Effect of thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin with hyperthermia on primary tumor and lung metastases in hamster osteosarcoma

We evaluated the effect of intravenous thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin (TL-DOX) together with local hyperthermia on primary tumors in highly metastatic hamster osteosarcoma. This combination resulted in higher DOX concentrations in plasma, primary tumors and lungs than standard DOX under the same conditions. Tumor growth and lung metastasis were also inhibited more by TL-DOX and hyperthermia than by hyperthermia alone, DOX with or without hyperthermia, and TL-DOX without hyperthermia. In addition, gains in hamster body weight were not suppressed. These results suggest that the combination of TL-DOX and hyperthermia can control primary tumors and suppress lung metastasis in hamsters.     

Prevention of lung metastasis by intra-tumoral injection of Cepharanthin and staphylococcal enterotoxin B in transplantable rat osteosarcoma.

The antitumor effect of intra-tumoral injection of Cepharanthin, a biscoclaurin alkaloid extracted from Stephania cephalanta Hayata, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B was evaluated using F344 male rats bearing transplantable rat osteosarcoma, S-SLM. A macroscopic lung metastatic nodule of tumor was transplanted into the subcutaneous back space, and 0.5 mg of Cepharanthin and 2 pg of staphylococcal enterotoxin B were injected into the tumor on days 12, 13 and 14. On day 28, all animals were killed with an overdose of pentobarbital sodium, and the transplanted tumors and lungs were examined. The wet weight of the lungs of the rats treated with Cepharanthin and staphylococcal enterotoxin B was significantly lower, and apoptosis in the lung metastatic nodules was significantly higher than that of the control or that of rats treated with only Cepharanthin or staphylococcal enterotoxin B. In the transplanted tumors, infiltration of TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)-positive multinucleated giant cells was prominent in the rats treated with Cepharanthin and staphylococcal enterotoxin B. These findings indicate that intra-tumoral injection of Cepharanthin and staphylococcal enterotoxin B induced infiltration of TRAP-positive multinucleated giant cells within the transplanted rat osteosarcoma, and reduced lung metastasis.     

Inhibitory effect of UFT on postoperative lung metastasis of mammary adenocarcinoma in SHR rats

It is well known that UFT has significant therapeutic effects against experimental and clinical cancers at the primary sites. In this experiment, we studied the inhibitory effect of UFT on the lung metastasis of spontaneously developed rat mammary carcinoma (SST-2) after surgical excision of the primary site. In comparison of UFT-treated (15 or 30 mg/kg/day) with 5-FU-treated (9.7 or 19.5 mg/kg/day) groups, UFT was more effective than 5-FU in the antitumor activity and the inhibitory effect of lung metastasis with/without surgical excision of the primary sites. Rats (5-10 rats per group) were inoculated s.c. with 1 x 10(6) SST-2 cells and administered with UFT orally (15, 30 or 60 mg/kg/day) starting the day after tumor inoculation for 30 days. The therapeutic effect of UFT was studied by the growth rate of primary tumor and the numbers of metastatic colonies in the lung 35 days after tumor inoculation, comparing the UFT-treated with control groups. UFT administration at the doses of 30 or 60 mg/kg/day markedly inhibited the growth of the primary tumors and the number of metastatic lung colonies decreased, compared with that of the control group. However, in the group of rats treated at the dose of 60 mg/kg/day, 60% of rats died from the side effects of UFT such as weight loss, hemorrhage etc. In all groups in which the primary tumors were surgically excised 20 days after tumor inoculation and then treated with UFT (15, 20 or 30 mg/kg/day), we observed marked prolongation of survival period and inhibition of lung metastasis as well. Furthermore, we studied the effect of combination therapy of UFT and lentinan (1 mg/kg/day i.p.) on the metastasis of SST-2 cells after surgical excision of the primary sites. It was more effective than UFT alone. Thus, it is clear that UFT is an effective anticancer drug to inhibit metastasis of tumors in the lung after surgical excision of primary tumor.     

