儿童重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析儿童重症监护病房(PICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年6月武汉市儿童医院PICU收治的46例合并VAP患儿下呼吸道分泌物所分离出的细菌、真菌及其耐药性情况.结果 共分离出病原菌119株,革兰氏阴性(G-)杆菌、革兰氏阳性(G+)球菌和真菌分别占65.55%、13.45%和21.01%;前5位病原菌分别为鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、白色念珠菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌.药敏结果显示,G-杆菌和G+球菌对临床常用抗菌药物均存在不同程度耐药性,多重耐药现象严重.G-杆菌对阿米卡星、环丙沙星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、派拉西林/他唑巴坦较为敏感;G+球菌均对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺敏感;真菌普遍敏感.结论 VAP病原菌以G-杆菌为主且呈多重耐药性.临床上应对VAP进行规范性、连续性耐药性监测,并依据细菌病原学及耐药性合理选择抗菌药物,同时加强机械通气管理以及医院环境消毒,降低VAP发生率.

Abstract：

Objective To study the pathogenic bacteria strains with drug-resistance prevailing in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit(PICU)in order to provide a reasonable guidance to the clinical use of suitable antibiotics.Method A retrospective clinical study in 46 patients with VAP was carried out in PICU of Wuhan Children's Hospital between January 2008 and June 2010.The prevalent strains of the pathogenic bacteria with drug-resistance isolated from lower respiratory tract by aspiration were analyzed.Results In total,119 pathogenic microbial strains were isolated including Gram-negative bacilli(G-,65.55%),fungi(21.01%)and Gram-positive cocci(G+,13.45%).Among pathogens,the most common pathogenic strains were Acinetobacter baummannii, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,candida albicans and coagulase-negative staphylococci.Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that the situation of the multiple drug-resistances to antibiotics found in G- and G+ Was serious. Most of G- were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem, meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbaetam and piperacillin-tazobactam.The G+ cocci were 100% susceptibility to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid.Fungi were almost sensitive to all the anti-funaus agents. Conclusions The oredominant oathogens of VAP were G- bacilli,and their multiple drug-resistances to antibiotics were the serious problems.The monitoring of the drugresistance should be emphasized, and the option of antibiotics should depend on the antibiotic sensitivity test.     

儿童重症监护病房多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌肺部感染危险因素及耐药性分析

目的 调查儿童重症监护病房(PICU)多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌(MDRAb)肺部感染危险因素及药物敏感性,为减少MDRAb感染发生及有效治疗提供帮助.方法 以45例非MDRAb肺部感染患儿(NMDRAb组)为对照,回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年8月武汉市儿童医院PICU收治的115例MDRAb肺部感染(MDRAb组)药敏结果,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析方法,分析各研究因素与MDRAb感染关系,找出感染危险因素.结果 共检出Ab 176株,其中MDRAb 128株,占72.73％.药敏结果显示,除头孢哌酮/舒巴坦外,其他β-内酰胺类药物耐药率均＞70％,碳青霉烯类药物耐药率高达90％以上,普遍高于NMDRAb感染组,阿米卡星、环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星及米诺环素耐药率最低(＜20％);多因素Logistic回归分析显示ICU入住时间、机械通气时间、贫血、低蛋白血症、前期碳青霉烯类抗生素的使用为MDRAb肺部感染独立危险因素.结论 MDRAb是PICU肺部感染的重要条件致病菌,耐药现象严重,严重影响患儿预后,针对感染相关危险因素,积极采取行之有效的预防措施是降低其发生率的关键.     

Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal intensive care unit patients

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious complication in neonatal patients on mechanical ventilation. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence and risk factors associated with VAP, particularly in every 7-day versus every 14-day ventilator circuit changes, in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Seventy-one neonates hospitalized in the NICU were enrolled. First, the neonates were divided into groups with and without VAP. On univariate logistic regression analyses, prolonged mechanical ventilation, frequent re-intubation, low gestational age, and low birth weight (BW) were significant risk factors for VAP development. After adjustments for other variables, only BW <626 g was a significant independent predictor for VAP in NICU infants. Second, to examine the effect of the frequency of changing ventilator circuits on the incidence of VAP, circuit changes were compared between the every 7-day group and the every 14-day group. The incidence of VAP per 1000 ventilator days was 9.66 for the every 7-day group and 8.08 for the every 14-day group, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. BW <626 g was a significant independent predictor of VAP, and decreasing the frequency of ventilator circuit changes from every 7 days to 14 days had no adverse effect on the VAP rate in the NICU.     

