成骨生长肽壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球的制备及体外检测

背景：成骨生长肽体外注射可以刺激外周血和骨髓细胞数增加,增加动物的骨量,加速骨折愈合,但因多肽不稳定性及注射应用不方便,限制了其临床应用。 目的：应用乳化交联法制备成骨生长肽壳聚糖-海藻酸钠缓释微球,并对其粒径、载药、体外释药、理化特性进行检测。 方法：以戊二醛作为交联剂,应用乳化交联法制备具有控制释放功能的负载成骨生长肽壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球,显微镜及扫描电镜观察微球的形态和粒径;利用酶联免疫吸附实验动态检测成骨生长肽壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球的载药率、包封率和缓释规律。 结果与结论：乳化交联法制备的壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球,球形良好,球体表面有较多微孔,具有较高的包封率(>72%)。体外药物释放实验表明,成骨生长肽可以从壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球中缓慢释放,整个释放过程可达49 d,累积释放率>85%。提示应用乳化交联法制备的负载成骨生长肽壳聚糖-海藻酸钠缓释微球,具有很好的控制释放成骨生长肽的能力。     

制备壳聚糖微球体外缓释TGF-β_1的研究

应用离子交联沉淀法制备壳聚糖-转化生长因子（TGF-β1）缓释微球,研究其体外缓释性能。采用离子交联沉淀法制备壳聚糖微球,以其包裹TGF-β1,制备具有缓释效能的壳聚糖-TGF-β1缓释微球。用扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪、Elisa法等观察其表面形态,测定药物载药率、包封率、体外缓释效率等指标。结果表明：所得微球球形良好,表面光滑,粒径分布集中,平均粒径272nm。壳聚糖微球有较高的药物包封率,达80.60%。体外释放试验提示,TGF-β1初期存在突释现象,前24h释放达27%,但其后可从壳聚糖微球中稳定释放,7d累计释放达41%。离子交联沉淀法制备壳聚糖缓释微球方法简单易行,所得壳聚糖-TGF-β1微球具有良好的缓释效能,提示其在组织工程领域具有良好的应用前景。     

制备壳聚糖微球体外缓释TGF-β1的研究

应用离子交联沉淀法制备壳聚糖-转化生长因子（TGF-β1）缓释微球,研究其体外缓释性能。采用离子交联沉淀法制备壳聚糖微球,以其包裹TGF-β1,制备具有缓释效能的壳聚糖-TGF-β1缓释微球。用扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪、Elisa法等观察其表面形态,测定药物载药率、包封率、体外缓释效率等指标。结果表明：所得微球球形良好,表面光滑,粒径分布集中,平均粒径272nm。壳聚糖微球有较高的药物包封率,达80.60%。体外释放试验提示,TGF-β1初期存在突释现象,前24h释放达27%,但其后可从壳聚糖微球中稳定释放,7d累计释放达41%。离子交联沉淀法制备壳聚糖缓释微球方法简单易行,所得壳聚糖-TGF-β1微球具有良好的缓释效能,提示其在组织工程领域具有良好的应用前景。     

壳聚糖季铵盐包裹甲状旁腺激素相关肽制备纳米缓释颗粒

背景：小范围研究显示,低剂量、间歇性应用甲状旁腺激素相关肽能有效治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松症。但其存在着易变性、半衰期短、价格昂贵等缺陷,因此研制应用缓释系统控制甲状旁腺激素相关肽的释放速度,提高其生物利用效率极为必要。 目的：制备一种新型纳米载药颗粒,探讨其对甲状旁腺激素相关肽的包封及体外释放特性。 方法：采用离子交联法制备壳聚糖季铵盐纳米载药颗粒,用傅里叶红外光谱、透射电镜等进行表征,检测纳米颗粒的包封及体外释放特性。 结果与结论：在常温磁力搅拌条件下,当壳聚糖季铵盐与三聚磷酸钠投药量为5︰1~2︰1时可形成纳米颗粒,粒径100~180 nm,为规则球形,甲状旁腺激素相关肽投药质量浓度越高时包封率增大但载药量有所减少,体外PBS溶液中纳米载药颗粒表现出缓慢释放特性。     

