利伐沙班中间体的合成

4-(3-氧代-4-吗啉基)苯胺与氯甲酸苄酯发生取代反应制得N-[4-(3-氧代-4-吗啉基)苯基]氨基甲酸苄酯,后者与(S)-N-[(2-乙酰氧基-3-氯)丙基]乙酰胺经缩合制得(S)-3-[4-(3-氧代-4-吗啉基)苯基]-5-乙酰胺甲基-1,3-噁唑烷-2-酮,再经酸性水解即可制得合成利伐沙班的重要中间体(S)-3-[4-(3-氧代-4-吗啉基)苯基]-5-氨甲基-1,3-噁唑烷-2-酮,总收率约35％.     

噁唑烷酮类化合物的合成及其凝血因子Ⅹa抑制活性研究

目的利用生物电子等排原理对利伐沙班进行结构改造,以便寻找活性更好的噁唑酮类凝血因子Ⅹa抑制剂。方法以(S)-4-(4-(5-(氨基甲基)-2-氧代噁唑烷-3-基)苯基)吗啉-3-酮盐酸盐为原料,依次经过酰化、烃化反应,设计合成了22个噁唑烷酮类化合物3a～3v,并通过ESI-MS、~1H-NMR及IR谱对目标化合物进行结构确证。结果与结论Ⅹa因子抑制活性的体外实验表明,在100μg·mL~(-1)浓度下,化合物3p表现出比利伐沙班更好的凝血因子Ⅹa抑制作用,而化合物3b、3e、3s的体外Ⅹa抑制作用与利伐沙班相当。     

新型噁唑烷酮-吲哚羧酸酯杂合物的合成及抗菌活性

摘 要：目的 设计并合成一类新型的4-哌嗪苯基噁唑烷酮-吲哚羧酸酯杂合物，初步评价其体外抗菌活性。方法 以(S)-N-[[3-[3-氟-4-(哌嗪-1-基)苯基]-2-氧代-5-噁唑烷酮基]甲基]乙酰胺为起始原料，经过2步反应合成目标化合物；采用微量液体稀释法，测定目标化合物的体外抗菌活性。结果与结论 合成了14个新化合物，其结构经1H-NMR和MS确认，7个化合物显示出不同程度的抗菌活性，化合物3a和4b的活性突出，可进行深入研究。     

噁唑烷酮类抗菌剂雷得唑来的合成

目的研究噁唑烷酮类抗菌剂雷得唑来的合成。方法以间氟苯胺为起始原料,依次经取代、碘代、环合、Suzuki偶联反应得到中间体(5S)-N-{[3-[4-(4-甲酰基苯基)-3-氟苯基]-2-氧代噁唑烷-5-基]甲基}乙酰胺(5);以对甲氧基氯苄为原料,经取代、Husigen-Click环加成反应得到中间体[1-(4-甲氧基苄基)-1H-1,2,3-三氮唑-4-基]甲胺(8);中间体5和8经还原胺化反应得到中间体(5S)-N-{[3-[2-氟-4'-({[1-(4-甲氧基苄基)-1H-1,2,3-三氮唑-4-基甲基]氨基}甲基)联苯-4-基]-2-氧代噁唑烷-5-基]甲基}乙酰胺(10),再经脱保护得到雷得唑来。结果与结论雷得唑来的结构经MS、IR、~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR确证,纯度经HPLC测定。其收率为40.7%(以间氟苯胺计)。该路线未见文献报道,所用原料价廉易得,反应条件温和可控,后处理简便,为其工业化生产奠定了基础。     

