左髂静脉受压综合征并发下肢深静脉血栓形成的综合介入治疗

目的 探讨介入治疗髂髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床价值.方法 对28例左髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成患者采用经颈静脉插管溶栓、左髂静脉球囊扩张及支架治疗,部分血栓已蔓延至下腔静脉的患者在溶栓前行下腔静脉滤器置入.结果 28例患者均在术前彩色多普勒超声检查及术中造影检查明确诊断;5例行可回收性下腔静脉滤器置入,所有患者均经颈静脉置入溶栓导管于髂股静脉进行溶栓治疗,髂股静脉血栓溶解率100%,溶栓后均予以球囊扩张左髂总静脉,其中6例置入髂静脉支架.术后肢体肿胀症状明显减轻或消失,随访3～12个月临床效果满意.结论 采用滤器置入、经颈静脉溶栓、髂静脉球囊扩张及支架治疗左髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种安全、微创、有效的治疗手段,具有较好的效果,值得临床推广.     

机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：评价经皮机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的可行性、安全性及有效性。 方法：选取2015年4月-2017年6月收治左髂静脉受压综合征伴急性下肢DVT的患者33例,发病时间6 h-14 d,平均年龄（57.97±14.44）岁。所有患者均在滤器保护下进行治疗。AngioJet血栓清除术、球囊扩张和髂静脉支架植入均在同期完成,术后保留鞘管予以溶栓治疗,每天复查造影,若血栓完全溶解,取出下腔静脉滤器并结束溶栓。术后第1、3、6、12个月进行门诊随访,行彩色超声和（或）下肢静脉造影检查了解下肢深静脉及髂支架内血流通畅情况。 结果：33例患者均同期完成手术,技术成功率100%,AngioJet抽吸时间为（224.70±72.78）s,溶栓时间（34.00±15.37）h,尿激酶用量（112.58±49.92）万U。33例患者同期植入髂静脉支架33枚。血栓清除率Ⅲ级患者29例,血栓清除率Ⅱ级患者4例。无出血、症状性肺栓等严重并发症发生。术后随访1例患者术后两月血栓复发,32例患者术后随访超声和（或）下肢静脉造影检查提示下肢深静脉及髂静脉支架内血流通畅。 结论：机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种安全有效的方法。     

同期血栓机械清除联合髂静脉支架植入治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成12例北大核心CSCD

目的评价经皮机械血栓清除术(PMT)联合髂静脉支架植入一期治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法 2014年12月至2016年1月收治12例急性下肢DVT伴左侧髂静脉受压综合征(IVCS)患者,男3例,女9例,平均年龄(50.42±16.21)岁;均有左下肢肿胀、疼痛症状,其中中央型3例,混合型9例。所有患者术前均置入下腔静脉滤器,术后取出。Angio Jet血栓清除导管PMT术、球囊扩张和髂静脉支架植入均在同期完成,复查造影有残余血栓时保留鞘管,给予溶栓治疗。术后1、3、6、12个月门诊随访,彩色超声和(或)下肢静脉造影复查了解深静脉及支架内血流通畅情况。结果 12例患者均同期完成手术,技术成功率100%。手术时间60~110 min,平均(96.25±14.32)min;血栓抽吸时间51~280 s,平均(199.92±74.89)s。血栓清除率Ⅲ级10例,Ⅱ级2例,临床症状均得到缓解。除部分患者在左髂总静脉球囊扩张中有不同程度疼痛外,无肺栓塞、严重出血等并发症发生。平均随访(5.58±2.75)个月,11例彩色超声和(或)下肢静脉造影提示深静脉及髂静脉支架内血流通畅,1例脑星形细胞瘤手术患者复发。结论同期PMT联合髂静脉支架植入治疗急性下肢DVT方法安全可行,初步临床疗效满意。     

综合介入治疗左下肢深静脉血栓合并Cockett综合征临床分析

目的探讨急性左下肢深静脉血栓形成合并Cockett综合征的综合腔内介入治疗方法的应用价值。方法 2010年7月～2011年6月对57例左下肢急性深静脉血栓形成合并Cockett综合征患者采用下腔静脉滤器置入术、左下肢深静脉置管溶栓术及左髂静脉闭塞或狭窄段球囊扩张内支架术治疗,观察患者手术前后左下肢症状及体征,通过造影观察左下肢深静脉通畅情况。结果 57例患者均经下肢深静脉造影检查明确诊断,本组技术成功56例,患者下肢肿胀、疼痛等消失,盆腔侧枝循环消失。1例患者仅行抗凝治疗,下肢肿胀好转。治疗过程中患者未发生滤器、支架移位等情况,未发生血栓复发、肺动脉栓塞、出血并发症等。术后口服抗血小板药物至少3～6个月,随访2～12个月,11例患者左下肢肿胀,7例患者出现下肢静脉曲张,所有患者未发生下肢溃疡,6、12个月后复查造影无支架内阻塞病例。结论综合介入治疗左下肢深静脉血栓形成合并Cockett综合征微创、安全,术后口服抗凝药物可提高下肢深静脉通畅率,临床疗效确切。     

