Smad2/3信号分子在小鼠胚胎腭发育和腭裂形成中的表达

背景：部分学者通过体外器官培养研究认为全反式维甲酸干扰了Smad2/3在腭部的表达,具体机制尚不明确。 目的：观察腭突Smad2/3信号分子在胚鼠腭部发育及腭裂形成过程中的表达变化。 方法：54只C57BL/6J近交系孕鼠随机分为3组,在妊娠10 d,实验组一次性灌胃全反式维甲酸100 mg/kg诱导胚鼠两侧腭突不能在中线融合,建立腭裂畸形动物模型;植物油对照组灌胃10 mL/kg橄榄油,空白对照组不做处理。 结果与结论：在植物油对照组中,从妊娠13 d 18时到妊娠14 d 18时腭间充质细胞中Smad2/3免疫阳性表达逐步增高,至妊娠15 d 8时表达开始出现下降,实验组也表现为这一变化趋势,且同一组间表达较植物油对照组明显;在腭中嵴上皮细胞中,植物油对照组随着腭突的融合,腭中嵴上皮带消失,Smad2/3表达也明显下降,实验组始终未融合,未见明显的Smad2/3阳性细胞。在整个胚腭正常发育和腭裂形成过程中,空白对照组与植物油对照组Smad2/3阳性细胞表达几乎无差异。提示过量全反式维甲酸可能通过干扰腭中嵴上皮细胞及间充质细胞中Smad2/3信号分子的表达,从而影响小鼠胚腭上皮间充质转化,与腭裂形成密切相关。     

灵芝孢子在预防维甲酸诱导胚胎小鼠发生神经管畸形过程中对Cdk4表达的影响

目的探讨预先服用灵芝孢子在降低维甲酸诱导胚胎小鼠发生神经管畸形过程中对依赖细胞周期蛋白激酶4(cyclindependentproteinkinase4,Cdk4)表达的影响。方法于孕期小鼠E0d时给予灵芝孢子组的孕鼠胃饲灵芝孢子溶液,8g·kg-1·d-1。实验对照组的孕鼠胃饲等量溶剂。于E7.75d时,两组孕鼠一次性胃饲维甲酸,剂量为50mg/kg体重。正常对照组孕鼠胃饲等量灵芝孢子溶剂,但是在E7.75d时,仅给予维甲酸溶剂。空白对照组孕鼠常规饲养不作任何处理。在孕期E10.5d时取出4组孕鼠的胚胎,应用免疫荧光组织化学染色和Westernblot检测胚胎神经管神经上皮Cdk4表达情况。结果实验对照组孕鼠胚胎神经管神经上皮细胞Cdk4的表达明显降低,而灵芝孢子组胚胎表达Cdk4的强度明显高于实验对照组。正常对照组与空白对照组相比Cdk4的表达无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论灵芝孢子可能是通过增强神经管神经上皮细胞表达Cdk4降低维甲酸诱导胚胎小鼠神经管畸形的发生。     

咖啡因对鼠牙胚发育的影响

背景：孕期饮用咖啡会导致孕妇钙吸收障碍,影响胎儿牙胚发育。 目的：观察咖啡因对鼠牙胚发育的影响。 方法：将Wistar孕鼠随机分为2组,在咖啡因组大鼠受孕7 d后的饮水中添加咖啡因,对照组孕鼠饮水中不加咖啡因。孕20 d时,两组各处死一半孕鼠取胎鼠,苏木精-伊红染色观察牙胚组织形态;另一半孕鼠连续用药至产仔后20 d,测定仔鼠血清中钙离子水平,并取仔鼠第一磨牙进行扫描电镜观察。 结果与结论：咖啡因组仔鼠血清中钙离子水平低于对照组(P < 0.05)。苏木精-伊红染色可见咖啡因组胎鼠与相同时期对照组胎鼠相比,牙胚组织体积减小,发育迟缓。电镜结果显示咖啡因组孕鼠所产仔鼠的第一磨牙酸蚀后表面空隙比对照组多。提示对孕鼠使用咖啡因可以影响其仔鼠牙胚的发育,导致牙胚发育迟缓,使釉质基质钙化不全,发育后的牙齿不耐酸蚀。     