Risk factors and interventions for ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric patients

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a leading nosocomial infection in pediatrics. Little research has investigated the risk factors or effectiveness of interventions for pediatric VAP prevention. The purposes of this study were to identify the risk factors associated with VAP in pediatric patients and describe current VAP prevention practices. Data were gathered retrospectively on ventilated patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit over 12 months. No variables were found to be predictive of VAP. Review of practices indicates that better documentation is needed of all interventions. Findings provide information to guide the implementation of VAP bundles. Implementation should focus on adequate documentation of VAP prevention efforts.     

Nosocomial viral ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study

Objective To determine the incidence, risk factors, and clinical relevance of viral ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in an adult intensive care unit (ICU).Design Prospective observational study.Setting A 22-bed adult medical ICU in a university hospital.Patients All consecutive adult patients ventilated more than 48 h in a 9-month period including regular seasonal viral infections.Interventions A tracheobronchial aspirate upon enrollment and at the time of VAP suspicion.Measurements and results All respiratory specimens were tested in culture, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and PCR or RT-PCR for virological assessment. Patients were followed until ICU discharge or death. One hundred thirty-nine patients were included. Upon enrollment, a respiratory virus was detected in the tracheobronchial aspirate in 25% of patients (35 of 139). The incidence of VAP, defined according to clinical daily evaluation, was 28% (39 of 139 patients). A bacteria was documented in 74% of cases, whereas no case of a causative viral infection was encountered among VAP patients; however, herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV 1) infection was detected in respiratory specimens of 31% of VAP (12 of 39).Conclusions We found a high incidence of HSV-1 infection in VAP patients; however, nosocomial viral VAP is likely to be rare in ICU, as assessed by the absence of respiratory virus-induced VAP identified in this prospective cohort study.     

呼吸机相关肺炎病原学及药敏分析

目的分析呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原学及药物敏感性,以指导经验性抗生素的使用。方法回顾分析2002年4月到2006午6月急诊ICU收治的61例合并VAP机械通气患者的致病菌分布及药敏情况。结果共检出致病菌161件,革兰氏阴性细菌占60．9%;前4位致病菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌(19．3%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(18．6%)、鲍氏不动杆菌(9．9%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(8．1%);药敏结果显示这几类菌株的多重耐药现象严重,较为敏感的抗菌药物有亚胺培南、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星等,革兰氏阳性细菌均对万古霉素敏感。结论VAP的病原菌构成以革兰阴性细菌为主且呈现出多重耐药现象,经验性抗菌治疗应依据于当地的病原学流行情况,并根据药敏结果进行变化。     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎预防控制对策研究

目的探讨ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原菌的菌谱与防治。方法 2010年1月至2012年10月桂阳县人民医院ICU气管插管并实施机械通气290例患者中发生VAP患者95例,取气管插管并实施机械通气〉48 h患者的下呼吸道分泌物,进行细菌定量培养及抗菌药物敏感性测定,并据此采取相应的防控对策。结果 95例ICU VAP患者中各类病原菌混合感染者82例（86.32%）,单一感染者13例（13.68%）。95例下呼吸道分泌物培养出病原菌286株,革兰阴性杆菌175株,占61.19%,主要为假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、克雷伯菌属、肠杆菌属;革兰阳性球菌64株,占22.38%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肠球菌属,其中金黄色葡萄球菌大部分为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA（90.5%）;真菌感染47株,占16.43%,主要为假丝酵母菌属。主要病原菌药敏试验结果：革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南和美洛培南敏感,其次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、莫西沙星、阿米卡星、替卡西林/克拉维酸、头孢他啶;对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松则有较高的耐药性;金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现象严重,对氨苄西林、羧苄西林高度耐药（耐药率为95.7%～99.7%）,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁尚敏感。结论 ICU VAP病原菌是以革兰阴性杆菌为主的混合感染,且存在较严重的耐药现象。     

Risk factors and antibiotic resistance of pneumonia caused by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in pediatric intensive care unit

BACKGROUND:

With beta-lactam drugs and immunosuppressants widely used, the infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) has become more and more serious with multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAb) emerging and worsening rapidly. Compared with other patients, the incidence and multidrug resistance of MDRAb are higher in children in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) because of immune deficiency, severe basic diseases, prolonged hospitalization and invasive operations. Hence it is significant to study the epidemiology and changes of antibacterial susceptibility in order to reduce the incidence of MDRAb in children.

