Cerebral infarction following thrombolysis for massive pulmonary embolism

A 29-year-old male developed a fatal stroke 6 h after successful thrombolysis for massive pulmonary embolism. Autopsy showed thrombus protruding through a patent foramen ovale (PFO). A strand of thrombus extended from the aortic arch into the left common carotid artery. The brain showed extensive infarction of the left fronto-parietal area. Thrombolysis caused initial disintegration of the embolism. It is likely that thrombolysis caused fragments of clot to later break lose and embolise into the cerebral circulation. We discuss the need for risk stratification in patients who present with massive pulmonary embolism and PFO.     

超声心动图急性肺栓塞溶栓治疗的评估

目的应用超声心动图技术观察急性肺栓塞患者溶栓抗凝治疗前后肺动脉栓子、右心结构及收缩功能的改变。方法前瞻性非随机对照研究,对2002年12月至2006年4月间经肺动脉CT或肺血管造影证实的30例急性肺栓塞患者行溶栓治疗,应用经胸超声心动图观察治疗前、治疗后24～30h、1个月的肺动脉栓子、主肺动脉及其分支内径、右房室内径,右室前壁运动幅度、右室舒张末期容积、右室射血分数,三尖瓣返流、肺动脉收缩压等指标。结果30例急性肺动脉栓塞患者溶栓治疗24～30h后右房室结构明显改善,表现为右房长径及横径、右室前后径及横径、主肺及右肺动脉内径、右室舒张末期容积与治疗前比较明显回缩(P<0.01),右室前壁运动幅度、右室射血分数有所增加(P<0.01),肺动脉收缩压明显下降(P<0.01);治疗后1个月后右房室大小、主肺及右肺动脉内径、右室舒张末期容积、右室前壁运动幅度及肺动脉收缩压等仍有恢复(P<0.05或P<0.01)。5例患者主肺动脉和/或右、左肺动脉内检出栓子,溶栓后栓子逐渐消失。结论超声心动图可动态、实时、无创评价急性肺动脉栓塞溶栓治疗效果,尤对血栓的溶解、右房室结构、右室超负荷及肺动脉高压的变化有独到的价值。     

中危（次大面积）急性肺栓塞患者是否需要溶栓治疗

中危（次大面积）急性肺栓塞患者是否需要溶栓治疗已经争论了很多年。中危肺栓塞患者具有较高的死亡风险。因此,有人建议给予中危肺栓塞患者溶栓治疗,溶栓治疗可以更快地溶解血栓,从而降低中危肺栓塞患者的病死率。但也有研究表明,与单纯抗凝治疗比较,溶栓治疗不能进一步降低中危急性肺栓塞患者的病死率和复发率,且并发出血率较高。该文就中危急性肺栓塞溶栓治疗的有效性及安全性作一综述。     

Volumetric capnography as a bedside monitoring of thrombolysis in major pulmonary embolism

Objective To describe the use of volumetric capnography, a plot of expired CO₂ concentration against expired volume, in monitoring fibrinolytic treatment of major pulmonary embolism.Design and setting Two case reports in the emergency department of a teaching hospital.Patients Two conscious and spontaneously breathing patients (69- and 31-year-old women) with major pulmonary embolism requiring thrombolysis. Decision for thrombolysis was based on the association of right ventricular afterload on echocardiography, with respiratory failure and hypotension in the first patient, and dyspnea and hemodynamically stable parameters in the second one.Interventions Successive capnographic measurements were performed before, during, and after thrombolysis. Curves of volumetric capnography were obtained from a sidestream gas monitor with flow sensor and an arterial blood gas analysis for CO₂ partial pressure.Measurements and results We calculated late deadspace fraction, previously suggested as the most effective capnographic parameter in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Late deadspace fraction decreased in the two patients, respectively, from 64.4% to 1.1% and from 25.6% to 5.7% after thrombolysis, with a concomitant disappearance of right heart dysfunction signs on echocardiography.Conclusions Volumetric capnography can monitor thrombolysis in major pulmonary embolism. Differences between volumetric capnography technology and the more traditional arterial to end-tidal CO₂ gradient are important to take into account for clinical application.     

肺栓塞139例危险分层分析

目的 结合2008年欧洲心脏病协会颁布的新急性肺栓塞(PE)诊治指南,回顾性分析肺栓塞的危险分层. 方法总结2003～2008年临床诊断的139例急性肺栓塞病例,收集临床资料,进行统计分析.结果 139例病例中资料齐全能够进行危险分层的仅有67例(48.20%),其中高危组11例(16.41%),中危组47例(70.14%),低危组9例(13.45%).结论 在临床工作中应注意进行肺栓塞的危险分层,并根据危险分层指导肺栓塞的治疗.     