灵芝孢子在降低维甲酸诱导胚胎小鼠发生神经管畸形过程中对Cdk4表达的影响

目的 探讨灵芝孢子在降低维甲酸诱导胚胎小鼠发生神经管畸形过程中对依赖细胞周期蛋白激酶4(CDk4)表达的影响.方法 给予实验对照组和灵芝孢子组妊娠E7.75d的小鼠一次性胃饲维甲酸,造成这2组孕鼠的胚胎出现神经管畸形.然后,给予灵芝孢子组孕鼠胃饲灵芝孢子溶液.在孕期E10.5d时取出2组孕鼠的胚胎,应用免疫荧光组织化学染色和Western blotting检测胚胎神经管神经上皮依赖细胞周期蛋白激酶4(Cdk4)的表达情况.结果 在灵芝孢子组可以观察到形态正常的胚胎中,神经管的神经上皮细胞有Cdk4的表达,其表达水平与空白对照组及正常对照组相比较没有明显差异.在灵芝孢子组形态异常的胚胎中,其神经管的神经上皮细胞也有cdk4的表达,但其表达水平与空白对照组及正常对照组相比较是低的.结论 灵芝孢子可能是通过促进神经管神经上皮细胞上调Cdk4的表达来减轻维甲酸诱导的胚胎小鼠神经管畸形.     

维甲酸诱导脊柱裂胎鼠脊髓组织中Caspase-3表达情况

目的　本文旨在探讨维甲酸诱导脊柱裂胎鼠脊髓组织Caspase-3表达情况。 方法　选取孕10 d Wistar大鼠,实验组用溶有维甲酸（40mg/ml）的橄榄油,以135 mg/kg经胃管注入给药制作脊柱裂畸形大鼠模型;对照组选取孕10 d Wistar大鼠给等量橄榄油。将实验组及对照组按照孕12、15、17和20 d分为4组。应用免疫组织化学方法比较分析Caspase-3在对照组、畸形组胎鼠脊髓组织细胞中的分布和表达情况。 结果　脊柱裂大鼠脊髓神经组织中Caspase-3在15 d开始增多,一直持续到20 d胚胎大鼠。其增高情况明显高于同一时间点对照组大鼠。胚胎15、17和20 d显性脊柱裂畸形鼠脊髓组织Caspase-3阳性细胞数多于对照组,荧光强度高于对照组。 结论　维甲酸诱导的脊柱裂胎鼠Caspase-3表达明显高于正常发育胎鼠。     

转录因子Hand2在妊娠期糖尿病胎鼠心脏发育过程中的表达

目的：了解妊娠糖尿病（ gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）母鼠胎鼠心脏发育过程中碱性螺旋-环-螺旋蛋白（ basic helix-loop-helix,bHLH）转录因子Hand2表达的变化规律,探讨其在GDM胎鼠心脏发育异常中的作用机制。方法：114只成年雌性SD大鼠,空白对照组（ n＝24）、GDM组（ n＝30）、阴性对照组（ n＝30）及GDM＋胰岛素干预组（ n＝30）;空白对照组不予任何处理;GDM组腹腔注射2％链脲佐菌素（ streptozotocin,STZ;每只40 mg /kg）;阴性对照组腹腔注射等量的柠檬酸－柠檬酸钠缓冲液（ STZ溶剂）;GDM＋胰岛素干预组在GDM建模成功后皮下注射中效胰岛素控制空腹血糖在正常范围。给药72 h后每天测血糖及体质量,各组分别于孕12 d （ embryotic day 12, E12）、E15和E19剖取胎鼠心脏组织HE染色观察心脏组织病理变化,免疫组化检测Hand2蛋白的表达,实时荧光定量PCR检测Hand2 mRNA的表达,Western blotting检测Hand2蛋白表达的变化。结果：各组Hand2蛋白的表达呈动态变化：E12可见表达,E15时表达增加,E19时Hand2蛋白表达最高,E12和E15 GDM组Hand2 mRNA及蛋白在胎鼠心肌细胞中的表达呈现下降趋势,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论：妊娠糖尿病母鼠其胎鼠心脏发育异常的发生率明显升高;Hand2 mRNA及蛋白在妊娠糖尿病胎鼠E12和E15心脏表达水平明显下降,提示与GDM胎鼠心脏发育异常相关。     