溶栓导管治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床应用

目的评价溶栓导管治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的疗效。方法2003年4月～2004年10月,32例左下肢DVT患者施行了溶栓导管置入术,采用抗凝及经溶栓导管脉冲式灌注尿激酶治疗。其中行下腔静脉滤器置入术11例、行髂总静脉球囊扩张术10例,行髂总静脉支架置入术2例。结果溶栓导管平均放置时间为(7.7±2.3)d。下肢水肿完全消退28例,部分消退4例。左下肢深静脉血栓完全溶解29例,其中12例存在左髂静脉受压综合征;血栓部分溶解3例。无出血、肺动脉栓塞等并发症。结论采用溶栓导管治疗下肢DVT是一种安全、有效的方法。     

髂静脉受压综合征并发急性节段性髂股静脉血栓的血管腔内治疗

目的 探讨以经皮人工抽吸血栓清除术(MAT)作为主要的血栓清除方法,在MAT后立即行球囊扩张及支架置入术的一次性介入方案,治疗髂静脉受压综合征(IVCS)并发急性节段性髂股深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的可行性、疗效及安全性.方法 前瞻性纳入IVCS并发急性节段性髂股DVT患者26例[女17例、男9例;年龄33～ 79岁,平均(55±13)岁].所有患者均表现为左下肢肿胀或疼痛.IVCS的确诊依靠CT血管成像.所有患者在确诊后即给予抗凝治疗,介入术后至少维持6个月.经患肢腘静脉入路行血管腔内治疗,MAT、球囊扩张及支架置入术在一次手术过程内完成.MAT后残留少许血栓者行经导管溶栓治疗(尿激酶80万单位维持12h).对患者的治疗情况进行随访.结果 所有患者均成功施行一次性血管腔内治疗.手术时间45～ 90 min,平均(67±13)min.所有患者在MAT后血栓均达到完全清除,接近100％者24例,残留＜5％者2例,残留血栓经溶栓后完全溶解.MAT后静脉造影显示左髂静脉狭窄者24例,闭塞者2例.所有患者均成功开通左髂总静脉,共置入支架26枚,支架直径10～ 14 mm,长度60 ～ 100 mm.患肢症状完全缓解者25例,部分缓解者1例.住院时间2.0～4.0d,平均(2.7±0.3)d.随访时间12～ 25个月,平均(18±4)个月.1例在术后11个月出现支架内血栓形成,经溶栓后复通.1年初次通畅率和二次通畅率分别为96％(25/26)和100％(26/26).除5例患者在球囊扩张中出现一过性腰痛外,未见其他并发症.结论 以MAT作为主要血栓清除方法、在MAT后立即行球囊扩张及支架置入术的一次性介入方案治疗IVCS并发急性节段性髂股DVT是可行的,近期疗效确切、安全.     

左髂静脉受压综合征的介入治疗

目的 探讨左髂静脉受压综合征患者左髂静脉阻塞性病变介入治疗的临床意义。方法 经皮经股或Guo静脉行左髂静脉扩张40例，内置支架术33例，二期行左大隐静脉高位结扎抽剥加左股静脉瓣膜缩窄术27例，31例术后随访6－66个月（平均28个月）。结果 扩张成功36例，出院时所有患肢疗效良好。术后随访，所有静脉曲张消失、溃疡愈合。19例皮肤色素沉着消失17例，2例明显减退，17例慢性左下肢肿胀消失15例，轻度肿胀2例。结论 左髂静脉阻塞病变介入治疗疗效良好，对继发的大陷静脉和股静脉瓣膜病变应作二期处理。     

无症状人群左髂总静脉受压MSCT研究

目的:探讨无症状人群左髂总静脉受压的发生率及其临床意义.方法:回顾性分析100例无下肢静脉回流障碍症状患者的腹部MSCT资料,测量双侧髂总静脉及髂动脉的直径.统计学检验采用t检验和相关分析.结果:19% (n=19)的患者左髂总静脉受压大于50%,52% (n=52)的患者左髂总静脉受压大于25%,平均受压程度为31.5% (8.3%～72.6%).绝大多数患者左髂总静脉受压为右髂总动脉及腰椎共同压迫所致.患者年龄、髂动脉直径与左髂总静脉受压无明显相关性.女性患者左髂总静脉受压程度明显大于男性(女39.8±8.2%,男26.6±8.5%,t＝2.30,P＝0.005).结论:在无症状人群中左髂总静脉受压是一种正常的解剖学变异,不应被认为是一种病理状态.     