肺栓塞的多层螺旋CT诊断和溶栓治疗效果评价

目的探讨多层螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断和溶栓治疗效果评估中的作用。方法对52例临床拟诊肺动脉栓塞的患者行16层螺旋CT肺动脉成像(CTPA)检查,并对其中20例经溶栓治疗2周后的患者进行同机同条件复查。结果52例中8例肺动脉成像未见异常,1例为动静脉瘘,5例诊断为肺动脉高压,38例诊断肺动脉栓塞。38例肺栓塞中共累及各级肺动脉236处,其中肺动脉干5支,左右肺动脉30支,叶动脉81支,肺段动脉103支,亚段动脉17支。20例经溶栓治疗后复查,病灶均不同程度缩小或消失。结论16层螺旋CT能及时发现和诊断肺栓塞,也可指导溶栓治疗及评价疗效。     

国内肺栓塞危险因素的Meta分析

目的 综合分析肺栓塞发病的危险因素,为临床的预防决策提供依据.方法 应用Meta分析的方法对国内有关肺栓塞发病危险因素的研究结果进行定量综合分析;运用RevMan5.2和Stata 12.0软件进行统计分析.结果 共纳入11篇研究文献,合计样本量1 459例,其中深静脉血栓形成(DVT)、恶性肿瘤、6周内手术史、长期卧床≥7 d和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)与肺栓塞相关,其合并OR值(95％CI)分别为10.41(4.54,23.87)、6.79(2.37,19.43)、2.63(1.12,6.19)、3.48(1.15,10.58)、2.36(1.45,3.84).但尚不能认为既往血栓史、吸烟史与肺栓塞有关,其合并OR值(95％CI)分别为2.06(0.80,5.33)、1.57(0.87,2.82).结论 长期卧床≥7 d、恶性肿瘤、DVT、6周内手术史和COPD均为肺栓塞发病的主要危险因素,应对肺栓塞高危人群进行早期干预.     

Risk stratification and clinical outcomes in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

Objectives

Pulmonary embolism is a common disease associated with a high mortality rate. The risk assessment and appropriate treatment selection of patients with acute pulmonary embolism remains a challenge.

Design and methods

This single center cohort study included a total of 150 patients (96 male, age = 71 ± 15 years) with acute pulmonary embolism confirmed by spiral-computed tomography or magnetic resonance image. The prognostic performance of the clinical characteristics and laboratory values were investigated to predict the in-hospital hemodynamically instable events and 30-day all-cause mortality.

Results

The rate of in-hospital hemodynamic instability and 30-day all-cause mortality was 21% and 12%, respectively. A multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that a heart rate ≥ 110 bpm (odd ratio 4.26 [95% CI 1.42–12.77]), chronic pulmonary disease (6.47 [1.99–21.04]), WBC ≥ 11,000 mm³ (3.78 [1.32–10.82]), and D-dimer level ≥ 4.0 μg/mL (3.68 [1.01–13.43]) independently predicted the 30-day fatal outcome. A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that the categorization based on the number of risk factors was significantly associated with the likelihood of 30-day all-cause mortality (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The initial presentation of tachycardia, presence of chronic pulmonary disease, elevated WBC and D-dimer on admission can be used to identify the risk for a short-term fatal outcome within 30 days in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.     

急性肺栓塞的腔内治疗效果观察

目的 观察急性肺栓塞的腔内治疗效果.方法 选择2009年1月至2011年6月我院收治的急性肺栓塞患者15例,采用经皮导管碎栓术及溶栓术治疗.局部灌注尿激酶,总量50万U;溶栓后给予低分子肝素钠7～10d,口服华法林钠3～6个月.观察临床症状和体征改善情况、并发症、平均肺动脉压（mPAP）与动脉血氧分压（PaO2）的变化,以及肺动脉开通情况.结果 12例肺动脉完全开通,3例部分开通,有效率100％（15/15）.mPAP较术前降低[（40.07±5.97）、（20.00±4.66） mmHg],PaO2明显升高[（50.26±9.30）、（80.49±9.04） mmHg],差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为-1.128和1.246,P均＜0.05）.随访3～6个月,疗效持续,未见复发.结论 急性肺栓塞介入治疗效果显著,安全可行.     