METHODS:

A total 115 patients with MDRAb pneumonia and 45 patients with negative MDRAb (NMDRAb) pneumonia who had been treated from January 2009 to August 2011 were studied retrospectively at the PICU of Wuhan Children’s Hospital. Clinical data were analyzed with univariate and multivariate Logistic regression.

RESULTS:

In 176 clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated, there were 128 strains of MDRAb, accounting for 72.73%. Drug susceptibility tests showed that the resistance rates of β-lactam antibiotics were more than 70% except for cefoperazone sulbactam. The rates to carbapenems were higher than 90%. They were significantly higher than those of NMDRAb. Amikacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and minocycline had the lowest drug-resistance rates (<20%). Multivariate Logistic regression revealed that ICU stay, the time of mechanical ventilation, anemia, hypoproteinemia and the use of carbapenems were independent risk factors for MDRAb pneumonia.

CONCLUSIONS:

MDRAb is an important opportunistic pathogen to pneumonia in PICU, and its drug-resistance is severe. It increases significantly the mortality of patients. It is important to take the effective prevention measures for controlling it.KEY WORDS: Pediatric, Intensive Care Unit, Multidrug resistance, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pneumonia, Risk factor, Retrospective study     

ICU护士预防呼吸机相关性肺炎循证护理的认知、行为及影响因素调查

目的了解ICU护士预防呼吸机相关性肺炎循证护理的认知、实施行为的现状及影响因素。方法采用方便抽样方法,应用自行设计的结构式问卷,对江苏省某乏甲医院101名ICU护士进行问卷调查,并对结果进行统计描述和方差分析。结果ICU护士预防呼吸机相关性肺炎循证护理的认知平均值为（4．75±1．42）分（总分10分）,行为得分平均值为（3．32±0．32）分（满分4分）。影响其认知的因素有不同的科室、ICU丁作年限;不同ICU工作年限的护士其行为比较显著不同。阻碍护士实施预防呼吸机相关性肺炎循证护理的因素主要有“因患者病情复杂危重而造成护理工作量大。结论医院应加强ICU护士有关呼吸机相关性肺炎专业知识的培训和循证护理教育,完善相关的护理指南和操作规范,并合理配置人员、提供必备的设施用晶。相关部门应完善医疗制度,调整医疗费用的结构,以有效落实预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的循证护理。     

呼吸机相关真菌性肺炎的临床预测因素

目的 探讨急诊重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎患者真菌感染的临床预测因素.方法 回顾性分析2009年7月至2014年6月入住北京大学第三医院急诊重症监护病房16岁以上呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者,排除中途放弃治疗或机械通气未超过48 h者.根据能否从呼吸道分泌物中镜检或培养出真菌,将人选患者分为呼吸机相关性肺炎非真菌组(VANFP)和真菌组(VAFP).检出同一真菌菌种两次以上为阳性.资料用非配对t检验、x2检验及Logistic多因素逐步回归等方法进行分析.结果 共纳入197例患者.发生VAFP 63例,发生率为32.0％;主要的致病真菌为白色念珠菌、光滑念珠菌和热带假丝酵母菌.单因素分析发现多种临床因素有预测VAFP价值.多因素Logistic回归分析发现,急性生理及慢性健康Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分≥22、放化疗、机械通气≥14.11 d、抗生素使用≥14 d、使用激素等免疫抑制剂,对VAFP的发生具有独立预测价值.结论 APACHEⅡ评分、放化疗、长时间机械通气、抗生素使用、使用激素等免疫抑制剂为急诊监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎患者发生真菌感染的独立预测因素.积极改善患者整体情况、尽早脱机、缩短抗生素的使用、谨慎使用激素和免疫抑制剂等措施可能降低VAFP的发生.     

重症医学科呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生及其危险因素分析

目的探讨重症医学科呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)的发生及其危险因素,以便更好地指导临床工作。方法采用查阅病例的方式,回顾性分析158例在重症医学科住院行机械通气患者的临床资料,分析患者VAP的发生及其危险因素。结果机械通气时间、留置胃管是重症医学科患者VAP发生的主要危险因素(P0.01)。结论每天评估患者停止机械通气的可能性,尽早停止机械通气;保持口咽清洁,减少细菌定植;加强环境清洁和空气消毒管理;做好气管切开的护理;提高护理操作技术水平对降低VAP的发生具有重要的作用。     

