法采用超临界CO2萃取法提取贯叶连翘全草挥发油,并通过气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术测定提取物的化学成分。结果从贯叶连翘挥发油中鉴定了47种化合物,其氧化石竹烯、斯巴醇、环十二烷、月桂酸等化合物为贯叶连翘挥发油的主要成分。结论山东产贯叶连翘挥发油成分与文献报道的其它地区产贯叶连翘挥发油成分有很大不同,说明地域和气候环境对植物的成分组成有很大的影响。     

山胡椒叶及果实挥发性成分分析

目的:分析山胡椒不同部位的挥发性成分。方法:利用顶空固相微萃取技术(SPME)从山胡椒叶及果实中提取挥发性成分,采用GC-MS联用仪结合保留指数进行鉴定。结果:山胡椒叶挥发油共鉴定出25个化合物,占挥发油总成分的96.51%,主要成分为D-吉玛烯(45.56%)、(+)-喇叭烯(5.76%)、石竹烯(5.75%)等;山胡椒果实挥发油共鉴定出了33个化合物,占挥发油总成分的99.73%,主要成分为β-顺-罗勒烯(31.90%)、可巴烯(12.75%)、α-石竹烯(8.06%)等。二者共有挥发性成分14个。结论:山胡椒叶及果实主要挥发性成分有明显不同。     

贵州金丝桃挥发性成分的分析

目的:研究贵州金丝桃叶的挥发性成分。方法:采用固相微萃取技术(solid-phase microextraction,SPME)从贵州金丝桃叶中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)结合保留指数法对化学成分分析鉴定,并用峰面积归一化法测定其相对质量分数。结果:从贵州金丝桃中鉴定了35个化合物,占叶中挥发性成分的94.46%。结论:贵州金丝桃的挥发性成分主要为β-蛇床烯(12.30%)、α-蛇床烯(11.75%)和石竹烯(10.71%)。     

三白草科三种代表类群叶的挥发性成分研究

目的分析鱼腥草、三白草和裸蒴的叶片挥发性气味成分。方法采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱(GCMS)联用法收集分析鉴定挥发性成分的化学成分和结构。结果从鱼腥草、三白草、裸蒴的叶片挥发物中共鉴定出34种成分。其中鱼腥草叶释放的挥发性成分以β-月桂烯(32.11%)、桧烯(13.70%)、顺式罗勒烯(13.30%)为主,裸蒴叶释放的挥发性成分以2,6-二甲基-6-(4-甲基-3-戊烯基)双环[3.1.1]-庚-2-烯(34.15%)、二环大根香叶烯(16.79%)、(E,E)-α-金合欢烯(10.21%)为主,三白草叶释放的挥发性成分以大根香叶D(15.84%)、γ-榄香烯(12.23%)、β-榄香烯(11.91%)为主。结论鱼腥草、三白草和裸蒴叶片的挥发油成分存在很的差异。该研究可以为物种鉴定提供指导价值,并为公众认知三白草科奇异气味给予科学解释。     

浙江蜡梅叶挥发油化学成分GC-MS分析

目的:分析鉴定浙江蜡梅叶挥发油的化学成分组成。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取浙江蜡梅叶中挥发性化学成分,采用气相色谱-质谱-数据库(GC-MS-DS)联用技术对其化学成分进行分离鉴定。结果:共分离了37个峰并鉴定出其中33个化合物,用面积归一化法测定其相对百分含量,占挥发性化学成分总含量的97.78%。结论:浙江蜡梅叶挥发油中主要成分是:1,4-桉叶素(46.20%)、(Z)-2,6,10-三甲基-1,5,9-十一烯(9.71%)、1,1-二甲基-3,4-二异丙烯基-环己烷(7.42%)、三辛胺(6.44%)、α-丙酸萜品酯(4.01%)、α-蒎烯(3.92%)等。     

顶空固相微萃取气质联用分析干姜中挥发性成分

目的:分析干姜中挥发性成分的化学组成。方法:采用顶空固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)萃取干姜中挥发性成分,并用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对干姜的挥发性成分进行分析。结果:从干姜中分离出51个色谱峰,鉴定了其中42个化合物,占挥发性成分总量的98.06%。干姜挥发性成分中含量最高为β-水芹烯(26.49%)和姜烯(15.61%),其次为β-倍半水芹烯(6.84%)、(-)-莰烯(6.68%)、α-姜黄烯(5.66%)。结论:采用HS-SPME-GC-MS联用技术分析干姜中的挥发性成分,为干姜挥发性成分的研究及开发利用提供了科学依据。     