JCS对LA795肺腺癌小鼠移植瘤转移的抑制作用研究

目的对金刺参九正合剂（JCS）防治肺癌转移的能力及机制进行探讨。方法JCS/顺铂（DDP）作用于荷LA795高转移肺腺癌小鼠模型,观察药物对荷瘤小鼠抑瘤率、肺转移抑制率的影响,并应用免疫组化方法观察药物对实验小鼠皮下移植瘤体血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、血管内皮细胞因子（CD34）、移植瘤黏附因子（CD44V6）、基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP2）、基质金属蛋白酶抑制酶（TIMP2）的表达及移植瘤微血管密度（MVD）变化的影响。结果JCS组/DDP＋JCS组瘤重抑制率、肺转移抑制率分别为18.2%、42.4%和60.6%、64.4%;MVD、VEGF、CD44V6、MMP2表达均明显低于其它组,TIMP2表达明显高于其它组（P〈0.01）。结论JCS对LA795高转移肺腺癌小鼠模型有较好抑制肿瘤生长、抑制转移的作用,其抑制基质降解及肿瘤血管生成,调节肿瘤转移相关黏附分子的表达可能是JCS抑制肿瘤转移的机制之一。     

Inhibitory effect of L-homoarginine on murine osteosarcoma cell proliferation

An organ-specific alkaline phosphatase inhibitor, L-homoarginine, at 44.5 mM concentration inhibited [3H]thymidine uptake by C3H/He mouse osteosarcoma (OS) cells, while L-arginine, L-phenylalanine, and glycine had little effect on the uptake. This inhibitory effect of L-homoarginine persisted even after the cells were washed free of the amino acid with fresh media. L-Homoarginine did not affect [3H]thymidine uptake by mouse myeloma MOPC 104E cells. In long-term culture, 22.3 mM L-homoarginine inhibited proliferation of OS cells. L-Arginine at the same concentration inhibited the proliferation to a lesser extent. On the other hand, L-phenylalanine and glycine did not affect in vitro proliferation of OS cells. When the same number of viable OS cells was inoculated s.c. after culturing the 24 hr with 44.5 mM L-homoarginine or L-arginine, the tumor growth in mice given injections of L-homoarginine (but not L-arginine)-treated cells was delayed markedly. Electron microscopic studies indicated that the inhibiting effect on OS cell proliferation was associated with a marked increase in lysosomal granules and a decrease in virus-like structures. Similarly, biochemical assay for acid phosphatase of cell homogenates demonstrated a 2-fold increase of activity in L-homoarginine-treated cells when compared to controls and L-arginine-treated cells. Thus, L-homoarginine inhibits proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of mouse OS cells and appears to increase acid phosphatase activity in synthesis of lysosomal granules.     

含吡柔比星方案治疗骨肉瘤肺转移患者的疗效及心脏功能评估

目的:本研究旨在探讨含吡柔比星(pirarubicin, THP)方案治疗骨肉瘤肺转移患者的疗效,并对心脏功能等相关不良反应进行评估.方法:32例骨肉瘤肺转移患者接受THP (50 mg/m2, d 1)联合顺铂(cisplatin, DDP)(80 mg/m2,分成2～3 d)或异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide, IFO)(8 g/m2,分成4 d)治疗,评价近期疗效.应用心脏超声检测患者THP治疗前后左室射血分数和E/A值等心脏功能指标.结果: 含THP方案治疗骨肉瘤肺转移患者中位总生存时间为(31.00±7.98)个月,无疾病进展时间为(13.00±2.46)个月,客观缓解率为46.88%,部分缓解率为40.63%.含THP方案化疗的不良反应主要为胃肠反应和骨髓抑制;THP不同累积剂量组左室射血分数差异无统计学意义,THP累积剂量较大组的E/A值较化疗前明显降低(P＜0.05).结论:含THP方案治疗骨肉瘤肺转移患者是较为有效和安全的,可以作为挽救性化疗选择方案.二维彩色多普勒超声技术可作为评价蒽环类药物早期心脏毒性的检测手段之一.     

