血管周神经及其对血管舒缩功能的调节

1.　血管周神经概述血管壁主要由内皮、平滑肌、结缔组织(包括纤维、基质、结缔组织细胞等)、营养血管、淋巴管及血管周神经组成。这些结构中血管平滑肌的舒缩与血管的功能直接相关。血管平滑肌的舒缩功能由血管周神经和血管内皮控制,因而又分非内皮依赖性及内皮依赖性两种。体现了血管周神经和血管内皮对血管张力及局部血流的双重调节作用。本文着重阐述血管周神经对血管舒缩功能的调节。血管周神经(perivascularnerves)成丛分布于血管外膜或外、中膜交界处,少数可进入中膜,偶尔有的神经纤维可直达内膜。神经末梢的分枝形成广泛的神经网络…     

SLIT/ROBO信号通路在女性生殖系统的研究进展

分泌性糖蛋白SLIT及其受体ROBO信号作为神经轴突导向分子在神经系统发育过程中具有排斥神经细胞迁移的作用,另外SLIT/robo信号介导细胞迁移,细胞凋亡及血管形成,在肺、肝及乳腺形成过程中有关键性作用。Slit/robo信号在组织形态学发生中的调节异常可导致肿瘤发生。Slit/robo信号通路失活与肿瘤形成及转移有关。最近研究显示slit/robo信号在女性生殖系统形成及疾病发展过程中亦有重要作用。Slit/robo信号家族成员大多数在卵巢中表达。Slits与robos受甾体激素的调节,在女性成人生殖器官例如卵巢、子宫内膜可调节细胞生理功能。在卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌及宫颈癌形成过程中Slits与robos家族成员异常表达。本文综合论述了slit/robo在女性生殖系统形成,生理及病理等方面的作用,对其深入研究具有重要意义。     

微循环的神经支配研究进展

循环系统与神经系统各司其职又互有联系。循环系统为机体各组织细胞传送营养，神经系统则负责支配全身组织活动。微循环作为循环系统的终末部分，是血液循环的最小功能单位，其神经调节具有其独特的方式。神经与毛细血管在全身脏器中无处不在，且在空间分布上紧密关联。在中枢及视网膜的微循环中，血管和神经组织及周围细胞形成特定的神经血管单元，对维持血-脑屏障和血-视网膜屏障稳态及正常功能至关重要；在外周，各器官及组织的血管与神经也经常相伴而行，互相协同依赖。本文就不同器官中神经和毛细血管的分布特点、神经对毛细血管血流调节的贡献以及周细胞在其中的具体作用进行综述。     

一氧化氮合酶(NOS)与子宫内膜关系的研究进展

女性子宫内膜在女性生殖生理功能方面担负着月经形成、胚胎着床、妊娠维持、激素分泌等重要作用。自从1995年Telfer首次发现人子宫内膜中NOS(N itric Oxide Synthase)mRNA和其蛋白的存在后,近年来越来越多的研究表明NO(N itric Oxide)在女性生殖过程中扮演着重要的角色。本文将就NOS在子宫内膜的活性表达,及其与子宫内膜关系的研究作一综述。     

胃肠激素对胃肠动力的影响

胃肠激素与其他成分如神经递质、细胞因子等互相作用、相互调节,维持机体正常生理功能。胃肠激素与胃肠运动密切相关,同时也受神经内分泌免疫网络调控,由此本文综述其在神经内分泌网络中的特殊作用及其对胃肠动力方面的影响。     

淋巴回流在机体稳态调节中的意义

稳态是指机体内环境的恒定和机体与外界环境的恒定。机体通过神经、体液等多种机制,使各系统、各器官、各组织细胞之间的活动相互协调得以维持一种生理性平衡状态,稳态破坏可导致疾病的发生。因此,了解机体稳态调节机制具有重要意义。在稳态维持过程中,血液循环起着重要作用,人     