表柔比星壳聚糖微球联合微波消融治疗小鼠肝移植瘤

背景:原发性肝癌的手术切除率较低,肝癌的局部治疗成为重要手段。经皮微波消融治疗能达到原位灭活的目的,但不能彻底杀灭瘤细胞。缓释剂型化疗药物可形成局部较高药物浓度及发挥较持久作用,目前已多被应用于原发性肝癌的治疗。目的:观察负载表柔比星的壳聚糖微球联合微波消融局部治疗荷肝癌小鼠皮下移植瘤的效果。方法:采用W/O型乳化-固化法制备表柔比星-壳聚糖微球,扫描电镜观察壳聚糖微球的表面形态,粒径大小。紫外分光光度计分析载药微球的包封率、载药量及药物累积释放率。将24只H22皮下肝癌荷瘤小鼠分成4组,各组皮下肝癌肿瘤分给予以下治疗:单纯微波治疗;微波治疗后第2天给予瘤内注射生理盐水;微波治疗后给予瘤内注射表柔比星;微波治疗后联合瘤内注射载药微球,监测荷瘤小鼠肿瘤体积变化并计算抑瘤率。结果与结论:壳聚糖微球平均粒径约为105μm,粒径大小较一致,包封率约为80%,载药率约为11%,2周的累积缓释率为84%。微波联合瘤内注射生理盐水、表柔比星、载药微球的抑瘤率分别为8%,20%,47%。表明壳聚糖微球是一种有效的表柔比星局部缓释剂型,联合微波消融治疗有较强的抑瘤作用。     

喷雾干燥法制备眼用壳聚糖/明胶复合微球**

背景：普通滴眼液由于泪液冲刷与鼻泪管吸收等因素,在眼表停留时间短,生物利用度低。 目的：以壳聚糖、明胶为载体材料,左氧氟沙星为模型药物,制备应用于眼表的缓控释微球并考察其理化性质与体外释放。 方法：采用喷雾干燥法制备左氧氟沙星壳聚糖/明胶微球,通过扫描电镜观察微球的表面形态,激光粒度仪测量微球粒径分布与zeta电位,高效液相色谱法检测微球的载药率与包封率,动态透析法研究微球体外药物释放情况。 结果与结论：所得微球形态良好,粒径分布窄,平均粒径为(1 267.4±115.3) nm,zeta电位为+(32.19±0.85) mV,载药量为(18.31±0.22)%,包封率为(91.53±1.12)%。载药微球体外释放符合一级释药方程Ln(1-Q)=-0.699 1t-0.086 4,r2=0.945 1。说明壳聚糖/明胶载药微球对左氧氟沙星具有缓释作用。实验采用喷雾干燥法成功制备了粒径及分布适宜、释放周期较理想、药物稳定性好的载左氧氟沙星壳聚糖明胶缓释微球。      

载羟基喜树碱聚乳酸-羟基乙酸微球的制备及相关性能研究

目的制备一种载羟基喜树碱的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)缓释微球,并考察其相关性能。方法采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备羟基喜树碱PLGA微球,用扫描电子显微镜观察载药微球表面形态,测定平均粒径及跨距,高效液相色谱检测包封率、载药率及体外释放情况,改良寇氏法计算小鼠半数致死量。结果制备的载药PLGA微球呈圆球形,表面光滑,无粘连,平均粒径30.8μm,跨距0.9,包封率为85.5%、载药率4.28%,在体外28 d累积释放药物81.4%。羟基喜树碱小鼠静脉注射的半数致死量为18.4 mg/kg,肌内注射半数致死量为71.3 mg/kg,而羟基喜树碱PLGA微球肌内注射的半数致死量为138.5 mg/kg。结论乳化-溶剂挥发法制备的羟基喜树碱PLGA微球粒径适宜,包封率、载药率高,缓释效果好,毒性低,具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

聚乙二醇对利福平-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸聚合物缓释微球性能的影响

背景：聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物微球具有良好的生物相容性,是优良的药物缓释载体,但缓释微球的突释问题严重影响了其临床应用。 目的：观察聚乙二醇对利福平-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸聚合物缓释微球特征、载药率、包封率、体外释放规律及突释的影响。 方法：以高分子材料聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物作为载体,采用复乳化-溶剂挥发法制备聚乙二醇-利福平-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸聚合物微球(实验组)和利福平-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸聚合物微球(对照组)。扫描电子显微镜观察两组聚合物缓释微球特征,高效液相色谱法检测两组微球在不同时段模拟体液中的利福平药物浓度及累计释放量,计算两组微球的载药量、包封率。 结果与结论：与对照组比较,实验组微球表面光滑、粒径减小、分散良好,包封率和载药量明显提高。实验组微球3 h内药物释放量最大,1 d左右药物释放趋于平稳稳定状态,1 d药物累计释放量小于20%;对照组微球3 h内药物释放量最大,约为实验组的1.5倍,1 d左右药物释放也趋于平稳状态。表明聚乙二醇可改善利福平-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸聚合物缓释微球的成球率,减小其粒径,增加其载药量和包封率,控制其突释现象。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

