非生物人工肝对慢性重型肝炎肝功能支持效果评价

目的评价非生物人工肝支持治疗对慢性重型肝炎患者肝功能的支持效果及安全性。方法253例早、中、晚期慢性重型肝炎患者在综合治疗基础上给予非生物人工肝支持治疗,观察非生物人工肝支持治疗前后患者肝功能、肾功能、凝血酶原活动度（PTA）、血常规及临床症状变化情况。结果253例慢性重型肝炎患者进行非生物人工肝支持治疗后,血清总胆红素（TBIL）及谷丙转氨酶（ALT）下降,PTA上升（P〈0．01）;临床症状明显改善率为9．1％,有效率47．8％,总有效率为56．9％,不良反应轻。治疗后中、晚期慢性重型肝炎的存活率分别为53．1％、10．4％,早期患者存活9例。结论 非生物人工肝支持治疗慢性重型肝炎患者不良反应轻,对肝功能有肯定的支持作用,尤其对早、中期患者支持效果更好。     

解毒化瘀汤治疗慢性乙型肝炎重型早期疗效分析

目的观察解毒化瘀汤治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效。方法将46例慢性重型肝炎患者随机分为两组，治疗组26例口服解毒化瘀汤，对照组20例口服菌栀黄。观察治疗前后的症状、体征、肝功能、凝血酶原活动度的变化。结果治疗组疗效优于显效对照组（P〈0．05）；患者症状及体征有明显改善，与对照组比较，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；TBIL、ALT、GLB明显降低，ALB、PTA升高，与对照组比较，TBIL、ALB、PTA水平差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论解毒化瘀汤能提高慢性重型肝炎的疗效，改善症状、体征及生化指标。     

活化凝血时间监测在老年患者体外循环术后行连续性肾脏替代疗法肝素抗凝管理中的应用

目的探讨活化凝血时间(ACT)监测在老年患者体外循环术后行连续性肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)肝素抗凝管理中的应用价值。方法分别监测ACT对老年体外循环术后CRRT肝素抗凝管理(观察组18例)和经验性抗凝管理(对照组17例)患者ACT、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)含量。观察两组疗效,分析ACT对出血风险的预测价值。结果观察组滤器管道平均使用时间显著长于对照组(P<0.05),肝素用量、出血率、滤器管道凝血事件发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),CRRT治疗期间ACT、APTT均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。ACT预测出血风险的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.939。结论ACT监测技术可提高CRRT治疗安全性,评估肝素抗凝疗效和预测出血风险具有较高价值。     

不同抗凝方法对连续性血液净化治疗脓毒症患者凝血功能和疗效的影响

目的探讨不同抗凝方法对连续性血液净化治疗脓毒症患者凝血功能和疗效的影响。方法 120例脓毒症患者均行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗,其中有活动性出血者60例行无肝素治疗(无肝素组),有出血倾向者60例采用低分子肝素抗凝(肝素组)。两组治疗前及治疗后1、2 d检测尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、血小板(PLT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、国际标准化比值(INR)和纤维蛋白原(Fg),并于治疗后3 d采用急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分系统(APACHE)Ⅲ评估健康状况,依据APACHEⅢ预测死亡率并统计28 d存活率。结果两组治疗后BUN、Scr水平较治疗前均明显降低(P0.05),但组间无显著差异(P0.05);PLT、PT、APTT、TT、INR和Fg水平较治疗前均明显降低(P0.05),但组间无显著差异(P0.05);APACHEⅢ评分、死亡率和28 d存活率均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论连续性血液净化能够改善脓毒症患者凝血功能,不同抗凝方法对连续性血液净化治疗脓毒症患者的凝血功能和疗效影响不明显。     

凝血酶原活动度与重型肝炎患者血浆置换疗效的关系

探讨凝血酶原活动度（PTA）与重型肝炎患者血浆置换（PE）疗效的关系。随机选取30例PTA〉30％和30例PTA〈30％的重型肝炎患者,观察血浆置换前后血清总胆红素和丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）的变化。PTA〉30％组患者血浆置换后血清总胆红素和ALT均显著下降,PTA〈30％组的患者血浆置换后仅有ALT显著下降,而血清总胆红素下降不明显。PTA〉30％组患者血浆置换疗效优于PTA〈30％组患者,PTA可作为重型肝炎患者血浆置换疗效的预测因子。     