Ezetimibe的合成

(4S)-3-[(5S)-5-(4-氟苯基)-5-羟基-1-氧代戊基]-4-苯基-2-(?)唑烷酮与4-(4-氟苯基亚氨基)甲酚缩合后再经环合、脱硅烷保护得ezetimibe。前一中间体可以氟苯为原料,与戊二酸酐经付-克反应得到的5-(4-氟苯基)-5-氧代戊酸,与特戊酰氯缩合得到混合酸酐,再与(4S)-4-苯基-2-(?)唑烷酮缩合得(4S)-3-[5-(4-氟苯基)-1,5-二氧代戊基]-4-苯基-2-(?)唑烷酮,经(3αR)-1-甲基-3,3-二苯基-1H,3H-四氢吡咯并[1,2-c][1.3.2](?)唑硼烷[(R)-MeCBS]／BH3·S(CH3)2催化还原制得。总收率24％。     

(S)-5-乙酰胺甲基-3-[(3-氯-4-取代胺甲基)苯基]-2-噁唑烷酮的合成及抗菌活性

3-氯-4-甲基苯胺经氯甲酸苄酯酰化、与（R）-正丁酸缩水甘油酯环合、甲磺酰化、叠氮化、叠氮还原成胺、氨基乙酰化、苄位溴化得（固-5-乙酰胺甲基-3-[（3-氯-4-溴甲基）苯基]-2-噁唑烷酮（Ⅷ），后者与胺类化合物进行取代反应生成（D-5-乙酰胺甲基-3-[（3-氯-4-取代胺甲基）苯基]-2-噁唑烷酮。35个新化合物的结构经^1HNMR、元素分析或MS确证，并测定了它们的体外抗菌活性，发现化合物113对金葡菌和表葡菌的活性与吗啉噁酮相当。11和113对肠球菌的活性优于诺氟沙星。     

头孢唑肟丙匹酯的合成

（6R，7R）-7-氨基-8-氧代-5-硫-1-氮杂二环[4．2．0]辛-2-烯-2-羧酸与（Z）-2-[[[（S）-2-（叔丁氧羰基）氨基-1-氧代丙基]氨基]-4-噻唑基]-2-甲氧亚氨基乙酸（2-巯基苯并噻唑）酯反应制得（6R，7R）-7-[[[2（S）-[（N-叔丁氧羰基-2-氨基-1-氧代丙基）-氨基]-4-噻唑基][（Z）-甲氧基亚氨基]乙酰基]氨基-8-氧代-5-硫-1-氮杂二环[4．2．0]辛-2-烯-2-羧酸，与特戊酸碘甲酯成酯后，再脱保护、成盐制得头孢唑肟丙匹酯单盐酸盐，总收率为72％。     

(S)-5-(氮杂环亚甲基)-3-(3-氟-4-吗啉-4-基-苯基)噁唑烷-2-酮衍生物的合成及抗菌活性

目的研究具有抗菌作用的噁唑烷酮衍生物的构效关系。方法由(S)-[3-(3-氟-4-吗啉-4-基-苯基)噁唑烷-2-酮-5-基]-甲醇甲磺酸酯和仲胺的取代反应合成了7个(S)-5-氮杂环亚甲基-3-(3-氟-4-吗啉-4-基-苯基)噁唑烷-2-酮衍生物,其结构通过1HNMR和元素分析或质谱确证。结果所合成的7个化合物对所测的20株细菌均没有明显的体外抗菌活性。结论用氮杂环亚甲基取代吗啉噁酮的5位乙酰胺甲基降低化合物的抗菌活性。     

5-氨基-8-甲氧基-喹诺酮类的合成及其体外抗菌作用

以1-环丙基-6，7-二氟-8-甲氧基-1，4-二氢-4-氧代喹啉-3-羧酸乙酯为起始原料依次经过硝化、还原和水解三步反应制得5-氨基-1-环丙基-6，7-二氟-8-甲氧基-1，4-二氢-4-氧代喹啉-3-羧酸，然后分别与2（R）-（-）／2（S）-（＋）或2（R，S）-甲基哌嗪缩合，得到3种目标化合物（5a、5b和5c）。测定它们对20株临床分离和标准革兰阴性菌和标准革兰阳性菌的最低抑菌浓度。结果表明，5a和5b的体外抗菌活性与外消旋体5c基本相当。     