带有微孔结构紫杉醇微球制备及其在小鼠体内抗肿瘤活性研究

目的利用聚己内酯(PCL)生物可降解高分子材料与普朗尼克F68(Pluronic F68,F68)共混物作为载体材料与抗癌药物紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)组成微球控释系统,并对其在小鼠体内的抗肿瘤活性进行研究。方法采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备紫杉醇微球,研究PCL／F68载药微球及PCL载药微球的体外释放并用扫描电子显微镜比较微球表面形态,考察PCL/F68载药微球对小鼠肝癌H22实体瘤和腹水瘤的抗肿瘤活性并与紫杉醇注射液进行比较。结果紫杉醇的包封率约为90％。扫描电镜结果显示微球球形圆整,PCL微球表面光滑,而PCL／F68微球表面粗糙,呈现多孔状(Fig 1)。体外释放实验表明紫杉醇微球有明显的缓释性能。     

吲哚美辛微球的制备及其包封率和释放性能***

背景：吲哚美辛在眼内半衰期短,需要多次给药才能达到治疗作用。 目的：制备吲哚美辛微球,并分析其包封率及缓释性能。 方法：选择安全性好的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物和聚丙烯酸树脂类两种共聚物作为载体材料,以乳化溶剂挥发法制备含吲哚美辛微球,分析不同有机溶剂(二氯甲烷、丙酮)、不同载体材料比例、不同pH值及不同渗透压因素对微球包封率和体外释放性能的影响。 结果与结论：微球表面光滑圆整,无孔,粒径分布表现出多分散性,粒径2.0~3.0 μm。制备过程中发现,有机溶剂使用二氯甲烷、载体材料聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物：聚丙烯酸树脂类的质量比例越小、水相中pH值越低、渗透压越低,载药微球的包封率越大。在聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物：聚丙烯酸树脂类的质量比为1∶3时,包封率最高,体外释放速率最慢。 关键词：吲哚美辛;聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物;聚丙烯酸树脂类;微球;乳化溶剂挥发法 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.12.028     

免疫性卵巢早衰模型鼠制备的时间

文题释义：免疫性卵巢早衰：近年来卵巢早衰在育龄女性中的发病率逐年上升，且向低龄化发展, 成为女性不孕的常见重要原因之一。卵巢早衰的病因复杂，很多患者(50%-60%)找不到明确的原因，迄今为止卵巢早衰的发病机制不明，临床研究显示10%-30%的卵巢早衰是由免疫因素所致，其早期诊断困难，治疗也相当棘手。因此对于免疫导致卵巢早衰的研究，已成为目前国内外研究的热点。免疫性卵巢早衰模型：免疫性卵巢早衰动物模型的建立为临床研究奠定了基础，因此需要一个建模方法简单，成功率较高，而且卵巢的形态和功能与人类卵巢早衰相似的动物模型。 背景：研究已经证实抗透明带抗体可以加速卵母细胞的破坏和耗竭而致卵巢早衰。 目的：探讨以透明带3多肽(pZP3)诱导BALB/c小鼠建立免疫性的卵巢早衰模型的时间。方法：6-8周龄的健康雌性BALB/c小鼠30只，随机分为免疫实验组(20只)和空白对照组(10只)。实验组小鼠首次免疫注射时间为0周，给予0.15 mL免疫试剂注射双足底及下腹部皮下，每日晨阴道脱落细胞涂片观察小鼠动情周期的变化；2周后给予0.15 mL免疫强化试剂皮下注射相同部位，第4周和第6周的第1天，分别注射免疫试剂或免疫强化试剂各1次(交替注射)。在每次注射前采血用酶联免疫法测小鼠血清性激素；最后观察小鼠卵巢组织及子宫形态。结果与结论：①实验组小鼠初次免疫注射及注射后2周，2组间血清促卵泡生长激素及雌激素水平差异无显著性意义；注射后4周实验组血清雌激素水平明显低于对照组，但促卵泡生长激素水平差异无显著性意义；注射后6周实验组血清雌激素水平明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)，促卵泡生长激素水平明显高于对照组(P < 0.01)；②实验组小鼠卵巢间质纤维化程度较对照组明显，卵巢体积减小，子宫萎缩，小鼠原始卵泡、初级及次级卵泡数均显著低于对照组，闭锁卵泡数量高于对照组(P < 0.05)；③结论：75 μg透明带3多肽诱导BALB/c小鼠，建立自身免疫性卵巢早衰疾病模型，免疫后6周即可达到良好的建模效果。 ORCID: 0000-0001-8035-616X(田海清) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程     