波罗蜜叶挥发油化学成分的气相色谱-质谱分析

目的分析波罗蜜叶挥发油化学成分。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法从波罗蜜叶中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱法对其化学成分进行鉴定,并用气相色谱面积归一化法测定了各成分的相对含量。结果分离得到52个化学组分峰,并鉴定出其中的26个成分,占总挥发油含量的71.94%。结论波罗蜜叶挥发油主要成分为正十六酸(30.63%),7,10,13-十六三烯醛(8.45%),长叶烯-5-酮(5.78%),植醇(2.41%)和大=牛儿烯B(1.90%)。     

GC-MS分析臭常山根、茎及叶中主要挥发性化学成分

目的:运用GC-MS分析臭常山根、茎及叶的主要挥发性化学成分,并比较其成分种类的异同与含量差异。方法:采用固相微萃取(head-space solid-phase microextraction,SPME)技术分别提取臭常山根、茎及叶的主要挥发性化学成分,用GC-MS对其挥发性成分进行鉴定。结果:从臭常山根、茎及叶中分离出85个峰,共鉴定了83个化合物。根的主要挥发性成分有1-甲基-5,6-二乙烯基-1-环己烯(80.70%)和3-甲基-3,4-二乙烯基-1-环己烯(7.59%),茎的主要挥发性成分有α-蒎烯(36.12%)、苄基异腈(14.46%)、苯乙基异氰(12.57%)、甲基辛基酮(4.59%),叶的主要挥发性成分有2-己烯醛(21.11%)、Diktaminin(19.00%)、桧烯(10.79%)及氧化石竹烯(6.25%)。结论:臭常山根、茎及叶所含挥发性成分差异较大,共有成分11个(分别占根、茎、叶挥发性成分的93.15%,51.82%和20.33%),为进一步研究和运用臭常山根、茎及叶入药提供了参考。     

苕叶细辛挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的:分析苕叶细辛挥发油的化学成分。方法:用水蒸气蒸馏法提取苕叶细辛挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对苕叶细辛挥发油的化学成分进行分离鉴定。结果:鉴定出68种组分,占总峰面积的92.18%。其主要挥发性化学成分为:莰烯(13.48%)、α-蒎烯(12.44%)、β-蒎烯(11.07%)、2-莰醇(8.12%)、反式-β-金合欢烯(5.91%)、榄香脂素(5.38%)、5-(2-丙烯基)1,3-苯并间二氧杂环戊烯(3.06%)、肉豆蔻醚(2.95%)、喇叭烯(2.47%)、桉叶油精(2.33%)、绿叶醇(2.25%)、α-红没药烯(2.04%)、乙酸龙脑酯(1.36%)等。结论:该结果为进一步开发利用苕叶细辛提供科学依据。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用分析贵州产杏叶茴芹挥发性成分

目的:研究贵州产杏叶茴芹挥发性成分。方法:采用固相微萃取技术对杏叶茴芹挥发性成分进行提取,GC-MS进行鉴定。结果:从杏叶茴芹挥发性成分中得到28个组分,鉴定了其中的19个化合物,占挥发性成分的86.23%。主要挥发性成分为(S)-1-甲基-4-(5-甲基-1-甲基-4-己烯基)环己烯(48.83%)和1-(1,5-二甲基-4-己烯基)-4-甲基苯(6.15%)。结论:杏叶茴芹挥发性成分主要是萜烯类。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Ethnobotanical study of plants used in treating hypertension in Edo State of Nigeria

A study was undertaken in 12 local government areas (LGAs) of Edo State located in central southern Nigeria, representing 66.6% coverage, in order to obtain an inventory of the major medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat arterial hypertension. One hundred and eighty nine respondents who were mainly traditional medical practitioners and were knowledgeable in the medicinal plants for treating hypertension were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire administered by trained interviewers. The inventory of medicinal plants is summarized in a synoptic table, which contains the scientific, vernacular and common names of the plants/frequency of citation, the part of the plant and method of preparation of recipes. The study indicated 70 plants belonging to 67 genera in 43 families are commonly prescribed. Of these plants, 39 species are cultivated, 29 species grow in the wild, while only 2 both grow wild and also cultivated. Ninety three herbal antihypertensive recipes are recognized and are mainly prepared as decoctions, infusions, powders and juice. The leaf (43%) represented the dominant morphological part often included in recipes. Plants frequently included in antihypertensive recipes were Allium species, Persea americana, Acalypha godseffiana, Zingiber officinale, Sida acuta, Hunteria umbellata, Rauwolfia vomitoria, Viscum album and Aframomum melegueta.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Antifungal activity of Brazilian medicinal plants involved in popular treatment of mycoses