小鼠早期牙齿发育过程中成纤维细胞生长因子信号下游EM>Fin/EM>15的表达

目的 探讨成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）信号Fin15在小鼠牙齿发育中的作用。 方法 采用RT-PCR方法筛查Fin基因在牙胚组织中的表达情况,利用原位杂交技术检查该基因在牙齿早期发育过程中的表达模式,并通过整体原位杂交技术检测了阻断FGF信号传导后该基因在小鼠下颌的表达变化。 结果 实验结果显示,E11-5,E13-5和E14-5的小鼠牙胚均表达Fin15基因,Fin15基因从牙齿发育的起始时期到形态发生时期都在牙上皮和牙间充质中表达,在培养的胚胎下颌中阻断FGF信号能抑制Fin15在包括牙齿发生部位在内的下颌中的表达。 结论 在牙齿发育过程中,Fin15是FGF信号通路的下游靶标,在介导FGF信号的功能中发挥作用。     

桉叶油联合维甲酸对SD胎鼠脑组织Pax3和缝隙连接蛋白43表达的影响

目的探讨桉叶油联合维甲酸(RA)对SD胎鼠脑组织转录因子Pax3、缝隙连接蛋白43(Cx43)表达的影响。方法 SD孕鼠42只,随机分为6组,每组7只,正常对照组,RA组,溶剂对照组(花生油+RA),3个实验组(桉叶油高、中、低剂量+RA)。正常对照组自由摄食饮水,溶剂对照组于孕第7~14天每只花生油2ml灌胃,每天1次,孕第10天40mg/kg RA灌胃1次。桉叶油3个剂量组于孕第7~14天分别桉叶油300、200和100mg/kg灌胃,每天1次,孕第10天40mg/kg RA灌胃1次。RA组于孕第10天40mg/kg RA灌胃1次。各组于孕21天处死孕鼠取胚胎,Western blotting、免疫组织化学技术检测胎鼠脑组织的Pax3、Cx43蛋白的表达。Real-time PCR检测脑组织Pax3、Cx43 mRNA表达。阿利新蓝和茜素红进行骨骼染色,体视显微镜下观测椎骨发育,脊柱间隙。结果维甲酸灌胃各组胎鼠椎骨数量异常的胎鼠数与正常对照组比较差异无显著性,但在维甲酸灌胃各组中,胎鼠椎骨形态异常的异常率和胎鼠椎骨分裂的百分率最低值分别为55%(桉叶油高剂量+RA组)和45.8%(桉叶油低剂量+RA组),较正常对照组高(0)(P0.05)。在维甲酸灌胃各组中,桉叶油各组胎鼠椎骨形态异常的异常率和胎鼠椎骨分裂的百分率最高值分别为62.5%(桉叶油低剂量+RA组)和55.0%(桉叶油高剂量+RA组),较维甲酸组(73.7%,73.7%)和溶剂对照组低(68.2%,63.6%,P0.05)。与正常组胎鼠比较,维甲酸灌胃各组大脑组织的Pax3、Cx43蛋白及其mRNA的表达较正常组高(P0.05),在维甲酸灌胃各组中,桉叶油灌胃各组胎鼠脑组织Pax3、Cx43蛋白及其mRNA的表达较单纯RA灌胃组低,其差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论桉叶油对维甲酸引起胎鼠神经管缺陷有一定的拮抗作用。其机制可能与桉叶油拮抗维甲酸上调胎鼠神经组织的Pax3、Cx43蛋白过度表达有关     