Preparation and in vitro release of curcumin sustained-release microspheres北大核心

BACKGROUND: Curcumin can inhibit inflammation and promote axonal growth, but it has a short half-life and a fast clearance rate. OBJECTIVE: To prepare curcumin sustained-release microspheres to release curcumin slowly and continuously. METHODS: Curcumin sustained-release microspheres were synthesized by O/W emulsification volatilization method using polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer as raw material. The preset drug loading rates were 10% and 20%, respectively, and set as No. 1 and No. 2 microspheres. The curcumin sustained release microspheres were synthesized by O/W emulsification volatilization method using L-lactic acid-polycaprolactone copolymer as raw material. The preset drug loading rates were 10% and 20%, respectively, and the microspheres were set as No. 3 and No. 4. The surface morphology of the microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Four groups of microspheres were immersed in PBS release solution containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the sustained release of curcumin microspheres was detected under simulated physiological environment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscopy showed that the particle size and morphology of No. 3 and No. 4 curcumin microspheres were better than those of No. 1 and No. 2 curcumin microspheres. (2) The encapsulation rate of No. 3 microspheres was higher than that of the other three groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and there was no significant difference in the encapsulation rate of No. 1, 2 and 4 microspheres (P > 0.05). (3) The drug loading rates of No. 2, 3 and 4 microspheres were higher than that of No. 1 microsphere (P < 0.01), and the drug loading rates of No. 2 and 4 microspheres were higher than that of No. 3 microsphere (P < 0.01). (4) The in vitro release of No. 3 curcumin sustained-release microspheres lasted for 14 days, and the release of the other three kinds of microspheres lasted for 21 days. The cumulative release rate of No. 1 and No. 3 was higher than that of No. 2 and No. 4, and the curcumin release concentration of No. 3 was higher than that of No. 1. (5) The results showed that slow-release effect of the curcumin sustained-release microspheres with a preset loading rate of 10% prepared by L-lactic acid-polycaprolactone copolymer best meets the Zero order release requirements. © 2022, Publishing House of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. All rights reserved.     

Induction and Immunohistology of Autoimmune Ovarian Disease in Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

Autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) is a probable cause of human premature ovarian failure, and a potential complication of contraceptive vaccines based on ovarian antigens. The diagnosis depends on detection of noninfectious ovarian inflammation (oophoritis) and serum antibody to ovarian and placental antigens. Mechanisms underlying AOD have been investigated in mice but not in primates. Herein, we report induction of AOD in primates, and compare the immunopathology between monkey and murine AOD. Four cynomolgus macaques immunized with monkey or human zona pellucida 3 peptide (pZP3) in adjuvant, developed T-cell responses to the immunizing peptide and produced antibody that bound to native zona pellucida in vivo. Immunostaining of ovaries from pZP3-immunized macaques showed numerous clusters of T cells co-localized with major histocompatibility complex II-positive macrophages in the ovarian interstitium. Such foci were not detected in untreated or adjuvant-treated control monkeys. This finding is comparable to murine pZP3-induced AOD. However, unlike murine AOD in which numerous granulomatous lesions are detected, severe granulomatous inflammation was detected in only one of three monkeys with abnormal immunohistology. Similar to mice with pZP3-induced AOD, the immunized monkeys retained normal ovarian function. The results are discussed in the context of complications of ZP-based human immunocontraceptive vaccines and case reports of human autoimmune oophoritis.     

Fertilization and early embryology: Does zona pellucida thickness influence the fertilization rate?

In human in-vitro fertilization (IVF), the cumulus oophorusis routinely removed to assess fertilization and hence the thicknessof the zona pellucida is measurable. This study aimed to measurethe thickness of the zona pellucida and to assess its influenceon fertilization rate in IVF programmes. The zona pellucidathickness varies from 10 to 31 µm with a mean of 17.5µm. One-way analysis of variance revealed that in IVFtrials performed with normal semen, the zona pellucida of fertilizedoocytes (16.6 ± 3.2 µm) was significantly thinnerthan the zona pellucida of unfertilized oocytes (18.9 ±4.0 µm; P < 0.001). As measured on micro-injected oocytes,the zona pellucida thickness did not change between ovulationand 16–20 h after fertilization. Zona pellucida thicknesswas not related to ooplasm diameter. In conclusion, zona pellucidathickness appears to be an additional factor that should betaken into account when interpreting the fertilization rate.Zona pellucida thickness influences sperm penetration, evenwhen the spermatozoa are considered normal. From a clinicalpoint of view, a thick zona pellucida (22 µm) could bean indicator for the use of micro-injection procedures.     