A survey of medicinal plants used to treat common mycoses was done in the Curituba district, Sergipe State, Brazil. One hundred inhabitants were interviewed by health agents and traditional healers. Four different plants were the most cited (more than 50% of the citations): Ziziphus joazeiro, Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Bumelia sartorum and Hymenea courbaril. The aqueous extracts obtained following traditional methods and using different parts of these plants, were submitted to drop agar diffusion tests for primary antimicrobial screening. Only the water infusion extract of Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis presented a significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Candida guilliermondii, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Fonsecaea pedrosoi, when compared to the antifungal agent amphotericin B. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bioactive extracts was evaluated by the microdilution method. Best activity with a MIC of 6.5 microg/ml for both extracts was observed against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida guilliermondii. Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis extracts presented also low acute toxicity in murine models. The present study validates the folk use of these plant extracts and indicates that they can be effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat fungal infections.     

《中国药典》中哈蟆油的基原问题诹议

目的:根据历史文献、近代国内外学者及作者的研究,诹议《中国药典》中哈蟆油的基原问题。方法:综合分析文献资料报道,从史书记载、形态学、染色体组型、银带及同工酶电泳、基因水平等方面,探讨哈蟆油的原动物基原。结果与结论:名贵药材哈蟆油的原动物基原应为东北林蛙Rana dybowskii,其分类阶元为我国蛙类的一有效物种,建议《中国药典》应将哈蟆油的原动物确定为东北林蛙,以避免哈蟆油原动物名称混乱问题。     

Antimalarial activity of some plants traditionally used in treatment of malaria in Kwale district of Kenya

Methanolic and water extracts of five medicinal plant species used for treatment of malaria in traditional/cultural health systems of Kwale people in Kenya were tested for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei, respectively and for their cytotoxic effects. The most active extracts (IC(50)<10 microg/ml) screened against chloroquine (CQ) sensitive (D6) and resistant (W2) P. falciparum clones, were the water and methanol extracts of Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock (Celasteraceae), methanol extracts of Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Voigt (Euphorbiaceae), Maytenus putterlickioides (Loes.) Excell and Mendoca (Celastraceae), and Warburgia stuhlmannii Engl. (Canellaceae). These extracts showed various cytotoxic levels on Vero E6 cells with the water extract of M. undata exhibiting least cytotoxicity. At least one of the extracts of the plant species exhibited a high chemo suppression of parasitaemia >70% in a murine model of P. berghei infected mice. These results indicate that there is potential for isolation of a lead compound from the extracts of the five plants. W. stuhlmannii and M. putterlickioides have not been reported before for antiplasmodial activity.     

常用藏药“蒂达”(藏茵陈)基原物种药用合理性及资源利用价值评价

目的:对“蒂达”各品种不同基原植物药用合理性及其资源利用价值作出评价.方法:采用HPLC指纹图谱共有特征峰、结合SPSS聚类分析方法,评价“蒂达”不同品种基原植物的成分组成相似性.结果:“蒂达”不同品种涉及的来源有龙胆科獐牙菜属、花锚属、扁蕾属及肋柱花属共15种1变种33个样品,指纹图谱全谱相似度较差;以10个共有峰成分的相对面积聚类,其基原植物可分别聚为4个组;上述4个属的属间成分组成差异较大;其中獐牙菜属不同种间成分组成变化较大,而其他各属种间成分组成相似度较高.结论:上述龙胆科4属植物均含有具有保肝利胆生物活性的环烯醚萜类、(山)酮类及三萜类成分,藏医学将其归为“蒂达”一类药材使用具有一定的物质基础;鉴于“蒂达”类药材不同基原各品种间在成分组成上差异较大,分别制定各品种的HPLC指纹图谱,是鉴别和控制各品种质量的有效手段,可有效控制各基原品种质量.