IL-2基因修饰对树突状细胞的生物学特征和功能的影响

目的:观察白细胞介素2(IL-2)基因修饰对树突状细胞(DC)的生物学特征和功能的影响,探讨用IL-2基因修饰DC,增强DC介导特异性抗肿瘤免疫的机制。方法:IL－2基因修饰小鼠骨髓来源的DC后,用扫描电镜观察其表面形态的变化,FACS分析IL-2基因修饰对DC表面免疫分子表达的影响,RT-PCR方法检测DC中 IFN-γ mRNA表达。用3H-TdR掺入法检测IL-2基因修饰后,DC对同种异体T淋巴细胞的刺激作用和对肿瘤抗原的特异性提呈功能。结果:经IL-2基因修饰后,DC表面的伪足增多、变长;其表面与抗原提呈相关的免疫分子Ia、B7-1、B7-2和CD40的表达明显上调;il-2基因修饰的DC(DC-IL-2)中表达IFN-γ mRNA;CD-IL-2不但对同种异体T淋巴细胞有较强的促增殖作用,而且对肿瘤抗原的特异性提呈功能亦明显增强。结论:IL-2基因修饰DC,能促进DC的发育,上调DC表面与抗原提呈相关的免疫分子,增强了DC的生物活性。     

CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞对内皮细胞抗原提呈功能的影响及机制

目的:探讨CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Treg)对内皮细胞抗原提呈功能的影响及机制。方法:磁性细胞分离器(MACS)分离CD4+CD25+T细胞及CD4+CD25-T细胞。在ox-LDL作用下,HUVECs与CD4+CD25+T细胞共培养,24小时后收集HUVECs。应用流式细胞术测定HUVECs抗原提呈分子(HLA DR,CD86,CD80)的表达,Cell Counting Kit-8法(CCK-8)测定HU-VECs刺激CD4+CD25-T细胞增殖的能力,Transwell小室实验初步探讨Treg作用于HUVECs的具体机制。结果:与对照组比较,Treg可显著抑制HUVECs抗原提呈分子的表达及刺激T细胞增殖的能力。用Transwell隔离后,与or-LDL刺激组比较,HU-VECs抗原提呈分子表达及其刺激T细胞增殖的能力无明显变化。结论:Treg可显著抑制HUVECs抗原提呈能力,其作用机制可能为下调CD86的表达,且依赖细胞直接接触。     

CD14~+CD16~+亚型单核细胞的研究进展

目前已经确定的外周血单核细胞有4种亚型,最主要的有2种,分别是CD14++CD16-和CD14+CD16+单核细胞。两种主要亚型的单核细胞在趋化因子受体、黏附分子的表达以及在迁移和分化特性上都是不同的。近年来发现CD14+CD16+细胞的促炎症细胞因子是高表达的,也是具有较高抗原提呈能力的细胞。本文对单核细胞的亚型,CD14+CD16+细胞的主要特性,以及这一群CD14+CD16+单核细胞对于人类相关的一些疾病的影响进行简要综述。     

永生化EB病毒转化B细胞对肝癌细胞抗原的提呈作用

目的 建立EB病毒(Epstein—Barr virus，EBV)转化的永生化B细胞(命名为LEBV)并研究其对肝癌细胞抗原的提呈作用。方法 从人外周血中分离出外周血单个核细胞(Perpheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)，用等体积的EBV上清混合培养4周以上建立永生化EBV转化B细胞(LEBV)，用流式细胞计数仪(FACS)检测其细胞表面功能相关分子CD86、CN40、HLA-DR和HLA-ABC的表达情况。LEBV与自体淋巴细胞和肝癌细胞抗原共培养3d，结束培养前12h加入37kBq／孔^3H—标记的胸腺嘧啶(^3H—TdR)，收获细胞，用液体闪烁计数仪测定cpm。结果 培养3周以上即培养出EBV转化的永生化B细胞，可连续培养1年以上。经FACS检测，细胞表面分子CD86、CD40、HAL-DR和HLA—ABC的表达率分别为74％、91％、83％和86．7％。该细胞接触肝癌细胞抗原后刺激自体淋巴细胞增殖的能力增强。结论 EBV转化的永生化B细胞对肝癌细胞抗原具有提呈作用。     

