姜黄素对S180荷瘤小鼠TNF-α的作用研究

目的观察姜黄素（curcumin）对S180荷瘤小鼠的作用。方法建立S180荷瘤小鼠模型,给予姜黄素治疗后,观察其抗肿瘤作用及其对小鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平的影响。结果姜黄素对S180荷瘤有显著抑制作用,可提高荷瘤小鼠的脾脏指数及胸腺指数;能显著提高血清TNF-α水平。结论姜黄素对S180荷瘤有显著抑制作用,其作用机制可能与升高机体细胞因子,调节小鼠免疫功能有关。     

红栓菌粗多糖抗肿瘤及对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能影响的研究

目的研究红栓菌粗多糖的抗肿瘤作用及对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法体外培养S180肉瘤细胞,接种健康小鼠,建立荷瘤小鼠模型。将小鼠随机分组:①蒸馏水组;②红栓菌粗多糖高、中、低剂量组。观察计算抑瘤率、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬指数及吞噬率、外周血淋巴细胞转化率、血清溶血素水平、以及血清中细胞因子TNF-α、IL-4含量。结果红栓菌粗多糖高、中、低剂量组对小鼠S180肉瘤均有抑制作用,能明显提高荷瘤小鼠的腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬指数与吞噬率、外周血淋巴细胞转化率及血清溶血素水平,并能提高血清中细胞因子TNF-α含量,对血清中细胞因子IL-4含量的影响作用不显著。结论红栓菌粗多糖具有抗肿瘤以及增强荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

方格星虫多糖对5.0Gy ^60Coγ辐射损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的观察方格星虫多糖对亚致死剂量60Coγ射线照射小鼠的保护作用。方法将60只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、尼尔雌醇组及低（100 mg/kg·d）、中（200 mg/kg·d）、高（400 mg/kg·d）三个剂量方格星虫多糖组,每天一次灌胃给药,尼尔雌醇组照射前一天给予尼尔雌醇3.3 mg/kg灌胃,照射后0.5 h再次给予1.67 mg/kg尼尔雌醇灌胃。灌胃2 w后,除正常对照组外,各组均以剂量率为0.8 Gy/min的60Coγ射线全身照射一次,照射剂量为5.0 Gy。于辐照后3 d、14 d测定小鼠体重、外周血WBC,辐照后14 d测定小鼠胸腺指数,脾指数,骨髓细胞和脾细胞DNA含量,血清SOD和MDA含量。结果γ射线全身照射后第3天,方格星虫多糖低、中剂量组小鼠外周血WBC数明显升高（P〈0.05）。照后第14天,低剂量组小鼠外周血WBC数显著增高（P〈0.01）,中、高剂量组脾脏重量指数明显升高（P〈0.01和P〈0.05）,中剂量组脾脏DNA含量明显增高（P〈0.01）;低、中剂量组骨髓细胞DNA含量明显增高（P〈0.05）;低、中、高三个剂量组小鼠血清SOD活力明显增强,血清MDA含量明显下降（P〈0.05）。结论方格星虫多糖对亚致死剂量γ辐射损伤小鼠具有一定保护作用。     

