子宫内膜异位不孕患者血孤啡肽及泌乳素水平的相关研究

目的探讨子宫内膜异位症(内异症)不孕患者血孤啡肽及泌乳素水平的变化及意义。方法采用放射免疫法测定29例内异症不孕妇女(不孕组)、32例内异症妊娠妇女(妊娠组),23例单纯输卵管阻塞不孕妇女(对照组)及30例健康妇女(正常组)血孤啡肽及泌乳素的含量。结果(1)不孕组妇女血孤啡肽及泌乳素的含量分别为(28.44±6.55)ng.L-1和(42.33±9.92)μg.L-1,妊娠组妇女血孤啡肽及泌乳素的含量分别为(18.26±5.13)ng.L-1和(29.32±8.51)μg.L-1,对照组分别为(10.18±3.64)ng.L-1和(18.05±4.77)μg.L-1,正常组分别为(11.35±3.71)ng.L-1和(16.14±4.46)μg.L-1。(2)内异症不孕组及妊娠组妇女血孤啡肽水平显著高于对照组及正常组(P<0.01及P<0.05),且不孕组与妊娠组间差异也有显著性(P<0.05)。(3)不孕组及妊娠组妇女血泌乳素含量高于对照组及正常组(P<0.01及P<0.05),且不孕组水平显著也高于妊娠组(P<0.05)。(4)内异症不孕组血孤啡肽及泌乳素水平显著正相关(P<0.01)。结论孤啡肽及泌乳素与子宫内膜异位不孕的发生、发展密切相关。     

产后抑郁症患者血孤啡肽水平初步测定

目的 :探讨产后抑郁症患者的血孤啡肽水平。方法 :采用放射免疫法测定 2 5例健康产妇 (对照组 )及 2 4例产后抑郁症妇女 (抑郁组 )血孤啡肽含量。结果 :(1)抑郁组血孤啡肽含量为 (2 7.39± 6 .0 4 ) ng/L ,对照组血孤啡肽含量为 (10 .37± 3.6 5 ) ng/ L ;与对照组相比 ,抑郁组孤啡肽含量显著升高 (P<0 .0 1)。(2 )抑郁组 EPDS评分与孤啡呔含量呈显著正相关 (r=0 .4 99,P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :血孤啡肽与产后抑郁症的发生发展可能有一定关系。     

40岁以下不孕妇女的血型与卵巢储备的关联研究

目的探讨40岁以下不孕妇女的血型与卵巢储备功能的关联。方法回顾性分析8000例不孕症妇女的基本特征和血型,联合卵泡刺激素(Follicle-stimulating hormonr,FSH)值及窦卵泡数(Antral follicle count,AFC)分为M组(FSH10 m IU/L,AFC≥5个)和N组(FSH≥10 m IU/L,AFC5个),分析4种血型患者的资料分布和M、N两组患者的基本特征和血型。结果 (1)8000例不孕症妇女中A型血患者最多,4种血型的患者年龄、体重指数(BMI)、不孕年限、获卵数、原发不孕例数和获卵数之间无显著差异;(2)M组7243例与N组757例患者比较,不孕妇女的年龄、BMI、获卵数、AFC、LH、FSH/LH、EMS发生率、卵巢手术发生率与卵巢储备功能下降有关联,雌二醇(Estradiol,E2)和不孕年限与之无关;(3)O型和B型血妇女均为M组人数超过N组,而N组中AB型患者比例居多,A型与卵巢储备下降无关;(4)多元logistic回归分析得出O型血发生DOR(diminished ovarian reserve)风险小,B型和AB型血易发生DOR,而A型血与DOR无关联,年龄和卵巢手术是卵巢储备的危险因素。结论 40岁以下中国汉族不孕妇女中,O型血不易发生DOR,B型和AB型血易发生DOR,A型血与DOR无关联,年龄和卵巢手术影响卵巢储备。建议不孕症妇女尽早就诊,尽量选择微创的卵巢手术保护生殖功能,把握生育机会。     