人参皂甙Rg3和核糖核酸酶抑制因子转基因对小鼠黑色素瘤的抑制作用研究

目的观察人参皂甙Rg3和核糖核酸酶抑制因子(RI)转基因对小鼠B16黑色素瘤肺转移的抑制作用和影响,探讨人参皂甙Rg3和RI抗肿瘤生长和转移作用的分子机制。方法制备转RI基因的B16黑色素瘤肺转移小鼠模型,对野生型对照组(W组)、空质粒转染组(B组)和RI转基因组(RI组)以及给予Rg3的野生型对照组(Rg3/W组)、空质粒转染组(Rg3/B组)和RI转基因组(Rg3/RI组)中,荷瘤小鼠肺重量、肿瘤转移灶数目、生存期和肿瘤组织微血管密度进行检测和分析。结果Rg3和RI转基因使荷瘤小鼠肺重量降低,肿瘤转移灶数目减少,其肺重量降低和肿瘤转移灶数目减少的程度以Rg3/RI组最明显,Rg3/B组、Rg3/W组和RI组次之,与W组和B组差异有显著性(P<0.01),Rg3和RI有一定的协同性。Rg3和RI可延长荷瘤小鼠的生存期,Rg3/RI组小鼠在观察期(1.5个月)内均存活,W组和B组小鼠全部死亡(至26d),且出现死亡的时间较早。经HE染色和第Ⅷ因子相关抗原的免疫组化分析显示,Rg3和RI使肺内瘤组织的微血管密度降低,降低的程度为Rg3/RI组>Rg3/B组>Rg3/W组>RI组>B组>W组。结论人参皂甙Rg3可增强RI转基因对小鼠黑色素瘤肺转移的抑制作用,人参皂甙Rg3和RI基因在抗肿瘤生长、转移及血管生成方面有协同作用。     

内皮抑素基因对裸鼠移植骨肉瘤的抑制作用

目的：探讨内皮抑素（endostatin,ES）基因对裸鼠骨肉瘤细胞UMR106移植瘤的抑制作用。方法：携带ES基因重组质粒体外扩增后,应用脂质体法转染骨肉瘤细胞UMR106,Zeocin抗性筛选得到ES-UMR106细胞。MTT法观察ES基因对肿瘤细胞增殖的影响,ELISA法检测转染后肿瘤细胞的ES分泌情况。MTT法观察ES基因对血管内皮细胞增殖能力的影响。应用ES-UMR106和UMR106细胞制作裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,观察两组动物移植瘤生长情况、瘤组织的病理变化及肺转移的情况。结果：ES基因转染不影响UMR106细胞的增殖能力;ES-UMR106细胞可表达有生物活性的ES,转染后48hES在培养液中超过350ng/ml。ES-UMR106细胞分泌的ES可明显抑制血管内皮细胞增殖。与UMR106细胞相比,ES-UMR106细胞在裸鼠接种的移植瘤生长速度缓慢、包膜完整,病理组织学显示瘤体内血管稀少,肿瘤细胞广泛坏死;UMR106细胞移植瘤裸鼠肺组织出现转移灶（2/8）,ES-UMR106细胞移植瘤裸鼠无肺转移灶。结论：携带ES基因重组质粒转染骨肉瘤UMR106细胞后可抑制该骨肉瘤细胞移植瘤的生长和转移。     