连续性血液净化对多器官功能障碍综合征患者凝血功能的影响

目的：观察连续性血液净化治疗多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）患者过程中血浆组织因子（TF）、组织因子途径抑制物（TFPI）的变化，并分析影响其变化的相关因素。方法：16例MODS患者随机分为两组，一组给予无肝素连续性静脉-静脉血液透析滤过（CVVHDF）治疗，另一组给予普通肝素抗凝的CVVHDF治疗。观察患者行CVVHDF治疗8h过程中的变化，在治疗0、15min、1h．2h．8h时检测血浆TF及TFPI水平，同时测定血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α、IL-1β水平，并分析影响TF、TFPI水平变化的相关因素。结果：MODS患者TF、TFPI水平较正常对照组明显升高（P〈0．01），TFPL／TF水平较正常对照组显著降低（P〈0．01）。CBP治疗过程中，两组患者血浆TF呈下降趋势，而TFPI呈上升趋势。TFPL／TF水平随着CBP时间的延长呈上升趋势。肝素组TFPL／TF上升幅度更为明显，与无肝素组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。无肝素组CBP治疗MODS患者不同时间点血清TNF-α、IL-1β与血浆TF均呈正相关（P〈0．05）而在肝素组无明显相关（P〉0．05）。结论：MODS患者分泌TF、TFPI增加，TFPL／TF降低，CBP可部分改善TFPL／TF比例，与CBP清除TNF-α与IL-1β相平行。肝素可增加TFPI的分泌。     

酚妥拉明联合甘利欣治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床研究

观察酚妥拉明联合甘利欣治疗慢性重型肝炎的疗效。 30例慢性重型肝炎患者 ,随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组 16例 ,应用酚妥拉明联合甘利欣等综合治疗 ;对照组 14例 ,应用甘利欣等综合治疗 ,疗程为 1月。结果显示 ,治疗前两组的总胆红素 (TBil)、凝血酶原活动度 (PTA)的差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。治疗结束后 ,与对照组相比 ,治疗组TBil降低、PTA上升更明显 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;治疗组和对照组TBil较治疗前均有明显下降(P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ,PTA明显上升 (P <0 0 1)。两组显效率、总有效率间的差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。酚妥拉明联合甘利欣治疗慢性重型肝炎降低胆红素、提高凝血酶原活动度有较好的疗效     

连续性肾替代治疗对危重患者凝血功能的影响

目的：评价连续性肾替代治疗方法对危重患者的安全性。方法：回顾性统计60例行连续性肾替代治疗患者的病历资料,按治疗累计总时间将患者分为〈72h组和〉72h组,比较治疗前、后血小板及凝血指标的变化和出血发生率。结果：〈72h组在治疗24h后与治疗前比较PLT、纤维蛋白原（FIB）下降,PT、APTT延长（P〈0．05）;〉72h组在24h、72h后各项指标有同样变化,且72h后PLT、FIB下降更多（P〈0．01）,PT、APTT延长更明显（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。〉72h组继发出血情况较〈72h组严重（P〈0．01）。结论：连续性肾替代治疗连续多次治疗后可引起血小板减少、凝血时间延长,出血发生率增加。治疗期间应加强凝血功能监测,治疗次数和时间控制在一定范围,病情改善及时停止治疗,避免增加出血几率。     

促肝细胞生长素治疗重型肝炎的临床研究

目的：探讨促肝细胞生长素对重型肝炎的疗效及安全性。方法：选择急性、亚急性和慢性重型肝炎患者358例，静脉滴注促肝细胞生长素，观察患者的症状、ALT、AST、PTA等项目，并判断药物治疗的疗效。结果：重型肝炎患者应用促肝细胞生长素后其乏力明显缓解，ALT、AST、TBIL下降，ALB及PLA明显升高，与治疗前比较，差异有非常显著性（P＜0．001）。对生存2周以上的急性重型肝炎、亚急性重型肝炎及慢性重型肝炎患者总有效率分别为78．4％、88．9％及27．5％。结论：促肝细胞生长素可以用于治疗重型肝炎。     