尿激酶溶栓治疗急性肺栓塞近远期疗效评价

目的探讨采用尿激酶溶栓治疗急性肺栓塞的近期、远期疗效。方法随机将急性肺栓塞病例67例分为治疗组34例、对照组33例,两组均采用抗凝治疗,治疗组另加用尿激酶溶栓治疗。结果治疗组总有效率94.1%,明显高于对照组总有效率72.7%(24/33),差异有显著性(χ2=5.58,P<0.05);两组出血发生率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);67例患者均获得24个月随访,两组肺栓塞再发率比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论对急性肺栓塞患者给予尿激酶溶栓治疗近期疗效明显,且不增加远期肺栓塞再发率,安全可行。     

超声心动图对肺栓塞诊断价值的研究

目的　探讨经胸超声心动图 (TTE)和经食管超声心动图 (TEE)对肺栓塞的诊断价值。方法　对10例临床疑诊肺栓塞患者进行了TTE和TEE检查 ,并与CT结果对照 ,其中 4例患者进行了治疗后TEE随访。结果　 10例患者右心房内径 (5 7± 9)mm ,右心室内径 (3 4± 5 )mm ,肺动脉收缩压 (91± 19)mmHg(1mmHg=0 .13 3kPa) ,所有患者均有中度 -重度三尖瓣反流。检出右肺动脉内活动性血栓 2例 ,附壁血栓 2例 ,右心室活动性血栓 2例 ,左肺动脉活动性血栓 3例 ,附壁血栓 1例。 10例患者中 4例为左肺动脉或右肺动脉远段血栓 ,由TEE检出。所有结果经CT或手术证实。溶栓加抗凝治疗 3例 ,手术治疗 1例 ,2 0d～ 3个月后随访TEE ,肺动脉内血栓明显缩小或消失 ,肺动脉压力下降。结论　超声心动图技术在检出右心系统和肺动脉内血栓、明确肺栓塞的临床类型、评价肺栓塞的血流动力学改变和随访治疗效果等方面具有重要价值 ;TEE是检出左右肺动脉远段血栓的可靠方法     

Successful resuscitation with thrombolysis of a patient suffering fulminant pulmonary embolism after recent intracerebral haemorrhage

We report the life-saving administration of thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a patient with recent intracerebral haemorrhage. A 53-year-old male with intracerebral haemorrhage was admitted to the intensive care unit. On the 24th day of treatment he suffered cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. Transoesophageal echocardiography was performed during ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Thrombi in the right heart cavities with excessive right ventricular dysfunction confirmed the diagnosis of fulminant pulmonary embolism. Permanent restoration of a spontaneous rhythm was feasible only after administration of systemic thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Neurological examination and a computed tomogram of the brain did not show rebleeding. We conclude that under extreme circumstances absolute contraindications to thrombolysis should be weighed against the potential benefit.     

Factor Xa inhibition and sPESI failure in intermediate-high-risk pulmonary embolism

We report the case of a 61-year-old man who presented at the Emergency Department (ED), complaining of sudden-onset dyspnea and chest pain after a long flight from Tokyo to Houston. Considering his clinical stability and sPESI 0, enoxaparin 1?mg/kg BID was started for 24?h, and the patient was then considered for early discharge with apixaban 10?mg BID. Direct-factor Xa inhibition did not improve extensive thrombus burden and right ventricular dysfunction despite D-dimer measurement reduction. Because of the treatment failure, we considered thrombolysis. Currently, recommendations to use thrombolysis in patients under non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) do not exist. Hence, the one dose of apixaban was stopped, and 12?h later, we performed successful thrombolysis. A systematic review from 2007 to 2017 did not identify any cases related to NOACs failure to reduce thrombus burdens in patients with PE and persistent right ventricular dysfunction. We also did not find any evidence of cases that reported strategies for urgent thrombolysis in PE patients on NOACs. To the best of our knowledge, apixaban's failure to reduce thrombus burden, persistent right ventricular dysfunction, and a NOACs-thrombolysis bridge in patients with PE on apixaban has not been previously described. Both the bedside risk stratification and the therapeutic failures should alert clinicians in the ED to the potential limitations of low-molecular-weight heparin, NOACs therapy, and sPESI in the setting of intermediate-high-risk PE.     