重组腺病毒介导小鼠内皮抑素对荷骨肉瘤MG-63细胞裸鼠肺转移的抑制

目的: 构建携小鼠内皮抑素(endostatin， ES)基因的重组腺病毒载体，观察其对荷骨肉瘤裸鼠肺转移的抑制，探讨内皮抑素表达水平与骨肉瘤肺转移的关系。方法:构建pDC315mEndo表达质粒，同源重组产生重组腺病毒AdmEndo。裸鼠右前肢皮下注射骨肉瘤MG63细胞建立移植瘤裸鼠模型；随机分为4组：小鼠内皮抑素腺病毒（AdmEndo）组，携带EGFP基因腺病毒（AdEGFP）组， PBS组，未接种肿瘤细胞裸鼠空白对照组。各组裸鼠每周分别注射相应药物200 μl，连续5次，观察各组动物移植瘤体积、瘤组织病理，ELISA法检测各组裸鼠血ES水平；7周后处死动物，观察有无肺转移及肺转移灶病理。结果：AdEGFP组肿瘤体积为（1.53±0.05） cm3,PBS组为（1.56±0.07） cm3, AdmEndo组为（0.91±0 .03） cm3，AdmEndo治疗的抑瘤率达40.7％。AdmEndo组裸鼠血内皮抑素表达水平明显高于AdEGFP组和PBS组（P<0.05）。AdmEndo组裸鼠肺部未发现肿瘤转移灶，其他两组肺部见大量散在转移灶，肺转移率分别为80%和90%。未发生肺转移裸鼠的ES水平显著高于发生肺转移的裸鼠（P<0.05）。结论：腺病毒介导的小鼠内皮抑素显著抑制了荷骨肉瘤裸鼠肺转移，内皮抑素表达水平与肺转移有着直接的关系。     

银杏内脂B对人骨肉瘤Saos-2细胞的抑制作用研究

目的 探讨银杏内脂B（GB）对骨肉瘤（OS）细胞增殖、凋亡和迁移侵袭的影响以及潜在机制。方法 将人骨肉瘤Saos-2细胞分别在含300、600和1200 μmol/L GB的培养液中培养24、48和72 h,采用CCK-8法检测Saos-2细胞的增殖情况,流式细胞仪检测Saos-2细胞凋亡率,Transwell小室迁移与侵袭实验检测GB对Saos-2细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响;提取GB处理后Saos-2细胞的mRNA和蛋白,采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测Bcl-2、Bax、MMP-2和MMP-9的基因及蛋白表达水平,Western blotting法检测Erk和Akt磷酸化及cleaved-caspase-3水平。结果 GB能明显抑制Saos-2细胞的增殖,且呈时间和浓度依赖性,600和1200 μmol/L GB可诱导Saos-2细胞凋亡,GB对Saos-2细胞的迁移及侵袭的抑制作用呈浓度依赖性;GB可升高Bax mRNA和蛋白水平,但降低Bcl-2、MMP-2和MMP-9的mRNA和蛋白水平;高浓度GB能抑制Erk和Akt的磷酸化且升高cleaved-caspase-3水平。结论 GB具有抑制Saos-2细胞增殖及迁移侵袭和诱导细胞凋亡作用,其机制可能与抑制Erk和Akt磷酸化有关。     

Genetic and clonal dissection of osteosarcoma progression and lung metastasis

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor that has a high potential to metastasize to lungs. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the dissemination of OS cancer cells to lungs. We performed whole exome sequencing of 13 OS primary tumors, with matched lung metastases and normal tissues. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that lung metastatic tumors often harbor clones that are nonexistent or rare in the matched primary OS tumors. Spatially and temporally separated lung metastases were from parallel seeding events with a polyphyletic pattern. Loss of TP53 or RB1 is among the early events during OS tumorigenesis, while loss of PTEN is involved at the later stages associated with lung metastases. Finally, KEAP1 was identified as a novel biomarker for increased metastatic risk. Patients whose primary tumors harbored KEAP1 amplification have significantly poorer lung‐metastasis free survival. This finding was validated in two independent datasets. Further, in vitro experiments exhibited that KEAP1 depletion suppressed the invasion of OS cells. Our findings uncover the patterns of clonal evolution during OS progression and highlight KEAP1 as a novel candidate associated with the risk of lung metastasis in OS patients.     

Breast metastasis in osteosarcoma

A young girl with a history of chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the tibia developed a pulmonary metastasis which was treated by metastasectomy, chemotherapy and lung irradiation. Three years later, at the age of 15, she developed a breast mass which was excised and which proved to be a poorly differentiated sarcoma. This was almost certainly a metastasis rather than a radiation-induced second primary tumour, in view of the short interval since radiotherapy. The ultrasonographic features of this lesion are presented here and the differential diagnosis is discussed in this context.     