子宫内膜异位症不孕妇女腹腔液对精子运动及穿卵的影响

目的探讨子宫内膜异位症（内异症）性不孕妇女的腹腔液对人精子运动及穿卵率的影响。方法将行诊断性腹腔镜检查的不孕妇女40例分为内异症组20例,根据r—AFS分期：早期（Ⅰ／Ⅱ）12例,晚期（Ⅲ／Ⅳ）8例,对照组20例为其它原因不孕者,酶标双抗体夹心法（ELISA）测定两组患者腹腔液肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—α）的含量;正常人精液按1：1比例和两组腹腔液共同孵育,测定精子运动参数（平均曲线速度、平均直线速度、平均路径速度、直线前向运动百分率）和去透明带地鼠卵穿透试验的变化。结果内异症组腹腔液TNF—α含量高于其它原因不孕组（P〈0．05）,且晚期内异症组的TNF-α又明显高于早期患者（P〈0．05）;内异症组四项精子运动参数指标均低于对照组,与TNF—α含量呈负相关（P〈0．05）;内异症组穿卵数值明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论体外观察内异症不孕患者腹腔液对精子活力及穿卵受精能力有明显抑制作用,内异症患者腹腔液内TNF—α值升高与疾病程度正相关,可能是导致不孕的机理之一。     

子宫内膜异位症患者血清中胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF1)水平变化的意义

目的探索子宫内膜异位症患者血清IGF1水平变化与子宫内膜异位症发病的关系。方法采用双抗体夹心ABC ELISA法测定36例子宫内膜异位症患者及24例健康妇女IGF1水平。结果(1)子宫内膜异位症组血清IGF1水平为(284.4±86.6)ng/m l,对照组血清IGF1水平为(138.2±74.1)ng/m l。子宫内膜异位症组血清IGF1水平高于对照组血清IGF1水平,两组比较,差异有显着性(P<0.05)。(2)两组妇女分别进行增生期与分泌期血清中IGF1水平比较,正常组妇女增生期与分泌期血清中IGF1水平比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。子宫内膜异位症组妇女增生期与分泌期血清中IGF1水平比较,差异无显着性(P>0.05)。结论血清中IGF1水平变化与子宫内膜异位症的发病密切相关。     

内异症子宫内膜ER、PR基因表达的研究

目的/:v探讨子宫内膜异位症(内异症)子宫内膜雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)基因表达在内异症发病中的作用。方法:利用大鼠内异症动物模型,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术,检测子宫内膜ER和PRmRNAs的表达情况。结果:内异症模型组大鼠异位内膜ER、PRmRNAs的表达显著低于在位内膜及对照组正常子宫内膜(P＜0.01);而模型组在位内膜ER、PRmRNAs的表达与正常对照组比较差异无显著(P＞0.05)。内异症模型组异位内膜ER/PRmRNA比值大于在位内膜及正常子宫内膜ER/PRmRNA比值(P＜0.01)。结论:内异症大鼠异位内膜ERmRNA表达的相对增高在内异症的发生与发展中起着一定的作用。     

瘦素、脂联素、抵抗素、内肥素与妊娠糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的:探讨脂肪因子瘦素、脂联素、抵抗素、内肥素与妊娠糖尿病(GDM)胰岛素抵抗的相关性.方法:实验分为正常育龄妇女组(44例)、正常妊娠妇女组(62例)和妊娠糖尿病患者组(63例),用ELISA方法分别检测3组瘦素(Leptin),脂联素(Adiponectin),抵抗素(Resistin),内肥素(Visfatin)的水平,用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测血糖水平,免疫发光法检测胰岛素水平,用HOMA-IR(稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数)表示胰岛素抵抗状态,HOMA-IR=空腹血糖×空腹血胰岛素÷22.5,用SPSSll.5统计软件进行统计分析.结果:妊娠糖尿病患者组的瘦素水平明显高于正常妊娠妇女组[(13.50±7.14)ng/ml、(7.78±3.82)ng/ml,P<0.001],正常妊娠妇女组明显高于正常育龄妇女组[(7.78±3.82)ng/ml、(1.73±0.70)ng/ml,P<0.001]差异具有统计学意义;GDM 组的内肥素水平明显低于正常妊娠妇女组[(15.67±5.78)ng/ml、(22.43±5.68)ng/ml,P<0.001],正常妊娠妇女组明显低于正常育龄妇女组[(22.43±5.68)ng/ml、(36.46±13.34)ng/ml,P<0.001],差异具有统计学意义;GDM 组的脂联素水平低于正常妊娠妇女组[(5 491.71±2 986.00)ns/ml、(6 692.34±2 583.51)ng/ml,P=O.029],差异有统计学意义,正常妊娠妇女组明显低于正常育龄妇女组[(6 692.34±2 583.51)ng/ml、(11 076.82±3 694.75)ng/ml,P<0.1301],差异具有统计学意义;GDM组抵抗素水平与正常妊娠妇女组比较差异没有统计学意义.在妊娠糖尿病患者组,HOMA-IR与瘦素(r=0.352,P=0.005)正相关,与内肥素(,=-0.255,P=0.046)呈负相关.结论:妊娠糖尿病患者瘦素水平升高,内肥素和脂联素水平降低,瘦素和内肥素与胰岛素抵抗有关,瘦素和内肥素参与了妊娠糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的发生发展;脂联素和抵抗素与胰岛素抵抗不具有相关性,脂联素和抵抗素可能与妊娠糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的发生无关.     