7-{4-［2-［2-取代-4-((5S)-5-乙酰胺甲基-2-氧代-噁唑烷-3-基)苯基］乙基］哌嗪-1-基}-氟喹诺酮类化合物的合成与抗菌活性

目的寻找新型的噁唑烷酮-氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物。方法设计合成了7-{4-［2-［2-取代-4-((5S)-5-乙酰胺甲基-2-氧代-噁唑烷-3-基)苯基］乙基］哌嗪-1-基}-氟喹诺酮类化合物，测定其体外抗菌活性。结果共合成20个目标化合物，经^{1H NMR和MS确证结构。目标化合物具有较好的体外抗菌活性，尤其是化合物22，对屎肠球菌的抑制活性分别是吗啉噁酮和诺氟沙星的16倍和64倍，对金葡菌的抑制活性为吗啉噁酮的4倍。结论某些带有氟喹诺酮结构片段的噁唑烷酮类化合物抗菌活性加强。}     

Synthesis,antibacterial activity,and toxicity of 7-(isoindolin-5-yl)-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids. Discovery of the novel des-F(6)-quinolone antibacterial agent garenoxacin (T-3811 or BMS-284756)

The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 5-(tributylstannyl)isoindoline and its 1- and 3-methyl derivatives with 6-fluoro or 6-unsubstituted 7-bromo-1-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy (or difluoromethoxy)-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylate afforded the corresponding 1-cyclopropyl-7-(5-isoindolinyl)-4-oxoquinoline-3- carboxylic acids: 6-fluoro, 1a-7a and 6-nonfluoro, 1b-7b. The in vitro antibacterial spectra of the newly synthesized quinolones were mostly characterized by excellent Gram-positive activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae including quinolone-resistant strains, and also by significant Gram-negative activity comparable to 7-(1-piperazinyl)fluoroquinolones. Comparative examinations of the in vitro antibacterial profiles and the in vivo toxicity in terms of intravenous lethality, micronuclei-inducing potential and convulsive activity provided 6-nonfluorinated 1-cyclopropyl-8-(difluoromethoxy)-7-(1-methylisoindolin-5-yl)-4- oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid [(+/-)-5b] as the candidate for evaluation of the stereoisomers. The enantiomers (R)-5b and (S)-5b were synthesized via the Suzuki coupling reaction of (R)- and (S)-1-methyl derivatives of 2-(triphenylmethyl)isoindolin-5-boronic acid with the corresponding 7-bromo-8-(difluoromethoxy)-4- oxoquinoline-3-carboxylate. The (R)-5b stereoisomer proved to be 2- to 4-fold more active than the (S)-5b stereoisomer against the organisms tested, with the exception of an equal potency observed with S. pneumoniae IID553 and Haemophilus influenzae ATCC49247. A noticeable in vitro antibacterial profile of (R)-5b was that it is 16- and 64-fold more active than levofloxacin (CAS 100986-85-4) and ciprofloxacin (CAS 86393-32-0), respectively, against Mycoplasma pneumoniae IID813 (MIC of 0.0313 microgram/ml), and 4-fold more active than ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis M-4 (MIC of 0.0313 microgram/ml). Additional studies indicate that (R)-5b (T-3811, CAS 194804-75-6) exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against a wide range of organisms including anaerobes and common respiratory pathogens, while demonstrating a high selectivity against the mammalian homolog topoisomerases. The methane-sulfonate of (R)-5b (T-3811ME, CAS 223652-90-2) is now undergoing clinical testings.     