免疫共刺激分子CD40在肿瘤临床治疗中的应用

共刺激分子CD40/TNFRSF5隶属肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族,在机体固有免疫应答及适应性免疫应答中均发挥关键作用.CD40生理性表达于专职性抗原提呈细胞、内皮细胞等细胞表面,是T细胞表面CD40L分子的天然糖蛋白受体.CD40-CD40L信号通路的激活参与T淋巴细胞活化、抗体类别转换、抗原提呈细胞激活等一系列免疫相关生物学过程.除免疫细胞等生理性表达外,CD40在血源性及上皮源性恶性肿瘤细胞表面亦存在表达,并通过直接影响肿瘤细胞或间接干预肿瘤微环境参与肿瘤的发生、发展.大量研究表明,CD40激动型抗体可能通过激活宿主抗肿瘤免疫应答或直接促进CD40肿瘤细胞凋亡等途径正向干预实体肿瘤进展,提示CD40可能作为有效的肿瘤免疫治疗靶点.现对CD40分子在肿瘤发生、发展中的生物学作用及CD40-CD40L通路在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用进展及存在问题予以综述.     

抗原加工和提呈的研究进展

抗原加工和提呈是指抗原提呈细胞摄取抗原并加工成肽分子、以ＭＨＣ－肽分子复合体表达于细胞表面，由Ｔ细胞上ＴＣＲ识别，与ＡＰＣ产生共刺激因子，表达共刺激分子与Ｔ细胞上相应受体结构，激活特异的Ｔ细胞反应这一复杂的多步骤过程。     

CD40分子在树突状细胞中的信号转导通路

树突状细胞 (DC )作为体内功能最强的抗原提呈细胞 (APC ) ,是启动机体免疫应答的中心环节[1] 。未成熟DC定居在外周组织 ,具有极强的捕获抗原能力 ,通过多种方式捕获入侵的病原体、损伤或恶变的组织后迁移至淋巴结 ,将加工过的抗原以MHC 抗原肽的形式提呈给T细胞启动机体免疫应答。在此过程中 ,DC逐渐发育成熟 ,伴随着膜表面黏附分子表达的变化以及MHCII类分子和共刺激分子如CD4 0、OX4 0L、CD80、CD86表达的上调。然而 ,DC抗原提呈功能的完全成熟需要T细胞提供的共刺激信号 ,其中CD4 0相关的信号通路在此过程中发挥了重要作用     

HTA-HSP70BCG冲激的小鼠骨髓树突状细胞的生物学活性变化

利用HTA、HSP70BCG、HTA-HSP70BCG体外冲激小鼠骨髓树突状细胞,观察树突状细胞的抗原捕获能力及抗原提呈能力的变化。用流式细胞仪检测不同冲激组树突状细胞对FITC-Dextran的摄取率;用MTT法检测不同冲激组树突状细胞对HCa-F的增殖抑制作用、对脾不黏附细胞的刺激增殖活性及活化后的脾不黏附细胞对HCa-F的杀伤活性;分别用ELISA法和一氧化氮硝酸还原酶法检测树突状细胞培养上清中IL-12和NO的浓度。结果显示,冲激后的树突状细胞对FITC-Dextran的摄取率降低,对HCa-F的增殖抑制率、脾不黏附细胞的刺激增殖指数、活化后的脾不黏附细胞对HCa-F的杀伤率及树突状细胞培养上清中IL-12和NO的浓度均较对照组树突状细胞增高(P<0.05)。结果表明HTA-HSP70BCG及单独HTA、HSP70BCG均能促进小鼠骨髓树突状细胞的成熟,成熟后的树突状细胞抗原捕获能力下降,而抗原提呈能力增强。     

IL-2基因修饰对巨噬细胞表型和抗原提呈功能的影响

目的：观察了白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）基因修饰的巨噬细胞ＩＬ－２动态分泌水平及对其表面分子的表达和抗原提呈能力变化的影响。方法：通过重组腺病毒介导,将ＩＬ－２基因转染至腹腔巨噬细胞,ＭＭＴ法检测其ＩＬ－２动态和分泌水平,ＦＡＣＳ检测巨噬细胞表型,混合淋巴细胞反应法（ＭＬＲ）测定巨噬细胞抗原提呈能力。结果：ＩＬ－２基因修饰４ｈ后巨噬细胞即可表达较高水平的ＩＬ－２,１８￣４８ｈ之间的ＩＬ－２分泌处于高峰     