146例慢性重型肝炎综合治疗与中西医结合治疗疗效比较

目的：观察慢性重型肝炎临床综合治疗及中西医结合治疗的疗效。方法：采用队列研究方法,观察综合治疗对照组和中西医结合治疗组共146例慢性重型肝炎患者的临床症状、肝肾功能、生化指标、凝血功能、生存质量量表等指标并比较两组疗效。结果：治疗4周后中西医结合治疗组患者TBil（总胆红素）降低显著（P〈0.05）,TP（总蛋白）、CHE（胆碱酯酶）、TG（甘油三酯）、NH3（血氨）、FIB（纤维蛋白原）、PT（凝血酶原时间）和PTA（凝血酶原活动度）等均优于对照组,但差异无显著性意义（P〈0.05）。中西医结合治疗组患者的症状和生存质量改善、并发症发生情况均优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：中西医结合治疗慢性重型肝炎的总体疗效优于一般综合治疗。     

Comparison of bedside and hospital laboratory coagulation studies during and after coronary intervention

The activated clotting time is routinely used to monitor anticoagulation during coronary intervention, whereas the hospital laboratory APTT guides pre- and postprocedure heparin therapy. An optimal coagulation test for patients undergoing percutaneous revascularization would provide a rapid and accurate assessment of anticoagulation throughout a broad range of heparin therapy. We studied the relationships of the bedside whole blood APTT, ACT, and the laboratory APTT in 166 patients undergoing coronary intervation. The whole blood APTT correlated closely with the laboratory APTT (range 18-80 sec) (r = .75), whereas the ACT and laboratory APTT had only a fair correlation (r = .42). Also, the whole blood APTT demonstrated a strong correlation with the ACT throughout the range of heparin therapy for intervention (r = .81). The diagnostic accuracy of the whole blood APTT, based on the receiver operating characteristic curve, was significantly better than that for the ACT in determining the anticoagulation status. The whole blood APTT obtained by bedside monitoring provides a rapid and accurate assessment of anticoagulation throughout the range of heparin dosing associated with coronary intervention. In situations in which an adequate assessment of residual anticoagulation is necessary, the whole blood APTT is superior to the ACT and probably should be the method of choice. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

部分凝血因子与慢性重型肝炎预后关系的分析

目的研究部分凝血因子以及凝血酶原活动度（PTA）、凝血酶原时间的国际标准化比值（INR）等检测指标与慢性重型肝炎（CSH）预后的关系。方法选择2007年6月2008年1月我院收治的CSH患者31例，依据病情转归，分为存活组（17例）和死亡组（14例）。使用德国BE公司生产的Thrombolyzer Rack Rotor全自动凝血仪检测PTA、INR、凝血因子Ⅱ（FⅡ：C）、凝血因子Ⅴ（FⅤ：C）、凝血因子Ⅶ（FⅦ：C）及凝血因子Ⅹ（FⅩ：C）水平。选用SPSS软件对所得数据进行单因素和多因素判别分析，并对各生化指标进行相关性分析。结果CSH发生时存活组与死亡组FⅡ：C分别为31．1％±10．8％和20．4％±18．5％，FⅤ：C分别为39．4％±19．0％和14．3％±8．7％，FⅦ：C分别为21．9％±11．8％和6．4％±4．9％，FⅩ：C分别为57．2％±26．1％和42．2％±24．5％，存活组与死亡组PTA分别为28．0%±8．0％和13．5％±5．1％，INR分别为2．1±0．6和4．4±1．6。单因素分析显示FⅦ：C与CSH预后具有相关性（P〈0．05）；PTA、INR、FⅤ：C与CSH预后具有非常显著的相关性（P=0．00）。二分类Logistic回归分析筛选出与CSH预后相关的主要凝血指标INR和FⅤ：C，两者结合可以明显提高对CSH预后判断的阳性率（93．5％）。相关性分析显示，INR、FⅤ：C与PTA高度相关，相关系数分别为0．862、0．711。结论FⅦ：C、FⅤ：C、PTA、INR水平可作为CSH预后的判定指标，其中FⅤ：C和INR较PTA更为特异，同时测定FⅤ：C和INR水平可以更早、更准确判断CSH预后。     