Synthesis,structural evaluation,and estrogen receptor interaction of 2,3-diarylpiperazines

To develop novel estrogen receptor (ER) ligands, ring-fused derivatives of the hormonally active (1R,2S)/(1S,2R)-1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine 4b were synthesized. (2R,3S)/(2S,3R)-2-(2-Chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine 4 induced ligand-dependent gene expression in MCF-7-2a cells, stably transfected with the plasmid ERE(wtc)luc and was therefore used as a lead structure. The influence of the substitution pattern in the aromatic rings (4-OH (1), 2-F,4-OH (2), 2-Cl,4-OH (3), 2,6-Cl2,3-OH (5), and 2,6-Cl2,4-OH (6)) and the effect of N-ethyl chains on the ER binding and activation of gene expression were studied. The synthesis started from the respective methoxy-substituted (1R,2S)/(1S,2R)-configurated 1,2-diarylethylenediamines 6b to 4b, which were reacted with dimethyl oxalate in order to get 5,6-diarylpiperazine-2,3-diones. Reduction with BH3*tetrahydrofuran and ether cleavage with BBr3 yielded the piperazines 1-6. The N-alkylation of the piperazines 1a-3a, which was employed for obtaining compounds 7-11, was succeeded by acetic anhydride followed by reduction and ether cleavage. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopical studies revealed a synclinal conformation of the 1,2-diarylethane pharmacophore and a preference of the substituents at the heterocyclic ring for an equatorial position. This spatial structure prevents an interaction with the ER analogously to that of estradiol (E2). Therefore, the piperazines can displace E2 from its binding site only to a very small extent. Only the N-ethyl (8) and N,N'-diethyl (11) derivatives of piperazine 3 showed relative binding affinity values > 0.1% (8, 0.42%, and 11, 0.17%). Nevertheless, ER-mediated gene activation was verified for the piperazines 4 (20%), 6 (73%), 7 (34%), 8 (74%), and 11 (37%) (concentration, 1 microM; E2, 100% activation) on the MCF-7-2a cell line. O-methylation led to completely inactive compounds and showed the necessity of H bridges from the piperazines to the ER for activating gene expression.     

Synthesis and in vivo antitumor activity of 2-amino-9H-purine-6-sulfenamide, -sulfinamide, and -sulfonamide and related purine ribonucleosides

A number of 6-sulfenamide, 6-sulfinamide, and 6-sulfonamide derivatives of 2-aminopurine and certain related purine ribonucleosides have been synthesized and evaluated for antileukemic activity in mice. Amination of 6-mercaptopurine ribonucleoside (7a) and 6-thioguanosine (7b) with chloramine solution gave 9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfenamide (8a) and 2-amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfenamide (sulfenosine, 8b), respectively. Selective oxidation of 8a and 8b with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) gave (R,S)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfinamide (9a) and (R,S)-2-amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfinamide (sulfinosine, 9b), respectively. However, oxidation of 8a and 8b with excess of MCPBA gave 9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfonamide (10a) and 2-amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfonamide (sulfonosine, 10b), respectively. Similarly, amination of 5'-deoxy-6-thioguanosine (7c) afforded the 6-sulfenamide derivative (8c), which on controlled oxidation gave (R,S)-2-amino-9-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purine-6-sulfinamide (9c) and the corresponding 6-sulfonamide derivative (10c). Treatment of 6-thioguanine (12) with aqueous chloramine solution gave 2-amino-9H-purine-6-sulfenamide (13). Oxidation of 13 with 1 molar equiv of MCPBA afforded (R,S)-2-amino-9H-purine-6-sulfinamide (14), whereas the use of 4 molar equiv of MCPBA furnished 2-amino-9H-purine-6-sulfonamide (15). The resolution of R and S diastereomers of sulfinosine (9b) was accomplished by HPLC techniques. The structures of (R)-9b and 10b were assigned by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. (R)-9b exists in the crystal structure in four crystallographically independent conformations. Of the 18 compounds evaluated, 13 exhibited very significant anti-L1210 activity in mice. Sulfenosine (8b) at 22 mg/kg per day X 1 showed a T/C of 170, whereas sulfinosine (9b) at 173 mg/kg per day X 1 showed a T/C of 167 against L1210 leukemia. The 5'-deoxy analogue of sulfinosine (9c) at 104 mg/kg per day also showed a T/C of 172. A single treatment with 8b, 9b, and 9c reduced body burdens of viable L1210 cells by more than 99.8%.     