多层螺旋CT血管成像与DSA对照诊断下肢静脉阻塞性病变

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像(multi-slice CT angiography,MSCTA)在下肢静脉阻塞性病变中的应用价值。方法对32例临床疑有下肢静脉阻塞性病变患者行16层螺旋CT血管成像及血管三维重建,并进行DSA检查,结合临床资料分析CTA技术及其在下肢静脉阻塞性病变中的应用价值。结果32例疑诊下肢静脉阻塞性病变患者,MSCTA诊断髂静脉受压综合征19例,其中左侧髂总静脉受压16例,右侧髂总静脉或其分支受压3例。下肢深静脉血栓形成9例,其中左下肢2例,右下肢5例,双下肢2例。左侧腹股沟区囊肿压迫左侧髂外静脉1例。单纯左下肢浅静脉曲张1例。以上30例CT诊断结果均与DSA结果相符合。MSCTA诊断右侧股腘静脉扩张1例,未见异常1例,该2例DSA均提示下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全。结论MSCTA对下肢静脉阻塞性病变的诊断有较高的临床应用价值。     

经皮导管抽吸去栓术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨经皮导管抽吸去栓术在急性下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep venous thrombosis,DVT）综合介入治疗术中的临床应用价值。方法：34例左侧急性下肢DVT,均经右侧股静脉穿刺置入下腔静脉滤器,随后经左侧股静脉或胭静脉穿刺插管,行导管抽吸去栓,最后对左侧髂总静脉进行球囊血管成形术。结果：31例血栓一次性清除,3例部分清除;所有病例均存在左髂静脉受压综合征;左下肢水肿完全消退30例,部分消退4例;未出现肺栓塞或其它并发症,随访6～52个月,临床治愈者元复发。结论：经皮导管抽吸去栓术治疗急性下肢DVT是一种快捷、有效的方法,值得临床推广。     

Computed tomography findings in 10 cases of iliac vein compression (May-Thurner) syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To present the computed tomography (CT) findings for the iliac veins of 10 patients who had left-sided lower extremity deep vein thrombosis due to iliac vein compression syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CT findings for 10 cases of left-sided acute or chronic deep vein thrombosis caused by iliac vein compression syndrome were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were five women and five men (mean age+/-S.D., 49.9+/-15.6 years). In each patient with iliac vein compression syndrome, the diagnosis of the compression was established by venography performed during endovascular treatment. Diameter of the left common iliac vein was also measured in 14 control subjects without any lower extremity venous disease for comparison. RESULTS: In all 10 cases, CT images in the transverse plane demonstrated the left common iliac vein being compressed by the overlying right common iliac artery. The mean diameter at the origin of the left common iliac vein (3.5 mm) in patients group was much smaller than the mean diameter of the same vein (11.5 mm) in the control group (p<0.01). The mean percent stenosis of the left common iliac vein due to compression by the artery was 68%. CONCLUSION: Pelvic CT images in the transverse plane are useful for detecting iliac vein compression by the overlying right common iliac artery in patients with left-sided deep vein thrombosis. Radiologists should be aware of this imaging finding of iliac vein compression by the artery where the inferior vena cava bifurcates into the common iliac veins.     

Unilateral lower extremity edema in May-Thurner syndrome

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) tops the differential diagnosis list for unilateral lower extremity edema, but another entity could imitate or even cause a DVT. May-Thurner syndrome is caused by compression of the left common iliac vein by the overlying right iliac artery, resulting in impeded venous blood flow from the left lower extremity. The left leg becomes edematous, causing discomfort and concern. Early recognition of May-Thurner could prevent a DVT and provide symptomatic relief.     

Successful Endovascular Treatment of Iliac Vein Compression (May-Thurner) Syndrome in a Pediatric Patient

A 10-year-old boy presented to our clinic with left lower extremity swelling present for 1 year with deterioration of symptoms during the prior month. Laboratory investigation for deep vein thrombosis was negative. Venography and computed tomography scan of the pelvis showed compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery. A diagnosis of iliac vein compression syndrome was made. After venography, endovascular treatment was planned. The stenosis did not respond to balloon dilatation and a 12 mm Wallstent was placed with successful outcome. The patient’s symptoms improved but did not resolve completely, probably due to a chronically occluded left superficial femoral vein that did not respond to endovascular recanalization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of successful endovascular treatment of iliac vein compression syndrome with stent placement in a pediatric patient.     