CHTA调控MHC-Ⅱ类分子表达分子机制的研究进展

MHC—Ⅱ类分子抗原处理、提呈通路在调控CD4＋T细胞激活及特异性应答的过程中发挥重要的作用，T细胞的功能在很大程度上取决于MHC—Ⅱ类分子的表达水平。因此，精细调节MHC—Ⅱ类分子的表达对于免疫应答的控制是至关重要的。MHC—Ⅱ类分子的组成性表达仅限于特化的抗原提呈细胞，如树突状细胞（dendritic cell，DC）及B淋巴细胞。但是，在不表达MHC-Ⅱ类分子的细胞中，多种刺激特别是干扰素1（IFN-γ）可诱导该分子的表达。     

Morphine attenuates endothelial cell adhesion molecules induced by the supernatant of LPS-stimulated colon cancer cells

A large reservoir of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is available in the colon and this could promote colon cancer metastasis by enhancing tumor cell adhesion, intravasation, and extravasation. Furthermore, adhesion molecules like ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin play important roles in the adhesion of tumor cells to endothelium. This study was designed to determine whether morphine can attenuate the expressions of adhesion molecules up-regulated by the supernatant of LPS-stimulated HCT 116 colon cancer cells (LPS-Sup). In this study, we divided to three groups by cell-growth medium of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs): the control group was incubated in growth factor-free endothelial medium, the Sup group was incubated in the supernatant of HCT 116 cells (Sup), and the LPS-Sup group was incubated in LPS-Sup. To observe effect of morphine to the adhesion molecules expressions in the LPS-Sup group, we co-treated morphine with LPS or added it to LPS-Sup. Adhesion molecule expressions on HUVECs in all three groups were measured during incubation period. Consquentially, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin expressions on HUVECs were significantly lower when morphine was co-treated with LPS than not co-treated. Thus, we suggest that morphine affects the expressions of adhesion molecules primarily by attenuating LPS stimuli on tumor cells.     

Human papillomavirus-16-E7 oncoprotein enhances the expression of adhesion molecules in cervical endothelial cells but not in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

OBJECTIVES: E7 is one of the oncoproteins encoded by human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16), the major etiologic factor responsible for cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus-16-E7 expressed by human uterine cervix carcinoma cells is also released in the extracellular compartment where it induces immune suppression. We investigated whether E7 was also responsible for the enhanced endothelial adhesiveness required in cancer progression. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: We treated cervical microvascular endothelial cells (CrMVEn) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with E7, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and measured the expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by fluorescent-activated cell sorter analysis. RESULTS: E7 strongly induced the expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in CrMVEn, but not in HUVEC. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha further increased the endothelial expression of adhesion molecules in CrMVEn. Hydrogen peroxide pre-treatment resulted in an enhanced ICAM-1 and a decreased E-selectin and VCAM-1 expression. We also show indirect effects when endothelial cells were stimulated with the supernatant of E7-pretreated macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that HPV-16-E7 oncoprotein strongly induces adhesion molecules expression in organ-specific endothelial cells.     

Expression and cell distribution of the intercellular adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule, and endothelial cell adhesion molecule (CD31) in reactive human lymph nodes and in Hodgkin''s disease.

The immunocytochemical expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule (ELAM-1), endothelial cell adhesion molecule (EndoCAM CD31), and HLA-DR antigens was investigated in sections of 24 reactive lymph nodes and in 15 cases of Hodgkin's disease. ICAM-1 was detected in sinus macrophages, follicular dendritic reticulum cells (FDRCs), interdigitating reticulum cells (IDRCs), epithelioid macrophages, Hodgkin's cells (HCs), and vascular endothelium. ICAM-1 expression was often associated with that of HLA-DR antigens. VCAM-1 was detected in FDRCs, in fibroblast reticulum cells (FRCs), in macrophages, and in rare blood vessels. EndoCAM (CD31) was constitutively expressed in all types of endothelial cells, sinus macrophages, and in epithelioid granulomas. ELAM-1 was selectively expressed by activated endothelial cells of high endothelium venules (HEVs). When expression of the inducible adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and ELAM-1 was comparatively evaluated in HEVs, it was found that ICAM-1 + HEVs were present in all reactive and HD nodes, whereas ELAM-1 and/or VCAM-1 were expressed only in those pathologic conditions characterized by high levels of interleukin-1/tumor necrosis factor (IL-1/TNF) production, such as granulomatosis and Hodgkin's disease. In Hodgkin's disease, the expression of ELAM-1/VCAM-1 was more pronounced in cases of nodular sclerosis and was associated with a significantly higher content of perivascular neutrophils.     

