The relationship of victim injury to the progression of sexual crimes through the criminal justice system

A number of factors are known to influence the progression of sexual crimes through the criminal justice system. The role of victim injury in influencing decision-making at pivotal stages has been addressed by a number of separate research projects. This article consolidates existing research evidence in order to highlight the important role that victim injury plays at each step of the legal process. The importance of accurate diagnosis and recording of victim injury is highlighted. Furthermore, by describing the significant impact that the presence of victim injury can have on the legal outcome, the importance of ensuring that cases without victim injury are correctly interpreted by the police, legal professionals, judiciary and the jury is heavily emphasised.     

Quality of life assessment in elite collegiate athletes.

The objectives of this study were to establish baseline Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) data for Division I collegiate athletes and to determine the effects of injury severity and training time. All participating athletes (N = 562) at a major university were evaluated with the SF-36. Regression analysis was performed to identify predictive factors. When the men without injury were compared with a previously established norm group, there was a significant increase in the role emotional score. In the women without injury there were significant increases in mental component summary, physical function, role emotional, mental health, and vitality scores when compared with the norm group. Serious injury was a predictor of lower scores in all domains, whereas minimal injury was predictive of lower physical component summary, role physical, bodily pain, social function, and general health scores. Increased training time was predictive of higher mental component summary, role physical, vitality, and general health scores. Elite collegiate athletes scored differently from previously established age-matched norms, and injury was a strong predictor of lower scores.     

beta -amyloid precursor protein positive axonal bulbs may form in non-head-injured patients

Since the early 1980s axonal bulbs staining positively for beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) have been used as a marker of diffuse axonal injury (DAI), bulb formation been attributed to shearing forces generated during rotational acceleration/deceleration head injury. This study draws attention to the observation that they may form in the absence of a head injury and, thus, axonal injury cannot be assumed to result from mechanical injury alone. Out of 20 cases with no history of head injury studied, which only showed evidence of neuronal hypoxic change, 11 (55%) showed variable positive staining for betaAPP in a similar anatomical distribution to that previously described for DAI. The role of hypoxia in the formation of axonal bulbs, as well as the possible role of betaAPP as an acute phase protein, are discussed. These observations further clarify the pattern and relationship between neuronal and axonal staining observed following a brain insult and emphasize the possible role of betaAPP as a neuroprotective protein.     

Imaging in renal trauma

Renal injuries are classified,based on the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma classification,in to five grades of injury.Several imaging modalities have been available for assessing the grade of renal injury,each with their usefulness and limitations.Currently,plain radiographs and intravenous urography have no role in the evaluation of patients with suspected renal injury.Ultrasonography(USG) has a limited role in evaluating patients with suspected retroperitoneal injury;however,it plays an important role during follow up in patients with urinoma formation.USG helps to monitor the size of a urinoma and also for the drainage procedure.The role of selective renal arteriography is mainly limited to an interventional purpose rather than for diagnostic utility.Retrograde pyelography is useful in assessing ureteral and renal pelvis integrity in suspected ureteropelvic junction injury and for an interventional purpose,like placing a stent across the site of ureteric injury.Magnetic resonance imaging has no role in acute renal injuries.Multidetector computed tomography is the modality of choice in the evaluation of renal injuries.It is also useful in evaluating traumatic injuries to kidneys with preexisting abnormalities and can help to define the extent of penetrating injuries in patients with stab wounds in the flank region.The combination of imaging findings along with clinical information is important in the management of the individual patient.This article will describe a spectrum of renal injuries encountered in a trauma setting.     

吸入性损伤对小鼠肺组织细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨细胞凋亡、促凋亡基因和凋亡抑制基因在吸入性损伤发生的作用及意义。方法以小鼠烟雾吸入性损伤为模型，应用RT—PCR和TUNEL技术，观察其损伤后肺组织中Bcl-2和Bax基因mRNA表达及细胞凋亡的变化。结果小鼠烟雾吸入性损伤后肺组织Bcl-2和Bax的表达增加，细胞凋亡指数升高，与对照组相比，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论提示细胞凋亡可能参与了吸入性损伤肺组织的病理形成过程。     

Animal evidence for hyaluronic acid efficacy in knee trauma injuries. Review of animal-model studies

IntroductionIntra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid (HA) could have potential interest in therapy of acute knee trauma injuries, but few results are available in humans.ObjectiveWe reviewed the literature for animal studies of intra-articular HA injections after knee trauma injury to determine the interest of human clinical research into and/or use of such injections for knee trauma.MethodsSystematic literature search on MEDLINE for studies involving animal models of osteoarthritis created by acute knee trauma injury, with HA injections beginning during the 2 weeks after injury.ResultsThe search revealed 14 studies with a high methodological quality: 7 related to meniscus injury, 3 ACL injury, 1 combined ACL–meniscus injury and 3 cartilage injury. The animal models were rabbits in 10 studies. Four studies demonstrated positive effects and 3 moderate effects of intra-articular HA injection for meniscus injury; 1 positive effects and 2 no effect for ACL injury; 1 positive effects for combined ACL–meniscus injury; and 2 moderate effects and 1 no effect for cartilage injury.ConclusionsWith a high strength of recommendation, intra-articular HA injections in animal models with meniscus injury improved the healing process and/or had a protective role in articular cartilage, a slightly protective role in ACL injury animal models and low or no effect on healing in articular cartilage injury animal models.     