Thrombolysis for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) has been proposed as an alternative mode of therapy to anticoagulation in patients with massive, symptomatic deep vein thrombosis of the extremity. The major goal of therapy is to rapidly restore venous blood flow, reduce the pain and edema of the extremity, preserve venous valve function, and reduce chronic symptoms related to chronic venous hypertension (postthrombotic syndrome). In patients with iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) standard angiographic techniques are used to instrument a lower extremity vein (popliteal) and venography is performed followed by catheter-directed infusion of a plasminogen activator directly into the thrombus. Following lytic infusion, the interventionalist must evaluate the venous drainage to determine if there is an anatomic lesion that requires further endovascular treatment (eg, iliac vein compression syndrome). Posttreatment therapy usually consists of warfarin therapy and venous compression stockings for at least 3 to 6 months. The purpose of this article is to review the technical approach used in treating iliofemoral DVT and highlight the hurdles that face interventionalists in attempting to broaden this procedure to most types of lower extremity DVT.     

经皮穿刺大隐静脉下肢静脉造影术的临床应用

目的 探讨经皮穿刺大隐静脉下肢静脉造影术(PGSV)对髂静脉病变和下肢深静脉瓣膜功能检查的可行性和临床应用价值.资料与方法 78例(86条患肢)经皮穿刺大隐静脉注入对比剂进行髂静脉病变和下肢深静脉瓣膜功能的检查,并与经皮穿刺足背浅静脉下肢静脉造影术(PDPV)进行比较.结果 PGSV 的第1、2和3次静脉穿刺成功率分别为36.36%(20/55)、43.64%(24/55)和20.0%(11/55).PGSV对髂静脉的清晰显示明显优于PDPV(P＜0.05).与PGSV相比,PDPV诊断髂静脉受压综合征、股浅静脉第一对瓣膜和隐股静脉瓣膜功能不全的敏感性分别为11.76%、46.67%和59.65%.结论 经皮穿刺大隐静脉下肢静脉造影术具有操作简单、损伤小,可部分替代经皮穿刺股静脉造影术对髂静脉病变和部分下肢深静脉瓣膜功能的检查.     

髂静脉受压综合征的影像诊断进展

髂静脉受压综合征是较常见的下肢静脉回流障碍性疾病,常继发下肢肿胀、静脉淤滞性皮炎、下肢深静脉血栓及下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全等。目前常用的影像诊断方法包括超声、CT、MR及DSA,本文就各影像学方法对髂静脉受压综合征的诊断作一综述。     

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of iliac vein compression (May-Thurner) syndrome

Iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS), also known as May-Thurner syndrome, is the result of compression of the left common iliac vein between the right common iliac artery and overlying vertebrae. The most common clinical presentation is left lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. Rarely, a patient with IVCS can present with obstruction of venous outflow, without deep vein thrombosis. Iliac vein compression, with or without thrombosis, should be treated if symptomatic. We present a patient with IVCS that was initially diagnosed with transabdominal ultrasonography (US), and then confirmed with computed tomography and venography with pressure measurements. We believe this is the first report of an IVCS patient diagnosed with US.     

加强下肢静脉病变的影像诊断和介入治疗研究

分析下肢深静脉血栓形成及其相关的滤器置入、肺栓塞、髂静脉受压综合征、大隐静脉曲张等的临床诊疗现状和存在问题, 提出加强此类下肢静脉病变及其相关疾病的影像诊断和介入治疗研究的必要性, 探讨提高诊断水平, 拓宽介入治疗的范围, 降低并发症的方法和途径。     

Endovascular management of iliac vein compression (May-Thurner) syndrome

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of endovascular techniques in treating venous outflow obstruction resulting from compression of the iliac vein by the iliac artery of the left lower extremity (May-Thurner syndrome). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 39 patients (29 women, 10 men; median age, 46 years) with iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS) was performed. Nineteen patients presented with acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 20 patients presented with chronic symptoms. All patients presented with leg edema or pain. In the acute group, patients were treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis (120,000-180,000 IU urokinase/h) and angioplasty followed by stent placement. In the chronic group, patients were treated with use of angioplasty and stent placement alone (n = 8), or in combination with thrombolysis (n = 12). Patients were then followed-up with duplex ultrasound and a quality-of-life assessment. RESULTS: Initial technical success was achieved in 34 of 39 patients (87%). The overall patency rate at 1 year was 79%. Symptomatically, 85% of patients were completely or partially improved compared with findings before treatment. Thirty-five of 39 patients received stents. The 1-year patency rate for patients with acute symptoms who received stents was 91.6%; for patients with chronic symptoms who received stents, the 1-year patency rate was 93.9%. Five technical failures occurred. Major complications included acute iliac vein rethrombosis (< 24 hours) requiring reintervention (n = 2). Minor complications included perisheath hematomas (n = 4) and minor bleeding (n = 1). There were no deaths, pulmonary embolus, cerebral hemorrhage, or major bleeding complications. CONCLUSION: Endovascular reconstruction of occluded iliac veins secondary to IVCS (May-Thurner) appears to be safe and effective.