Stereoselective and regiospecific hydroxylation of ketamine and norketamine

The objective was to determine the cytochrome P450s (CYPs) responsible for the stereoselective and regiospecific hydroxylation of ketamine [(R,S)-Ket] to diastereomeric hydroxyketamines, (2S,6S;2R,6R)-HK (5a) and (2S,6R;2R,6S)-HK (5b) and norketamine [(R,S)-norKet] to hydroxynorketamines, (2S,6S;2R,6R)-HNK (4a), (2S,6R;2R,6S)-HNK (4b), (2S,5S;2R,5R)-HNK (4c), (2S,4S;2R,4R)-HNK (4d), (2S,4R;2R,4S)-HNK (4e), (2S,5R;2R,5S)-HNK (4f). The enantiomers of Ket and norKet were incubated with characterized human liver microsomes (HLMs) and expressed CYPs. Metabolites were identified and quantified using LC/MS/MS and apparent kinetic constants estimated using single-site Michaelis-Menten, Hill or substrate inhibition equation. 5a was predominantly formed from (S)-Ket by CYP2A6 and N-demethylated to 4a by CYP2B6. 5b was formed from (R)- and (S)-Ket by CYP3A4/3A5 and N-demethylated to 4b by multiple enzymes. norKet incubation produced 4a, 4c and 4f and minor amounts of 4d and 4e. CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 were the major enzymes responsible for the formation of 4a, 4d and 4f, and CYP3A4/3A5 for the formation of 4e. The 4b metabolite was not detected in the norKet incubates. 5a and 4b were detected in plasma samples from patients receiving (R,S)-Ket, indicating that 5a and 5b are significant Ket metabolites. Large variations in HNK concentrations were observed suggesting that pharmacogenetics and/or metabolic drug interactions may play a role in therapeutic response.     

Diarylheptanoids from the leaves ofAlnus hirsuta Turcz

Diarylheptanoids, (5S)-1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxyheptane-3-one (1, hirsutanonol), (5S)-1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane-3-one-5-O-beta-D-xylopyranosi de (2, oregonin), (5R)-1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane-5-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside (3), and (5R)-1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4) were isolated from the leaves of Alnus hirsuta Turcz. The structures of these compounds were identified based on the spectral and physicochemical data.     

Synthesis of 5-substituted uracil derivatives.

The synthesis of a series of 5-substituted uracil derivatives is described. 5-Bromoacetyluracil (2a) was converted to the glycolyl (2b), glycyl (2c), N,N-dimethylglycyl (2d), 4-imidazolyl (3), and 2-amino-4-thiazolyl (4) derivatives. 5-Formyluracil (5) was used in the preparation of the 2-imidazolyl (6), the 3-acrylic acid (7b), the ester (7a), and the 3-N,N-dimethylacrylamide (8) derivatives. A Mannich reaction converted 5-acetyluracil to the amino ketone 9 which was reduced to give the 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol derivative 10. Compounds 2b,d,3,4,6, and 7b failed to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli B and Staphylococcus aureus.     

白刺链霉菌15-4-2中的抗MRSA活性成分研究

目的研究白刺链霉菌(Streptomyces albospinus)15-4-2发酵液中的抗耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)活性成分。方法通过活性跟踪,采用柱层析等方法对白刺链霉菌15-4-2的次生代谢产物进行分离纯化。采用光谱分析对活性成分进行结构解析。结果分离鉴定了7个化合物,其结构分别为N-(2-羟基-1-(4-甲氧基苯基)乙基)乙酰胺(1)、2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-2-(丙胺基)乙醇(2)、cytoxazone(3)、对羟基苯甲酸(4)、(2S,3R)-3-羟基-2-甲基丁酸(5)、对甲基苯酚(6)和1,4-二甲氧基苯(7)。结论抗菌活性测试结果表明化合物1、3、4、5和6具有抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)活性。其中,1、3、4和5的抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌活性为首次报道。     