地塞米松对小鼠颅颌面部发育的影响

目的:探讨妊娠期注射地塞米松对胎鼠颅颌面部发育的影响。方法:将孕鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,妊娠11.5d实验组给予50mg/kg地塞米松腹腔注射,对照组给予相同剂量的生理盐水。于妊娠14.5、15.5、16.5d取胚胎,记录腭裂数、活胎数及死胎数,切取胎头在体视学显微镜下作头颅颌面组织侧貌分析,采用H-E染色和免疫组织化学显色观察腭部形态变化及骨形态蛋白(BMP)-2和甲状腺转录因子(TTF)-2在鼻中隔软骨中的表达情况。结果:实验组出现明显颅颌面部畸形,下颌体缩短,上颌突角、下颌突角后缩;免疫组织化学检测显示BMP-2和TTF-2在腭裂胎数鼻中隔软骨中持续表达;妊娠14.5～16.5d实验组鼻中隔软骨细胞中BMP-2表达水平依次增强,且同时间实验组表达低于对照组;对照组鼻中隔软骨TTF-2表达呈现波动性,妊娠15.5d表达最高,而实验组在妊娠16.5d仍持续增高,数值高于对照组。结论:地塞米松抑制颅颌面部骨骼发育;BMP-2和TTF-2在鼻中隔软骨持续表达提示其与分化转归相关。     

透骨消痛颗粒对关节软骨细胞wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路的调控

背景：由巴戟天、杭白芍、肿节风和川芎等组成的透骨消痛颗粒能有效延缓关节宏观形态、软骨基质及软骨细胞退变。 目的：观察透骨消痛颗粒对软骨细胞wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路中Wnt4、糖原合成酶3β及β-连环蛋白的影响。 方法：将SD大鼠关节软骨细胞分离培养成功后,人白细胞介素 1β诱导软骨细胞退变,取第2代退变软骨细胞,随机分为对照组和透骨消痛颗粒组,后者加入透骨消痛颗粒醇提物,分别培养4,8 d后,采用RT-PCR检测2组Wnt4、糖原合成酶3β、β-连环蛋白mRNA表达,采用蛋白印迹法检测Wnt4、糖原合成酶3β及β-连环蛋白表达。 结果与结论：采用人白细胞介素1β可诱导软骨细胞退变,软骨细胞退变早期均有Wnt4、糖原合成酶3β及β-连环蛋白表达,但随着时间推移Wnt4、β-连环蛋白表达下降,而糖原合成酶3β表达增高,采用透骨消痛颗粒醇提物干预后均可逆转上述现象。说明透骨消痛颗粒醇提物能诱导软骨细胞转录合成β-连环蛋白和Wnt4蛋白,并抑制糖原合成酶3β表达。     

维甲酸诱导的小鼠神经管畸形模型中神经系统相关基因的表达情况分析

 摘要: 目的: 研究在全反式维甲酸诱导小鼠神经管畸形模型中神经系统相关基因（ASH2L,HDAC4,NSPC1与DOK5）的表达变化。方法: 取8只E8.5的C57/BL6孕鼠随机分为两组：对照组（4只），模型组（4只）。对照组腹腔注射橄榄油，模型组腹腔注射全反式维甲酸；E13.5取胚胎。采用Real-time PCR检测两组小鼠脑和脊髓中ASH2L,HDAC4,NSPC1与DOK5的mRNA表达；采用Western Blotting技术检测两组小鼠脑和脊髓中ASH2L,HDAC4,NSPC1与DOK5的蛋白表达情况。结果：全反式维甲酸可诱导小鼠出现典型神经管畸形；与对照组相比，全反式维甲酸处理组的致畸胚胎脑和脊髓中,ASH2L HDAC4, NSPC1和DOK5的mRNA表达有所下降（P<0.05）；同时这些基因的蛋白水平也显著下降 (P<0.05)。结论：ASH2L,HDAC4,NSPC1和DOK5可能是抑制全反式维甲酸致神经管畸形的潜在基因。     

Comparative teratogenic activities of two retinoids: effects on palate and limb development