Nitric oxide induced by tumor cells activates tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells and permeability of the endothelium in vitro

Human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell surface phenotype analysis revealed the expression of "cluster of differentiation 15" (CD15) antigen and to a lesser extent, of "very late antigen-4" (VLA-4). Expression of "endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1" (ELAM-1) was negligible on resting human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), but its expression could be induced by HT1080 conditioned medium. HT1080 cell adhesion to HUVECs was partially dependent on CD15/ELAM-1 adhesion molecules. HT1080 cell adhesion to HUVECs induced the enhancement of nitric oxide (NO) production from HUVECs. Exogenous NO and NO from HUVECs enhanced ELAM-1 expression on HUVECs, HT1080 cell adhesion to HUVECs, permeability of the HUVEC monolayer, and HT1080 cell invasion through the HUVEC monolayer. These enhancements were not induced by NO synthase inhibitor, N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). These results suggest that NO expression induced by tumor cells via the CD15/ELAM-1 adhesion system may contribute to enhancement of tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells and hyperpermeability of the endothelium, facilitating tumor cell invasion.     

Endothelial and epithelial cell adhesion molecules

This review will discuss a number of specific cell adhesion molecules present on the surface of endothelial and epithelial cells in the lung. Molecules such as integrins, proteoglycans, and the hyaluronic acid receptor, CD44, are found on the abluminal or basement membrane side of the cell and function as cell-substratum receptors. Cadherins, integrins, and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) are present at the cell-cell borders of adjacent endothelial and/or epithelial cells and function to initiate or maintain cell-cell adhesion. Finally, a number of inducible cell adhesion molecules such as endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), granule-associated membrane protein 140 (GMP140), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are expressed on the luminal surfaces of these cells during inflammation and function as cell-cell adhesion molecules important in white blood cell, platelet, or tumor cell adhesion. These adhesion molecules likely play important roles in maintaining the normal structure and function of the lung, as well as participating in pulmonary processes such as inflammation, wound healing, and the development and spread of malignant disease.     

Gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis modulate leukocyte adhesion molecule expression induced in human endothelial cells by ligation of CD99

Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated as a key etiologic agent in the pathogenesis of destructive chronic periodontitis. Among virulence factors of this organism are cysteine proteinases, or gingipains, that have the capacity to modulate host inflammatory defenses. Intercellular adhesion molecule expression by vascular endothelium represents a crucial process for leukocyte transendothelial migration into inflamed tissue. Ligation of CD99 on endothelial cells was shown to induce expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and to increase adhesion of leukocytes. CD99 ligation was also found to induce nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. These results indicate that endothelial cell activation by CD99 ligation may lead to the up-regulation of adhesion molecule expression via NF-kappaB activation. However, pretreatment of endothelial cells with gingipains caused a dose-dependent reduction of adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte adhesion induced by ligation of CD99 on endothelial cells. The data provide evidence that the gingipains can reduce the functional expression of CD99 on endothelial cells, leading indirectly to the disruption of adhesion molecule expression and of leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory foci.     

Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in rat heart with ischemia/reperfusion and limitation of infarct size by treatment with antibodies against cell adhesion molecules.

To elucidate the mechanism(s) of myocardial reperfusion injury, we investigated the roles of cell adhesion molecules on both leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells in the reperfused myocardia. We found that within 2 hours after reperfusion leukocytes began to infiltrate into the rat myocardia subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia and clarified, for the first time, that the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was enhanced on the capillary and venous endothelial cells from 8 to 96 hours after the start of reperfusion. Furthermore, pretreatment with individual monoclonal antibodies against cell adhesion molecules (CD11a, CD11bc, CD18, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1) reduced not only the infiltration of leukocytes but also the area of infarction in the reperfused hearts. These observations suggest that cell adhesion molecules play a critical role in the pathogenesis of myocardial reperfusion injury.     