国产注射用比伐卢定对冠状动脉介入治疗患者凝血功能的影响

目的探讨国产注射用比伐卢定对经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗术患者凝血功能的影响。方法随机选择50例择期行PCI的患者,术中用肝素(对照组,25例)或国产注射用比伐卢定(比伐卢定组,25例)抗凝。分别于PCI术前、用药后5 min、术后即刻、停药后30 min、停药后2 h测活化凝血时间(ACT)。用药前、用药结束后6、24、72 h,静脉采血,检测活化凝血酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)和纤维蛋白原(FIB)。结果用药后5 min及术后即刻比伐卢定组ACT显著高于对照组(均为P<0.001);PCI术前和停药后30 min两组患者ACT差异无统计学意义(P=0.362、P=0.732),停药后2 h比伐卢定组ACT显著低于对照组[(208.27±34.84)s比(241.48±41.34)s,P=0.01]。术后凝血功能4项与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05),两组之间均无心血管临床事件发生(P=1.00),大出血事件两组之间差异也无统计学意义(P=1.00)。结论与常规肝素抗凝相比,国产注射用比伐卢定作为抗凝剂应用于PCI术中,起效更快,效果更强,而且半衰期更短,提示其有效性和安全性比肝素钠更佳。     

Activated clotting times and activated partial thromboplastin times in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty who receive bolus doses of heparin.

The accurate assessment of coagulation status is an important part of interventional procedures performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. While the traditional clinical means of assessing heparin anticoagulation has been with the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), the activated coagulation time (ACT) has come into widespread use in the catheterization laboratory as an assay of whole blood clotting time which can be performed rapidly at the bedside. The purpose of the present study was to (1) assess the anticoagulant effect of a 10,000 U bolus of heparin in PTCA patients and (2) document the relationship between ACTs and APTTs in a subset of these patients. Baseline and postheparin ACTs were measured using a HemoTec coagulation timer in 545 unselected PTCA patients. The average baseline ACT was 120 +/- 22 sec. After a 10,000 U bolus of heparin the average ACT was 249 +/- 44 sec; 58% of patients had an ACT less than 250 sec, 17% had an ACT between 250 and 275 sec, 12% had an ACT between 275 and 300 sec, and 13% had an ACT greater than 300 sec. A total of 175 paired ACT and APTT measurements were obtained in a random subset of these patients at baseline, after heparinization, and at 4-6 hr intervals after the procedure. The APTT was limited by absolute upper and lower limits of 150 and 22 sec; there were no such limits on the ACT. When limiting values were excluded, there was a strong overall correlation between ACT and APTT measurements (r = 0.92, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Activated clotting times and activated partial thromboplastin times in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty who receive bolus doses of heparin

The accurate assessment of coagulation status is an important part of interventional procedures performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. While the traditional clinical means of assessing heparin anticoagulation has been with the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), the activated coagulation time (ACT) has come into widespread use in the catheterization laboratory as an assay of whole blood clotting time which can be performed rapidly at the bedside. The purpose of the present study was to (1) assess the anticoagulant effect of a 10,000 U bolus of heparin in PTCA patients and (2) document the relationship between ACTs and APTTs in a subset of these patients. Baseline and postheparin ACTs were measured using a HemoTec coagulation timer in 545 unselected PTCA patients. The average baseline ACT was 120 ± 22 sec. After a 10,000 U bolus of heparin the average ACT was 249 ± 44 sec; 58% of patients had an ACT < 250 sec, 17% had an ACT between 250 and 275 sec, 12% had an ACT between 275 and 300 sec, and 13% had an ACT >300 sec. A total of 175 paired ACT and APTT measurements were obtained in a random subset of these patients at baseline, after heparinization, and at 4–6 hr intervals after the procedure. The APTT was limited by absolute upper and lower limits of 150 and 22 sec; there were no such limits on the ACT. When limiting values were excluded, there was a strong overall correlation between ACT and APTT measurements (r = 0.92, p 0.001). We conclude that the activated coagulation time provides an accurate and reliable assessment of anticoagulation status. This test appears to be ideally suited for patients undergoing interventional procedures. There are, however, substantial differences in the automated systems currently in clinical use. The percent of patients achieving a target ACT of greater than 300 sec, as measured by a HemoTec system, after a 10,000 U bolus of heparin is low. These results are not extrapolatable to other ACT measurement techniques. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