Two closely related retinoids, all-trans and 13-cis retinoic acids, were assessed for their relative activities as teratogens in ICR mice by monitoring the frequency with which either isomer produced discrete dysmorphogenesis of the embryonic limb and the secondary palate. A single oral dose of all-trans retinoic acid at 100 mg/kg on either day 11.5 or 12.0 of gestation (plug day = day one) was maximally effective; more than 90% of the treated embryos developed reduction defects of the limb bones and an equally high percentage also had cleft palate. The limb development was most sensitive on day 11.5 of gestation while the peak susceptibility for palatal clefts began on day 12.0. Under identical experimental conditions, treatment with 100 mg/kg 13-cis retinoic acid produced no apparent teratogenic effects. By assessing the relative incidence of readily identifiable malformations of the limb and palate associated with various doses of the two isomers, we found that 13-cis retinoic acid was four to eight times less embryopathic than all-trans retinoic acid. Since the mechanism of teratogenic action of retinoids is still far from clear, it is suggested that further studies on causative factors will be greatly assisted by the use of these two closely related retinoids, which substantially differ from each other in their teratogenic potency.     

All trans retinoic acid interfering with palatal development. Scanning electron microscopical and light microscopical observations on embryonic rat palate

Diverse studies on retinoic acid teratogenesis, during the recent years, indicate that the drug's analogues target on diverse cell population during differentiation in mammals. During an extended teratological protocol concerning retinoic acid influence in diverse embryonic tissue differentiation in experimental animals we studied all-trans-retinoic acid's influence on palatal development in the white rat embryo. For this purpose, six groups of white rat embryos were studied: Group 1 was treated with 100 mg/kilogram of body weight (k.b.w.) on gestational days (g.d.) 10th and 11th, Group 2 was treated with 100 mg all-trans-retinoic acid/k.b.w. on g.d. 11.5, Group 3 was treated with 50 mg all-trans retinoic acid/k.b.w. on g.d. 10th, 11th and 12th, Group 4 was treated with 50 mg all-trans-retinoic acid/k.b.w. on g.d. 11th and 12th, Group 5 was treated with 20 mg all-trans-retinoic acid/k.b.w. on g.d. 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, 10.5 and 11.5, Group 6 remained untreated. Embryonic heads aged 20 days were observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In all treated groups clefts and malformations concerning the differentiation of palatal cell populations were observed. All our findings were compared with normal palatal morphology of untreated "control" embryos. Among the malformations, median clefts were observed, extended along only a part of the primary and all the secondary palate for group 2, the primary and secondary palate for groups 1, 3 and 5 while on group 4, an irregularity of the median palatal raphe and rugae were combined with a median incomplete cleft extended between the primary and secondary palate. Our results are discussed in relation with the international literature results.     

Craniofacial abnormalities induced by retinoic acid: a preliminary histological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study.

Exogenous retinoic acid has been found to be teratogenic in animals and man. Craniofacial defects induced by retinoic acid have stimulated considerable research interest. The present report deals with scanning electron microscopical observations of the craniofacial region concurrent with histological examination of craniofacial dysmorphism induced in rat embryos following maternal treatment treated with varying dosages of all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin). Two groups of pregnant rats were treated with rat embryos exposed to retinoic acid suspended in corn oil (100 mg/kg b.w. on gestational day 11.5 and 50 mg/kg b.w. on gestational day 10, 11 and 12 respectively). A third group was treated with corn oil (vehicle) while a fourth group remained untreated. A wide spectrum of congenital abnormalities, including exophthalmos, microphthalmia and anophthalmia, maxillo-mandibular dysostosis, micrognathia of both maxilla and mandible, cleft palate, subdevelopment of ear lobe, preauricular tags and macroglossia, were observed in the offspring of retinoic acid treated animals. The abnormalities were both time and dosage dependent, and characteristic of Treacher Collins syndrome when retinoic-acid was administered on gestational day 11.5. In contrast, when retinoic acid was administered were on gestational days 10-12, the defects were similar to those seen in the first and second pharyngeal arch syndrome, as well as in the oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum. Whereas our data support the hypothesis that all-trans retinoic-acid disturbs growth and differentiation of several embryonic cell types essential for normal craniofacial development, its mechanism of action remains unclear.     

Differential expression of decorin and biglycan genes during palatogenesis in normal and retinoic acid-treated mice.