外科手术后急性肺栓塞临床分析

目的 分析外科手术后患者急性肺栓寨的临床特点,以提高临床医师对术后急性肺栓塞的认识并增强早期预防观念.方法 对北京大学第三医院2000年1月至2008年1月8年问31例外科手术后急性肺栓塞患者的一般资料、临床表现、诊断、治疗和预后进行回顾分析.结果 ①术后急性肺栓塞占所有急性肺栓塞的比率为21.9%,其病死率为3.2%.②术后急性肺栓塞常见于脊柱手术、恶性肿瘤手术、腹腔手术、妇科手术和关节置换手术等.术后急性肺栓塞常发生于术后一周之内,恶性肿瘤术后发生肺栓塞的时间更早.③临床表现以呼吸困难最常见(90.3%),其次为胸痛、心悸、晕厥较常见,典型的呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血三联症并不多见.④静脉溶栓治疗禁忌用于术后大面积肺栓塞,介入取栓、碎栓或外科取栓是重要的替代治疗措施.结论 外科手术是急性肺栓寒的一个重要危险因素;术后患者出现呼吸困难、胸痛、晕厥等表现时,临床医师应警惕肺栓塞;积极抗凝或取栓治疗可以改善患者预后.     

超声心动图评价急性肺栓塞患者溶栓前后右心功能指标

目的 采用超声心动图测量急性肺栓塞患者溶栓前后右心功能指标以评价溶栓效果.方法 80例急性肺栓塞患者均接受溶栓治疗.溶栓前和溶栓后24 h采用超声心动图检查患者右心室前壁厚度(RVAWT)、右心室舒张末期前后径(RVED)、主肺动脉内径(PAD)、右心室舒张期横径(RVDD)、右心房舒张期横径(RADD)、三尖瓣反流压差(TRPG)及肺动脉收缩压(SPAP).结果 80例急性肺栓塞患者溶栓后RVAWT、RVED、PAD、RVDD、TRPG、SPAP分别为(4.23±1.02)mm、(26.20±3.01) mm、(26.67±2.36)mm、(36.23±4.36)mm、(31.68±2.33)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、(37.52±3.20)mm Hg,较溶栓前的(7.56±1.22)mm、(31.78±3.26)mm、(29.44±2.20)mm、(40.20±5.01)mm、(48.98±3.80) mm Hg、(57.25±4.23)mm Hg均降低,且差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.01、2.78、2.35、2.75、2.98、3.55,P均<0.01或0.05);溶栓后患者RADD为(37.55±5.25)mm,与溶栓前的(38.25±4.25)mm比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.32,P=0.18).结论 超声心动图对急性肺栓塞患者溶栓前后右心功能评价有重要意义.溶栓治疗可改善急性肺栓塞患者右心功能.     

Family history of venous thromboembolism predicts the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in the emergency department

Background

Pulmonary embolism (PE) clinical decision rules do not consider a patient's family history of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We evaluated whether a family history of VTE predicts acute PE in the emergency department (ED).

AI肺结节筛查准确率及结节风险评估准确率分析

目的:评估人工智能诊断系统(artificial intelligence diagnostic system,AI)在胸部CT检查中肺结节检出的准确率及风险评估准确率.方法:回顾性分析2019年12月—2021年5月于重庆市永川区人民医院行胸部CT或胸腹部CT检查的90例病例,通过A I与影像医师对比阅片,将阳性数据...     

Reducing the use of diagnostic imaging in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: validation of a risk assessment strategy

Objectives: The aims of this study were to measure the: (i) effects of implementation of a new risk assessment strategy for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) on the use of imaging and D‐dimer assay; (ii) negative predictive value for PE of a combination of low risk and negative D‐dimer assay; and (iii) compliance of ED clinicians with the strategy. Methods: A non‐randomized clinical trial was conducted in the ED of a 720‐bed teaching hospital between November 2002 and August 2003. Study subjects with suspected PE were compared with 191 randomly selected historical controls. The risk assessment strategy of Kline et al. was disseminated and implemented. Results: The negative predictive value for PE was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 97–100%) in 114 patients with low risk and negative D‐dimer. There was a 21% absolute reduction in the rate of imaging following the implementation of the risk assessment strategy (56% vs 77%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Low risk combined with a negative D‐dimer result may allow exclusion of PE without imaging.     

个体化预测COPD急性加重期合并肺动脉栓塞风险Nomogram模型的建立与验证

目的:构建个体化预测慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）合并肺动脉栓塞（PE）的风险Nomogram模型,并对模型的预测能力进行验证。方法:本研究为横断面研究。采用便利抽样法,回顾性分析2018年1月—2020年1月因AECOPD入院的292例患者的临床资料,按入院顺序将数据分为训练集（ n=203）...