桦褐孔菌多糖对二乙基亚硝胺致肝脏损伤的保护作用

[目的]研究桦褐孔菌多糖（inonotus obliquus polysaccharide）对二乙基亚硝胺（DEN）致肝脏损伤的保护作用。[方法]将50只小鼠随机分为5组：阴性对照组（蒸馏水）,DEN组（20 mg/kg）,桦褐孔菌多糖高（600 mg/kg）、中（300 mg/kg）、低（150 mg/kg）剂量组。阴性对照组及桦褐孔菌3个剂量组每日灌胃,同时DEN组和桦褐孔菌3个剂量组隔日腹腔注射DEN,持续5周。采用HE染色法观察动物肝细胞核分裂相及枯否细胞数;采用酶动力学法测定肝组织匀浆上清液中谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GSTs）和微量丙二醛（MDA）含量;采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测肝组织匀浆上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）含量。[结果]DEN组肝组织中核分裂相和枯否细胞数明显多于阴性对照组（P〈0.01）,桦褐孔菌多糖高剂量组肝组织中核分裂相和枯否细胞数显著低于DEN组（P〈0.05）。DEN组肝组织中GSTs活性明显低于阴性对照组（P〈0.05）,MDA和TNF-α含量明显高于阴性对照组（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。桦褐孔菌多糖高剂量组和中剂量组肝组织中GSTs活性明显高于DEN组（P〈0.01）,3个剂量组肝组织中MDA含量均显著低于DEN组（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,只有高剂量组肝组织中TNF-α含量明显低于DEN组（P〈0.05）。[结论]桦褐孔菌多糖对DEN致肝脏损伤有一定的保护作用。     

红松球果鳞片多糖抗肿瘤作用

目的探讨红松球果鳞片多糖的抗肿瘤作用。方法将60只小鼠接种S180细胞后随机分为6组,每组10只,雌雄各半。分别为生理盐水组、环磷酰胺组、4个不同剂量红松球果鳞片多糖组。接种24 h后,每日灌胃一次,连续10 d。停药后次日处死,称量体重、瘤重、脾重,胸腺重。观察红松球果鳞片多糖对S180荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤率、脾脏指数和胸腺指数。结果200,100 mg/kg红松球果鳞片多糖的抑瘤率分别为48.33%和33.07%,对S180肿瘤有明显的抑制作用(P0.05)。红松鳞片多糖能明显增加S180移植瘤小鼠的脾脏系数、胸腺系数(P0.05)。结论红松球果鳞片多糖具有明显的抗肿瘤作用,其作用强度与环磷酰胺相当,同时毒性反应较小。     

德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种胞外多糖抗肿瘤免疫调节作用

目的研究德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides,EPS)抗肿瘤、免疫调节及对肠道菌群的调节作用。方法选用小鼠移植性S180肉瘤模型,灌胃EPS40,80和120mg/kg bw·d测定小鼠抑瘤率;测定荷瘤小鼠免疫指标及肠道菌群。结果1.EPS能够抑制荷S180肉瘤BALB/c小鼠的肿瘤生长,在剂量120mg/kg bw·d时,抑瘤率达到42.7%。2.EPS在120mg/kg bw·d剂量下能有效地增加荷瘤小鼠的胸腺/体重指数;提高小鼠血浆中IL-2含量;对脾脏NK细胞的活性和血浆中TNF-α有所提高,但不显著。3.EPS在120mg/kg bw·d剂量下能够促进荷瘤小鼠肠道内乳杆菌的生长并抑制肠球菌和肠杆菌生长,优化肠道菌群结构。结论德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种EPS在体内具有抗肿瘤作用,并能够在一定程度上提高机体的免疫力,优化肠道菌群结构。其作用机制可能与提高宿主免疫力有关。     

大豆皂苷对荷瘤小鼠抑瘤作用的实验研究

目的观察大豆皂苷(SS)对S180荷瘤小鼠免疫器官的影响及抑瘤作用。方法建立S180荷瘤小鼠模型,随机分为模型对照组、环磷酰胺组(CTX)组、SS低、中、高剂量组(10、20、40 mg/kg),连续给药15 d后处死小鼠,测量小鼠瘤体重、质量、胸腺和脾脏重量,计算抑瘤率、胸腺指数和脾脏指数;测定小鼠血清TNF-α含量,NK细胞活性。结果 SS对S180实体瘤有较好抑制作用,SS中、高剂量组抑瘤率分别为40.21%、34.86%,与模型对照组比较,SS中、高剂量组瘤重显著降低(P<0.01)、脾脏指数显著升高(P<0.05);SS中、高剂量组小鼠血清TNF-α含量升高,NK细胞活性升高,与模型对照组和CTX组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 SS可明显抑制荷瘤小鼠体内肿瘤的生长,并具有免疫增强作用。     