Effects and mechanism of platelet-rich plasma on military drill injury:A review

Military drill injury is a significant part of military medical research.The increase of training intensity and changes in training methods lead to differences in injury types.The ideal therapeutic modality should allow rapid healing at a reasonable cost and minimize impact on patients' life.Platelet-rich plasma (PRP),a platelet concentrate,is rich in a variety of growth factors and widely used clinically as a minimally invasive treatment.It plays an important role in injury repair and rehabilitation.In this article,we review the therapeutic role of PRP in military drill injury and its possible underlying mechanisms,with a focus on plantar fasciitis,stress fractures and other common injuries,in order to provide basic support for military reserve.     

中性粒细胞在ALI/ARDS发生发展中的作用及对策研究进展

急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)是由多种炎性递质及效应细胞共同参与,并呈级联放大的炎症继发性弥散性肺实质损伤,以顽固的低氧血症为主要临床表现的病理生理综合征;至今仍是高发病率和高死亡率、难以预防的临床危重症。中性粒细胞在急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征发病中起到至关重要的作用,本文就中性粒细胞在肺损伤中的作用研究及对策进展作一综述。     

成年大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后海马齿状回神经前体细胞增殖的Glu - iGlURs通路机制研究

 目的观察选择性iGluRs拮抗剂MK-801对弥漫性脑损伤后齿状回神经发生的调控作用,探讨Glu-iGluRs通路在神经发生中的角色.方法选用成年弥漫性脑损伤大鼠模型,采用BrdU标记分裂细胞及免疫组织化学方法,比较弥漫性脑损伤后2、4、6、8、12 d时MK-801干预弥漫性脑损伤组大鼠与相应对照组大鼠之间海马齿状回神经前体细胞的增殖速度.结果MK-801 1 mg/kg腹腔注射后,明显抑制了成年大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后4、6、8、12 d时齿状回神经前体细胞增殖,BrdU免疫阳性细胞数目较相应对照组明显减少(P＜0.01).结论弥漫性脑损伤后脑组织Glu-iGluRs通路的激活促进了海马齿状回神经发生,在这一过程中,NMDA受体介导的级联生物学事件可能发挥了重要作用.     

Reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia: pathophysiology,MR imaging,and potential therapies

Introduction Restoration of blood flow following ischemic stroke can be achieved by means of thrombolysis or mechanical recanalization. However, for some patients, reperfusion may exacerbate the injury initially caused by ischemia, producing a so-called “cerebral reperfusion injury”. Multiple pathological processes are involved in this injury, including leukocyte infiltration, platelet and complement activation, postischemic hyperperfusion, and breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. Methods/results and conclusions Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide extensive information on this process of injury, and may have a role in the future in stratifying patients’ risk for reperfusion injury following recanalization. Moreover, different MRI modalities can be used to investigate the various mechanisms of reperfusion injury. Antileukocyte antibodies, brain cooling and conditioned blood reperfusion are potential therapeutic strategies for lessening or eliminating reperfusion injury, and interventionalists may play a role in the future in using some of these therapies in combination with thrombolysis or embolectomy. The present review summarizes the mechanisms of reperfusion injury and focuses on the way each of those mechanisms can be evaluated by different MRI modalities. The potential therapeutic strategies are also discussed.     

MK-801对成年大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后海马齿状回神经发生的影响

通过观察选择性N 甲基 D 天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体拮抗剂MK 80 1对弥漫性脑损伤后齿状回神经发生的调控作用 ,探讨谷氨酸在神经发生中的作用。将 45只成年雄性SD大鼠制成弥漫性脑损伤模型 ,并随机分为MK 80 1干预组、生理盐水干预组和对照组(n =15 ) ,采用BrdU标记分裂细胞及免疫组织化学方法比较弥漫性脑损伤后 2、4、6、8、12天时大鼠海马齿状回神经前体细胞的增殖速度。结果显示 ,腹腔注射MK 80 1(1mg/kg)后明显抑制了成年大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后 4、6、8、12天时齿状回神经前体细胞的增殖 ,BrdU免疫阳性细胞数目较相应对照组明显减少 (P <0 0 1)。表明弥漫性脑损伤后脑组织NMDA受体的激活促进了海马齿状回神经发生 ,在这一过程中谷氨酸介导的级联生物学事件可能发挥了重要作用。     

Evaluating bone marrow oedema patterns in musculoskeletal injury

MRI is a common tool in the evaluation of musculoskeletal injury that allows the clinician to pinpoint specific pathologies. The patient's history and physical exam play a critical role in the diagnosis of sports injuries, however, complementary imaging can play an important role in determining the nature and extent of injury. With the widespread use of MRI, attention has focused on the signals generated following injury. In particular, bone marrow oedema (BME) patterns can be used to aid in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal injury. In this pictorial essay, the authors will demonstrate common patterns of BME that accompany a wide range of musculoskeletal injuries. It is expected that by the end of this article, the reader will be able to (1) recognise BME is a phenomenon observed on MRI following sports injury; (2) recognise typical patterns of BME; (3) understand the relationship of oedema to the type of injury and (4) in the presence of oedema, understand other co-existing injuries that ultimately may have an impact on management.     