胃肠肽类激素对摄食活动的调节

摄食是复杂的行为,是一种精神活动,它包括觅食、食物的摄取、消化、吸收和利用,摄食是人类以及所有动物维持生命活动的最基本最重要的功能之一,摄入的食物经过消化和吸收过程为机体提供必须的能量和营养物质。虽然摄食作用作为一种本能生来即有,但实际上摄食活动是受体内复杂的神经和体液因素调节的,涉及到神经中枢、传入传出神经以及许多神经递质和激素。本文仅讨论胃肠肽类激素对摄食活动的调节。将饱食大鼠的血液注入饿鼠血管内,可抑制饿鼠的摄食活动,这个事实提示血液中含有控制摄食的信息。这种信息是什么?推想饥饿使人或动物在短时间…     

松弛素对大鼠卵巢与子宫结缔组织改建的影响

松弛素 (Relaxin,简称 RL x) )为分子量 6 Kd的多肽类激素 ,主要由妊娠黄体分泌 ,与局部生殖调节密切相关。在月经周期和妊娠过程中女性生殖器官的细胞外基质 (ECM)在内分泌等因素调节下发生规律性改变。RL x在生殖道内以自 /旁分泌方式成为参与结缔组织改建的激素之一。本研究用高纯度猪松弛素免疫大鼠产生鼠抗猪抗松弛素抗体 ,抑制内源性松弛素作用 ,建立抗内源性 RL x的大鼠动物模型 ,用组化方法观察了大鼠卵巢和子宫结缔组织中细胞外基质的几种重要成分——胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白和蛋白多糖的变化 ,并运用电镜观察其胶原纤维的改变 ,…     

蜕膜巨噬细胞在母-胎界面的作用研究

妊娠早期,大量的免疫细胞在子宫局部聚集,母体对带有父系抗原的胎儿并不排斥,而是通过精细的"母-胎免疫对话"形成独特的母-胎免疫微环境。蜕膜巨噬细胞(decidual macrophage, DM)作为母-胎界面第二大类白细胞,在妊娠早期发挥抗炎和吞噬作用,并通过调节蜕膜局部免疫微环境、重塑蜕膜血管,参与胚胎植入和维持妊娠等过程。若DM表型和功能发生异常,将会导致早期妊娠失败或妊娠中、晚期并发症,其确切机制尚未阐明。文章着重论述妊娠早期DM的特点及其在正常妊娠建立和维持以及病理妊娠中的作用。     

醛固酮（ALD）放射免疫分析的临床应用

醛固酮（Aldosterone,ALD）是肾上腺皮质球状带（Zona Glomerulosa）合成和分泌的一种调节机体水、盐代谢的皮质激素,称之为盐皮质激素或盐皮质类固醇（Mineralocorticoids）。ALD对机体能影响电解质、水的排泄及血容量,对调节机体内环境的恒定有着重要的临床意义。 1977年我国建立了血浆~3H-ALD放射免疫分析,以后又建立了血浆~（125）I-ALD免疫放射分析,经临床应用,表明对某些疾病中ALD分泌异常者,可提高其诊断符合率。 一、ALD的生理作用:ALD具有调节机体水、盐代谢,可促进肾远曲小管与集合管对Na~+的重吸收、K~+的排泄。随着大量吸收Na~+,水的重吸收也相应增加,以维持细胞外液容量。由此可见,ALD对机体起保钠、保水、排钾的作用。动物实验证实,完全切除两侧肾上腺皮质后,由于缺乏盐皮质激素而致使大量水和钠丢失,引起低容量性休克,在较短的时间即死亡,因此,说明ALD是维持生命所不可缺少的激素之一。 二、ALD分泌活动的调节:一般情况下,ALD分泌活动的调节基本上不受ACTH控制,其调节机制比较复杂,尚未完全阐明清楚。目前认为ALD分泌活动的调节与肾素、血管紧张素、血钠、血钾浓度有着密切关系。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.