益赛普对由异丙肾上腺素引起的小鼠肿大腮腺的影响

目的：观察注射用重组人肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白（益赛普,Etanercept）对异丙肾上腺素引起的小鼠腮腺腺肿大的影响,进一步探究其腮腺肿大的机制。方法：将21只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为三组：正常对照组（7只）、异丙肾上腺素（IPR）注射组（7只）和益赛普治疗组（7只）。IPR组和益赛普组按30mg/kg体重每天腹腔注射IPR,连续注射6d。益赛普治疗组同时皮下注射益赛普15mg/kg体重,共计2次。对照组小鼠注射同等体积的生理盐水。第7天处死动物,取腮腺组织制片,HE染色观察组织学变化及进行免疫组化观察组织中TNF-α和IL-1β变化;使用酶联免疫吸附分析法检测腮腺组织中TNF-α和IL-1β水平。结果：病理组织学上IPR组与益赛普治疗组腺细胞的增生和肿大比较无明显差异;IPR组小鼠腮腺组织中TNF-α和IL-1β水平与对照组相比明显升高;益赛普治疗组TNF-α和IL-1β水平与对照组相比,也明显增高,与IPR组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。在免疫组化方面,与对照组相比,IPR组与益赛普治疗组TNF-α和IL-1β表达都有所增加（P〈0.05）,但益赛普治疗组TNF-α和IL-1β的表达的强度有所减弱。结论：在连续注射IPR引起小鼠腮腺肿大的机制中,尽管腮腺组织TNF-α和IL-1β含量增多,益赛普部分阻断腮腺组织中TNF-α和IL-1β的含量,但不能明确两种细胞因子的增多与腮腺肿大有必然的关系,需要进一步探讨。     

慈菇多糖对S180荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用

目的观察慈菇多糖干预S180肿瘤模型的小鼠实验,研究其抗肿瘤的功效。方法将ICR雄性小鼠48只按体重随机分为6组:模型组、慈菇多糖低、中、慈菇多糖高剂量组(100、200、300 mg/kg·d)、香菇多糖组(0.577 mg/kg,2次/周)和环磷酰胺组(20 mg/kg·d)。前11 d慈菇多糖组按各自剂量灌胃,其余组以等量蒸馏水灌胃,第11 d建立S180荷瘤小鼠动物模型。造模次日开始,各剂量组小鼠给予相应药物,连续11 d。第23 d测定小鼠抑瘤率、瘤重、脏器指数、血清细胞因子、丙二醛(MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)。结果与模型组比较,环磷酰胺组的抑瘤率最高(72.4%),慈菇多糖高剂量组次之(68.4%),两组瘤重均降低;慈菇多糖中、高剂量组和香菇多糖组的脾脏指数升高;慈菇多糖各剂量组的TNF-α、IL-2水平均有所提高;慈菇多糖各剂量组、香菇多糖组MDA值下降,慈菇多糖高剂量组、香菇多糖组SOD值升高。结论慈菇多糖可抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长,可能与提升小鼠免疫功能和增强抗氧化作用有关。     

维生素C对锌中毒小鼠免疫功能的影响

[目的]了解维生素C对锌中毒小鼠免疫因子及T淋巴细胞增殖功能的影响。[方法]以不同浓度维生素C作用于锌中毒模型小鼠后,计算脏器指数,MTT比色法测定T淋巴细胞增殖功能,ELISA法测定白介素-2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度。[结果]锌中毒对照组TNF-α、IL-2浓度及T淋巴细胞增殖活性明显低于空白对照组(P﹤0.05);中、高剂量维生素C锌中毒组(150mg/kg/day、300mg/kg/day)TNF-α浓度和T淋巴细胞增殖活性高于锌中毒对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01);高剂量维生素C锌中毒组(300mg/kg/day)IL-2浓度高于锌中毒对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。[结论]维生素C可提高锌中毒小鼠外周血TNF-a、IL-2水平及促进T淋巴细胞增殖功能,对锌中毒小鼠免疫功能的损伤有一定的治疗作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.