白杨素衍生物的合成和晶体结构及与DNA的作用

以白杨素为先导化合物经羟甲基化反应合成中间体5,7-二羟基-6,8-二羟甲基黄酮(1)，进而合成了5,7-二羟基-6,8-二(甲氧基甲基)黄酮(2)，5,7-二羟基-6,8-二(乙氧基甲基)黄酮(3)，5,7-二羟基-6,8-二(丁氧基甲基)黄酮(4)，5,7-二羟基-6,8-二(戊氧基甲基)黄酮(5)和5-羟基-7-甲氧基-6,8-二(乙氧基甲基)黄酮(6)；采用IR，¹H NMR，¹³C NMR和元素分析对1～6进行了表征，同时用X-射线单晶衍射法对6进行了晶体结构测定。利用荧光法分别对1～4与CT-DNA的作用进行了研究，根据Stern-Volmer方程，它们对EB-DNA体系的荧光猝灭常数分别为k_q1=9.71×10³ L·mol^-1，k_q2=2.25×10⁴L·mol^-1，k_q3=1.03×10⁴L·mol^-1和k_q4=7.96×10³ L·mol^-1。1～4与白杨素相比，对DNA更具亲和力，为开发更有效的黄酮类化合物提供了实验依据。     

Stereoselectivity of a potent calcium antagonist, 1-benzyl-3-pyrrolidinyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(m-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate

Four enantiomers (3a-d) of the title compound, YM-09730 (3), were synthesized by the reaction of (-)- or (+)-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-2, 6-dimethyl-4-(m-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1a or 1b) with (S)- or (R)-1-benzyl-3-pyrrolidinol (2a or 2b). [3H]Nitrendipine binding affinity and coronary vasodilating activity of these compounds were evaluated. The absolute configuration of the most potent enantiomer (3a) with the longest duration was unequivocally determined to be (S)-1,4-dihydropyridine-C4 and (S)-pyrrolidine-C3 (S,S) by X-ray crystallographic study on 3a X HBr as well as 3a X HCl. The configuration of 1a corresponds to R, and the other enantiomers of 3 were respectively determined by chemical correlation. The potency order of the four enantiomers was (S,S)-3a greater than (S,R)-3b greater than (R,R)-3d greater than (R,S)-3c. Latent chiral characters of nifedipine derivatives with the identical ester groups were assigned by comparison of their puckering modes of 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) rings with those found in 3a X HCl or 3a X HBr. On the basis of the assignment, it has been revealed that the (S)-DHP nifedipine derivatives possess the synperiplanar carbonyl group at C5. The conformational restriction may be a factor causing stereoselectivity of antagonism.     

Antitubercular constituents of Valeriana laxiflora

Antitubercular bioassay-guided fractionation of the n-hexane- and CH (2)Cl (2)-soluble extracts of the above-ground biomass and roots of Valeriana laxiflora led to the isolation of a new iridolactone, (4R,5R,7S,8S,9S)-7-hydroxy-8-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-perhydrocyclopenta[ c]pyran-1-one ( 1), and a new lignan, (+)-1-hydroxy-2,6-bis- epi-pinoresinol ( 2), along with eleven known compounds, betulin ( 3), betulinic acid ( 4), 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone ( 5), 23-hydroxyursolic acid ( 6), oleanolic acid ( 7), tricin ( 8), ursolic acid ( 9), ferulic acid, (+)-1-hydroxypinoresinol, prinsepiol, and 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The absolute stereochemistry of 1 was determined by chemical transformations and Mosher ester procedures. In a microplate alamar blue assay against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, compounds 2 - 9 exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 15.5 - 127 microg/mL, while the other isolates were regarded as inactive (MIC > 128 microg/mL). In addition, all the isolates were tested for cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells in order to evaluate their selectivity potential.