Distribution of lymphocytes and adhesion molecules in human cervix and vagina

Knowledge of the histological distribution of leucocytes and adhesion molecules in the human genital tract is scarce although local immunity in this region is important. Using immunohistochemical methods, we here describe the organization of CD3+, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD38+ plasma cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ antigen-presenting cells and CD14+ monocytes, as well as the expression of endothelial addressins in normal human ecto-cervical and vaginal mucosa. T cells were clustered in a distinct band beneath the epithelium and were also dispersed in the epithelium and the lamina propria, whereas CD38+ plasma cells were present only in the lamina propria. MHC class II+ cells were numerous in the lamina propria and in the epithelium, where they morphologically resembled dendritic cells. Lymphoid aggregates containing CD19+ and CD20+ B cells as well as CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were also found in the cervix. The mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) was not expressed on the vascular endothelium in the cervical or vaginal mucosa. In contrast, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) and P-selectin were expressed in all tissue samples, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin were found in four of seven samples. We conclude that the distribution of leucocytes and adhesion molecules is very similar in the ecto-cervical and the vaginal mucosa and that the regulation of lymphocyte homing to the genital tract is different from that seen in the intestine. Our results also clearly suggest that the leucocytes are not randomly scattered in the tissue but organized in a distinct pattern.     

Expression of cell adhesion molecules and their beta1 and beta2 integrin ligands in human liver peliosis

The expression of the following cell adhesion molecules and their beta1 and beta2 integrin ligands was investigated in the liver tissue from 3 patients with non-bacillar peliosis using light and electron microscope immunohistochemistry: intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), macrophage antigen-1 (Mac-1), and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4). We found a parallel enhancement of the adhesion molecules expression in the dilated sinusoids and cavities in all 3 cases with peliosis. Mononuclear blood cells were detected in the sinusoids and sometimes perisinusoidally. These cells were mainly ICAM-1-, LFA-1-, and VLA-4-positive. At the ultrastructural level, ICAM-1-positive immune deposits were observed on the membrane of sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes. The expression of cell adhesion molecules on liver sinusoids in peliosis is probably triggered by factors released from damaged endothelial cells and hepatocytes. The prevalence of the ICAM-1/LFA-1 and VCAM-1/VLA-4 patterns of mononuclear blood cell/sinusoidal cell interactions could support the macrophage-induced or lymphocyte-induced type of liver injury. PECAM-1 was also included in the non-specific immune response in peliosis. The presence of erythrostasis or thrombosis in liver sinusoids could participate in the induction of adhesion molecule expression in peliosis.     

Platelet adhesion and fusion to endothelial cell facilitate the metastasis of tumor cell in hypoxia-reoxygenation condition

To investigate the relevant molecular mechanisms of platelet in promoting metastasis of tumor cell. The adhesion of fluorescence dye labeled-platelet to human liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) line and tumor cell lines were detected by fluorescence microscope and fluorescence plate reader or laser scanning confocal microscope. The relevant adhesion molecules were analyzed by the antibody blockage experiment. The immune colloidal gold transmission electron microscope (TEM), flow cytometry and dye transfer were used to decipher the adhesion and fusion of platelet and LSEC. The tumor cells adhesion to vessels in ischemia condition was analyzed on mouse mesenteric vessels and the metastasis and neovascularization of metastatic foci in pulmonary tissue were also detected after tumor cells injected into nude mice via tail veil. After hypoxia-reoxygenation, tumor cell or LSEC markedly increased its adhesion with platelet, which could be blocked by different antibodies to platelet adhesion molecules. Platelet increased adhesion of tumor cell to LSEC in dose-dependent manner. The fusion of platelet and LSEC was demonstrated by translocation of fluorescent dye from platelet into the adherent LSEC; gpIIb emerged on the LSEC; and confirmed by TEM. The morphological examination found platelet presented between tumor cell and LSEC. Animal experiment indicated that the tumor adhesion to vessels was seldom in normal condition, but increased in ischemia-reperfusion condition, and further significantly enhanced by platelets. The number of tumor metastatic foci and the density of blood vessels within metastatic foci in lung were markedly increased by tumor cell pre-adhered with platelet. The adhesion or fusion of platelet to endothelial cell mediated by platelet surface adhesion molecules, which could promote the adhesion of tumor cell with endothelial cells and the tumor metastasis.