归肾丸对卵巢早衰小鼠细胞免疫的影响

目的:探讨归肾丸对卵巢早衰小鼠(POF)细胞免疫的影响。方法:以小鼠透明带3 为抗原,皮下多点注射免疫BALB/ c 雄性小鼠,建立卵巢早衰模型。60 只BALB/ c 小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、泼尼松组、归肾丸高、中、低剂量组。连续给药28 d 后,测定各组小鼠的脾脏指数、胸腺指数、卵巢指数、T 淋巴细胞增殖能力、T 细胞亚群、NK 细胞、血清中IFN-γ和IL-2 的含量。结果:归肾丸可显著提高小鼠的脾脏指数,增强T 细胞的增殖能力,显著增加CD3+ T、CD4+ T、CD4+ T/CD8+ T 比值、NK 细胞百分比及IFN-γ、IL-2 的含量(P<0.05),显著降低CD8+ T 细胞百分比(P<0。05)。结论:归肾丸能够调节机体细胞免疫作用,提高卵巢早衰小鼠的免疫功能。     

膜乳化法制备单分散性载羟基喜树碱缓释微球

目的 研究利用微孔膜乳化法制备载抗癌药10-羟基喜树碱（IqCPT）缓释微球的可行性。方法 以HCPT为模型药物,聚乳酸（PEA）为载体,以膜乳化法制备载药微球,并研究制剂的表面形态、载药率、包封率和缓释效果等性质。结果 膜乳化法制备的载HCPT聚乳酸微球,粒径可控制在1-10μm之间。表面圆整,稳定性、单分散性良好,载药率和包封率最高分别可达32．7％和81．7％,24h体外累积释放量为17．3％。结论 膜乳化法制备的载HCPT微球制剂均匀分散,具有明显缓释效果,是制备缓释微球制剂的较好方法。     

Current status of anti-zona pellucida antibodies

It is clear that the mammalian zona pellucida contains tissue-specific antigens that cross-react among certain species. Certain of these antigens generate antibodies that inhibit sperm attachment. Polyclonal antibody production may be an important aspect of this inhibition. In certain species there are other effects of anti-zona antibodies, such as direct action on the ovary. It is uncertain whether immunization with zona antigens will ever be a practical method of contraception in humans. Such vaccination might require unacceptable adjuvants or large amounts of antigen. The persistence and effectiveness of the antibody is not yet proven, and pregnancy has occurred in some despite presence of anti-zona autoantibodies. A safe and effective vaccine may still be found, however, given the large variety of zona pellucida antigens available. The cause of naturally occurring anti-zona pellucida antibodies in humans is unknown. The incidence of these antibodies depends on the assay used. The significance of positivity in a given individual is also uncertain. A number of patients will conceive if other concurrent fertility problems are treated. Positive results should be confirmed by a second method, preferably by testing the sera against human ova. Specific treatment by steroids or other immunosuppressive regimens remains controversial.     

The impact of cigarette smoking on zona pellucida thickness of oocytes and embryos prior to transfer into the uterine cavity

BACKGROUND: Smoking has been reported to promote infertility. The zona pellucida plays an important role in fertilization and implantation. We report, for the first time, the effect of cigarette smoking on zona pellucida thickness of oocytes and embryos as one of the factors that may interfere with fertility. METHODS: This study comprised 169 women, grouped according to their smoking habits: 31 active smokers, whose husbands do not smoke; 44 active smokers, whose husbands smoke; 65 passive smokers, because of smoking husbands and 29 non-smokers (women and husbands). Zona pellucida thickness was measured prospectively on printed photos of 903 oocytes and 456 embryos. RESULTS: The zona pellucida thickness of oocytes and embryos of non-smoking women was significantly thinner than those of active and passive smokers. However, no significant differences were observed in the natural ability of the zona pellucida to become thinner after 48 h in culture. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that active and passive cigarette smoking increases the zona pellucida thickness of oocytes and embryos. Our findings also show that active and passive smoking has no significant effect on the thinning mechanism of the zona pellucida, which implies that it is independent of the initial zona pellucida thickness.