男性不育患者中Y染色体微缺失与生殖激素水平的相关性分析

目的筛查严重少精子症及无精子症患者Y染色体AZF区域微缺失的发生情况,探讨Y染色体微缺失患者与生殖激素水平的关系。方法对138例男性不育患者(其中无精子症患者86例,少精子症患者52例)进行Y染色体无精子因子(azoospermia factor,AZF)微缺失分析,同时用化学发光法测定生殖激素水平。结果 138例患者中发生AZF微缺失患者7例,检出率为5.04%,其中严重少精子症3例,无精子症4例。7例AZF微缺失情况:AZFb区缺失3例;AZFb+c区缺失4例。Y染色体AZFb区缺失患者的卵泡刺激素(FSH)值(53.36±41.59)m IU/m L及AZFb+c区患者的卵泡刺激素(FSH)值(39.16±20.14)m IU/m L显著高于无Y染色体AZF区缺失患者(13.7±10.62)m IU/m L,Y染色体AZFb区缺失患者的促黄体生成素(LH)值(19.41±12.52)m IU/m L及AZFb+c区患者的促黄体生成素(LH)值(16.66±6.78)m IU/m L显著高于无Y染色体AZF区缺失患者(6.29±3.94)m IU/m L,Y染色体AZFb区缺失患者的睾酮(T)值(1.75±0.75)ng/m L及AZFb+c区患者的睾酮(T)值(3.80±1.99)ng/m L显著低于无Y染色体AZF区缺失患者(5.53±1.90)ng/m L,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在无精子症及严重少精子症患者中Y染色体微缺失以AZFb区与AZFc区缺失最为常见。Y染色体AZFb+c区缺失是与FSH、LH和睾酮水平变化密切相关。     

子宫内膜异位症患者腹腔液中IGF-Ⅰ和IGF-Ⅱ水平的检测与意义

目的探讨腹腔液中IGF-Ⅰ和IGF-Ⅱ的表达水平在子宫内膜异位症发病中的作用，及其与内异症性不孕的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法（EHSA）检测31例内异症患者（不孕者13例，非不孕者18例）和19例非内异症患者腹腔液中IGF-Ⅰ和IGF-Ⅱ的表达水平。结果内异症组腹腔液中IGF-Ⅰ表达水平（143．59±53，80mg／ml）显著高于对照组（94．44±45.81ng／ml）（P〈0.01），并且内异症组中不孕患者IGF-Ⅰ表达水平（174．98±38．47ng／ml）显著高于非不孕者（124．40±4-53．57ng／ml）（P〈0．05），内异症组早晚期IGF-Ⅰ表达水平无显著差异；腹腔液中IGF-Ⅱ表达水平在两组中均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论IGF-Ⅰ在内异症的发生发展中可能起了一定作用，并且可能是内异症性不孕的一个重要病因。     

无精子症患者睾丸生精功能与血清性激素水平的相关性分析

目的通过对广东佛山地区104例无精子症患者的血清性激素水平进行检测并分析,探讨其与睾丸生精功能的相关性。方法 104例研究对象均于我院确诊为无精子症患者,测定其血清中总睾酮(T,nmol/L)、卵泡刺激素(FSH,IU/L)、黄体生成素(LH,IU/L)、泌乳素(PRL,ng/m L)、雌二醇(E2,ng/L)水平,根据睾丸活检病理结果分为生精功能正常组(1组)、生精功能低下组(2组)、唯支持细胞综合征组(3组)。结果各组患者的年龄均无统计学差异,1组与2组患者各性激素水平无统计学差异;3组患者血清FSH、LH、PRL水平高于2组,E2水平低于2组,有显著的统计学差异,虽然3组T水平低于2组,但两组间没有统计学差异;3组患者血清FSH、LH水平高于1组,T水平低于1组,有显著的统计学差异,但两组之间的PRL、E2水平并无统计学差异。相关分析显示睾丸生精功能与T水平呈正相关,与FSH、LH水平呈负相关,与PRL、E2水平没有相关性。结论血清性激素水平测定对于预测无精子症患者睾丸生精功能有重要意义,并可用于指导治疗及判断预后情况。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.