回收式自体输血对手术患者凝血及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨回收式自体输血（BS）对机体凝血状态和T淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞功能的影响。方法选择骨科大手术患者40例，随机分为自体输血组（BS组）和异体输血组（异体组）各20例，术中分别采用BS及输异体血，分别于术前、输血后1h及输血后24h测定血常规、APTT、PT、FIB及ACT；流式细胞仪测定输血后第1天、第5天T淋巴细胞亚群CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋值及NK细胞。结果输血后1h两组APTT、PT、ACT均延长，FIB和PLT计数均降低（P〈0．05），但尚在正常范围内，组间比较元显著性差异（P〉0．05）。异体输血组输血后第1天和第5天CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋、NK变化显著低于BS组（P〈0．01）；BS前后上述指标元明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论．BS对凝血功能的影响与异体输血相似，大量回输时应注意补充凝血因子和血小板；BS对机体细胞免疫功能元明显抑制作用。     

Contact factor deficiencies and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: detection of the defect and monitoring of heparin

Contact factor pathway deficiencies do not cause surgical bleeding but make heparin monitoring by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and activated clotting time (ACT) unreliable. Heparin monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery in these patients is particularly challenging. Here we describe heparin monitoring during CPB using the chromogenic anti Xa assay in two patients with severe factor XII deficiency (FXII < 0.01 U/mL) and one patient with severe prekallikrein (PK) deficiency (PK < 0.01 U/mL). Anti Xa levels of the three patients during CPB varied between 3.8 and 4.8 U/mL in keeping with a control group (mean anti Xa 4.5 U/mL and ACT > 480 s). There were no bleeding or thrombotic complications. We also found that detection of severe PK deficiency by the APTT in the PK deficient patient was dependent on the reagent used and discuss the sensitivity of different APTT reagents for contact factor deficiencies. We conclude that the sensitivity of APTT methods for contact pathway deficiencies is highly variable and although insensitivity is not a clinical problem in terms of bleeding, it can be a cause of discrepancy between different APTT reagents and the ACT. This can lead to confusion about a possible haemorrhagic tendency and delays in surgery. If these patients need to undergo cardiac surgery requiring high dose heparin treatment, monitoring by chromogenic anti Xa assay is a good alternative.     

Abnormal blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders

Thirty-six patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPD) were studied as regards blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. These studies revealed various mild abnormalities: activated thromboplastin time (APTT) tended to prolong and the level of factor V decreased significantly. In several cases, the levels of D-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin III complex and plasmin-alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complex were elevated compared to normal. These results suggest that abnormal coagulation system in the patients with CMPD is related to low grade disseminated intravascular coagulation. Many coagulation factors did not correlate with peripheral blood cell counts. Two patients with polycythemia vera were evaluated for several abnormalities of the coagulation system before and during treatment. Coagulation abnormalities persisted after hematologic control had been achieved. Our results suggest that patients with CMPD have a chronic state of abnormal blood coagulation system even after normalization of blood cell counts.     

Heparin monitoring in the coronary care unit after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

The rate of acute restenosis in patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is related to thrombotic complications triggered by the PTCA. This risk is reduced by anticoagulating the patients with heparin after the procedure. The anticoagulation state of patients receiving heparin therapy is routinely monitored with the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test. In an effort to provide more timely results regarding the status of patients who are receiving heparin after PTCA, a study was conducted to see whether low-range activated clotting time measurement (LR ACT) performed at the bedside could provide information comparable to that from APTT values determined in the laboratory. The study showed that the LR ACT values were comparable to laboratory-generated APTT values (R2 = 0.68). The LR ACT data generated were superior to the APTT data in terms of timeliness and the wider range of heparin levels covered. Having these values available allowed the CCU staff to react rapidly to changes in the patient's coagulation status.