Bilateral asymmetric hip dislocation: case report and literature review

Simultaneous anterior and posterior hip dislocation is an unusual injury. A unique case is presented, consisting of bilateral asymmetric hip dislocation with associated femoral head, femoral shaft, and acetabular fractures resulting from a motorcycle collision. The mechanisms of injury, management, role of imaging, and complications of this injury complex are discussed, with a review of the relevant literature.     

肺冲击伤后动脉血气和X线胸片的改变

本文报告了狗和绵羊冲击伤后动脉血气和X线胸片的改变。结果表明在肺冲击伤伤情较重时,可见PaO_2明显下降和X线胸片显示片状或絮状阴影,而对伤情较轻者则两者均未见明显改变。结果提示血气和X线胸片检查对较重的肺冲击伤有一定的诊断价值。     

脊髓损伤药物治疗现状

药物在脊髓损伤的治疗中起着重要作用,如何有效保护脊髓、减少继发性损伤、促进受损神经元再生一直是脊髓损伤药物治疗研究的重点。本文就目前脊髓损伤药物治疗现状作一综述。     

The subscapularis: anatomy,injury, and imaging

The subscapularis is the largest and most powerful of the rotator cuff muscles and fulfills an important role in glenohumeral movement and stability. The spectrum and implications of subscapularis muscle or tendon injury differ from injury to other rotator cuff components because of its unique structure and function. Diagnosing subscapularis injury is clinically difficult and assessment of subscapularis integrity may be limited during arthroscopy or open surgery. Diagnostic imaging plays an important part in diagnosing and evaluating the extent of subscapularis injury. The radiologist should be aware of the anatomy of the subscapularis, the variations in muscle or tendon injury, and the potential implications for treatment and prognosis.     

一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂对大鼠液压脑创伤皮质血流的影响

目的探明一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在液压脑创伤后脑皮质血流改变中的作用。方法通过抑制一氧化氮合成酶（ＮＯＳ）活性以及给予ＮＯＳ底物使脑组织中产生ＮＯ的量增加或减少，来观察脑皮质血流对ＮＯ的反应。结果（１）ＮＯＳ抑制剂Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ可致全身血压升高，并在一定剂量范围内呈剂量依赖性。（２）Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ可使脑创伤皮质内的血流进一步下降。（３）Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ可改变创伤后脑皮质血管的阻力反应性。结论ＮＯ在液压脑创伤后皮质血流调节中有重要作用，伤后早期即过度抑制ＮＯＳ活性，可致皮层血流进一步下降，加重神经损害。     

Pediatric thoracic trauma: imaging considerations

Imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of the pediatric thorax following blunt and penetrating trauma. This essay reviews important differences between children and adults with respect to the pattern of thoracic injury. Additionally, the role of various imaging modalities in the assessment is discussed. Finally, the spectrum of pediatric thoracic injury is provided. Electronic Publication     

兔颌面部撞击伤致颅脑损伤后内皮素含量和脑水肿的变化

了解颌面部撞击伤与颅脑损伤的关系,内皮素（ＥＴ）与在颅脑损伤发展过程中的作用。实验兔２５只,分别以平均速度８ｍ／ｓ和３ｍ／ｓ的撞击头致颌面部２,伤后早期观察颌面部和颅脑伤情,分析脑损伤发生条件。取脑组织标本光镜及电镜观察,研究颅脑损伤特点,测定血浆和脑组织中ＥＴ含量及脑含水量。颌面部撞击作国后脑组织病理改变明显,伤后血浆和脑组织匀浆中ＥＴ含量显著提高,出现脑水肿,高速组变化更显著。内皮素含量变化与     

半月板损伤部位与临床查体阳性体征的相关性研究

目的:分析半月板损伤部位与半月板损伤查体之间的对应关系,评价各种临床查体方法对半月板损伤诊断的临床价值。方法:对2009年3月~2011年3月通过临床查体及MRI诊断以及关节镜检确诊半月板损伤的114例(123膝)患者进行回顾性分析,研究半月板损伤各种查体方法对于诊断不同部位半月板损伤的敏感度和特异性。结果:各种半月板损伤的查体方法对诊断半月板损伤有着重要的提示作用,并与半月板损伤部位存在明显的相关性。结论:多个相关临床查体相结合可提高半月板损伤诊断的准确率。