烟曲霉醇联合环磷酰胺对小鼠LA795肺腺癌转移的抑制作用

背景与目的:血管生成抑制剂联合化疗药物治疗肿瘤成为目前研究热点之一。本研究旨在观察烟曲霉醇(fumagillol,TNP-470)联合环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CTX)对肺腺癌小鼠异体移植转移的协同抑制作用,并初步探讨TNP-470抑制肿瘤转移的相关机制。方法:将40只接种高转移性LA795肺腺癌细胞的T739裸小鼠随机分成5组:对照组、溶剂组、TNP-470组(30mg/kg)、CTX组(40mg/kg)、联合组(TNP-47030mg/kg CTX40mg/kg)。实验3周后,处死全部小鼠。剥离皮下肿瘤称瘤重并计算抑瘤率;取出双肺观察表面肿瘤转移情况,计算肿瘤肺转移发生率,计数各组小鼠肺表面转移结节数及计算出肺表面结节转移抑制率。免疫组化和图像分析系统检测皮下移植瘤中微血管密度(microvesseldensity,MVD)、P-选择素表达并定量分析。结果:联合组抑瘤率(81.5%)明显高于其他各组(P<0.01),Q值等于1.21,说明两药合用具有协同作用。与对照组(12.13±4.02)相比,联合组(1.75±1.71)、TNP-470组(4.75±3.34)、CTX组(8.50±2.67)肺表面转移结节数明显下降;同时TNP-470组和联合用药组皮下肿瘤内MVD、P-选择素表达与对照组相比均下降,差异有显著性(P<0.01),而CTX组对此则无明显影响。结论:TNP-470与CTX对LA795肺腺癌的肺结节转移具有协同抑制作用;TNP-470抑制LA795肺腺癌转移与其抑制肿瘤内P-选择素表达有关。     

白蛋白结合型紫杉醇二线治疗骨肉瘤肺转移的临床观察

目的 探讨白蛋白结合型紫杉醇二线治疗一线化疗失败的骨肉瘤肺转移患者的疗效和安全性。方法 收集19例一线化疗失败的骨肉瘤肺转移患者,均予白蛋白结合型紫杉醇125～140mg／m²静滴,d₁、d₈。21天为1个周期。采用RECIST 1.0标准评价疗效,NCI-CTC 3.0标准评价不良反应。结果 19例患者均可评价疗效。无CR病例,获PR 1例,SD 5例,PD 13例;总有效率（RR）为5.3％,疾病控制率（DCR）为31.6％;中位无疾病进展时间（PFS）为2.2个月。仅2例患者发生1级白细胞减少,未发生其他不良反应。结论 对于一线化疗失败的骨肉瘤肺转移患者,使用白蛋白结合型紫杉醇治疗安全性良好,并取得一定疗效。     

14例骨肉瘤肺转移致自发性气胸的临床观察

目的 探讨骨肉瘤肺转移致自发性气胸患者的生存情况及影响预后的因素。方法 回顾性分析14例发生自发性气胸和40例同期未发生自发性气胸的骨肉瘤肺转移患者的临床资料,生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,多因素分析用Cox比例风险模型。结果 54例骨肉瘤肺转移患者均获随访。14例自发性气胸患者的中位无进展生存时间（PFS）为2个月,中位总生存时间（OS）为11个月,2年生存率为14.3％（2／14）,而未发生自发性气胸的40例骨肉瘤肺转移患者分别为2个月、16个月和35.0％（14／40）,两组OS的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。气胸发生率及PFS与化疗情况无关（P＞0.05）。肺转移灶数目和自发性气胸是影响骨肉瘤肺转移患者OS的独立因素（HR=0.34,95％CI：0.15～0.79,P=0.01;HR=0.38,95％CI：0.16～0.87,P=0.02）。结论 自发性气胸的发生与骨肉瘤肺转移的不良预后有关。