Proteoglycans are involved in secondary palate formation. In the present study, we focused on two small leucine-rich proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan, because they assembled extracellular matrix molecules such as collagens and modulated signaling pathway of transforming growth factor-beta. To investigate the functions of decorin and biglycan in palatogenesis, we compared their mRNA expression patterns between normal palate and retinoic acid-induced cleft palate in mice by using in situ hybridization analysis during the period of embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) to E15.5. On E13.5, decorin mRNA was expressed in the epithelia and mesenchyme on the nasal side of the developing secondary palate. During the period the palate shelves were fusing (E14.5), decorin mRNA was strongly expressed in the mesenchyme but its expression pattern was asymmetric; decorin mRNA expression area in the nasal side was broader than that in the oral side. The expression of decorin mRNA was hardly detected in the mesenchyme on either side of the medial edge epithelium. After fusion (E15.5), its expression converged to the mesenchyme just around the palatine bone. Biglycan mRNA was ubiquitously distributed throughout the palatal mesenchyme for the mid-gestation period. Its expression area became limited to the ossification area within the palate after the late gestation period. In the retinoic acid-treated mice, the area of the decorin gene expression expanded to the core region of the palate primordium where little signal was observed in control mice. On the other hand, biglycan in the retinoic acid-treated mice did not show remarkable change in its distribution patterns compared with that in the control mice. These findings suggest that decorin and biglycan play distinct roles in palatogenesis, and decorin was more actively involved in the process of secondary palate formation than biglycan. Up-regulation of decorin gene expression in the retinoic acid-treated mice might influence the pathogenesis of cleft palate.     

全反式维甲酸诱导骨骼畸形大鼠血清及羊水内碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的表达简

目的探究应用全反式维甲酸诱导骨骼畸形大鼠血清及羊水内碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF2）的表达。方法选择孕10d的Wistar大鼠50只,体质量250～300g。分实验组和对照组.每组各25只。实验组予溶有全反式维甲酸的大豆油（40mg／mL）,按照135mg/hg以灌胃方式给药制作骨骼畸形胎鼠模型;对照组给予等体积的大豆油。孕20d时处死母鼠,采集母鼠血液,实验组每窝选择骨骼畸形胎鼠4只,对照组每窝随机选取胎鼠4只,抽取胎鼠羊水标本,应用酶联免疫吸附分析测定血液及羊水内FGF2浓度：利用游标卡尺测量胎鼠头臀长,双前肢各段及双后肢的长度。结果实验组胎鼠出现四肢发育不良、脊柱裂、下颌裂等畸形。实验组胎鼠头臀长、双前肢各段及双后肢长度与对照组相比.差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。实验组母鼠血液及胎鼠羊水内FGF2的浓度与对照组相比[（24.124±1.271）pg／mL vs（27.451±2.026）pg／mL,（23.918±0.369）pg／mL vs（27.305±2.125）pg／mL],差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论全反式维甲酸诱导骨骼畸形大隐.FGF2表茯情况低干骨骼发育正常的大鼠。     

Alteration of apoptosis in cleft palate formation and ectomesenchymal stem cells influenced by retinoic acid

It has been shown that apoptosis is involved in normal embryonic development. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role and alteration of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of cleft palate induced by retinoic acid (RA) and the ectomesenchymal stem (EMS) cells influenced by RA. RA was administered by gavage to pregnant C57BL/6N strain mice in the experimental group, and the control group received oil alone. Pregnant mice were killed at set periods of time thereafter and histologically analyzed. EMS cells explanted from the palatal shelves of embryonic mice were cultured and characterized by immunohistochemistry, growth curves and population-doubling time. The alterations of apoptosis of EMS cells and developing palatal shelves influenced by RA were evaluated by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated UTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method. RA-treated mice showed formation of cleft palates resulted from the small size of the palatal shelves and their failure to lift. TUNEL staining showed that the number of apoptotic mesenchymal cells in palatal shelves in the RA-treated mice was increased significantly when compared with the control group. The primary culture of EMS cells proceeded successfully. The population-doubling time of RA-treated cells was much longer compared with non-treated EMS cells. RA also dramatically increased the number of apoptotic cells in EMS cells in vitro. We concluded that EMS cells are the crucial cells in palate development. RA could inhibit the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of EMS cells. The inhibition of growth and excess apoptosis of EMS cells may contribute to the formation of cleft palate and other orofacial congenital malformations.