内科重症监护病房致病菌的菌群变迁及耐药性分析--附513株检测报告

目的:了解内科ICU致病菌的菌群变迁及其耐药情况.方法:对2001年1月～2004年12月从内科ICU送检标本检测出的致病菌及其耐药性资料进行回顾性研究分析.结果与结论:内科ICU的致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占54.2%;革兰阳性球菌占45.8%.占前5位的致病菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌.检出标本的类型以痰和支气管吸出物为主,占83.2%(427/513),其余依次为血液、脓性分泌物、静脉插管尖端等.其中,2001～2003年均以金黄色葡萄球菌占首位,铜绿假单胞菌居其次,2004年则刚好相反.2001～2004年间的药物敏感试验显示,致病菌对多种抗菌药均有较高的耐药性,仅革兰阴性杆菌对头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦的耐药率最低(小于17%),革兰阳性球菌时去甲万古霉素、替考拉宁未见耐药株.2001～2004年的连续观察显示,内科ICU致病菌的耐药率高.加强监测ICU的菌群及其耐药性,对提高抗感染治疗的效果、减少耐药菌株有重要作用.     

重症监护病房呼吸机相关肺炎的临床分析

目的分析重症监护病房呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)病原菌特点及耐药性,便于控制VAP。方法对2010年4月至2011年3月重症医学科确诊的VAP患者分离到的病原菌进行鉴定并用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验。结果 132例机械通气的患者发生VAP 61例(46.21%);共分离出157株病原菌。其中,革兰阴性菌占68.9%,革兰阳性菌占26.1%,真菌占5.0%。位于前6位的病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌。亚胺培南对革兰阴性菌有很好的敏感性。结论革兰阴性菌是重症监护病房VAP的主要病原菌,且存在严重耐药现象。临床医师应对VAP制定全面的预防策略并进行综合管理,同时根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗生素,及时、有效地治疗VAP。     

ICU成人患者呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素的Meta分析

目的 系统评价重症监护室成人患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素,为制定临床护理策略提供依据。 方法 检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方(WanFang)、重庆维普(VIP)、PubMed、Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials(CENTRAL)和Web of Science数据库,收集国内外公开发表的ICU成人患者VAP危险因素的病例对照研究和队列研究。由2名评估员遵循纳排标准独立进行文献筛选,如有分歧则请第三方评估,共同讨论筛选出符合纳入标准的文献,应用Revman5.3软件进行Meta分析,并计算各危险因素的合并比值比(OR)。 结果 共纳入12篇文章,均为病例对照研究,各因素的比值比(OR)分别为年龄≥60岁(OR=2.78)、APACHEⅡ评分≥15分(OR=5.91)、昏迷(OR=4.69)、气管切开(OR=5.89)、机械通气时间≥7天(OR=3.29)、使用抗生素(OR=1.78)、使用制酸剂(OR=3.04)、肠内营养(OR=1.86)。 结论 年龄≥60岁、昏迷、APACHEⅡ评分≥15分、气管切开、机械通气时间≥7天、使用抗生素、使用制酸剂是ICU成人患者VAP的危险因素,胃肠内营养是否为ICU成人患者VAP的危险因素,这与胃肠内营养给予的方式密切相关。     

Physical oral care prevents ventilator-associated pneumonia in Vietnam: A prospective interventional study

BackgroundVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) has emerged as a critical issue in the intensive care unit (ICU) because of its high burden on patients and medical staff. Here, we examined the potential for reducing VAP incidence through physical oral care interventions without any medication.MethodsThis prospective interventional study compared VAP incidence during an 8-month baseline period (usual oral care) and a 9-month intervention period (physical oral care with sponge brush) among patients who received mechanical ventilation for >48 h in a tertiary care hospital in Vietnam from 2017 to 2019. Physical oral care was provided by general ICU nurses who had been trained by dentists and infection control nurses. VAP was diagnosed using the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score.ResultsIn total, 423 patients were enrolled in the baseline group and 454 patients were enrolled in the intervention group; 303 and 300 patients, respectively, were included in the analysis. Two hundred thirty-eight VAP episodes were identified: 135 (44.6%) during the baseline period and 103 (34.3%) during the intervention period. Univariate analysis revealed significant reduction of VAP occurrence in the intervention period (odds ratio = 0.65; 95% confidence interval = 0.47–0.90; P = 0.010). The incidences of VAP per 1000 ventilator-days were 63.4 (135/2128) during the baseline period and 48.4 (103/2128) during the intervention period (P = 0.038).ConclusionsPhysical oral care without any medication (e.g., chlorhexidine) reduced VAP incidence in the ICU. This method could be used to reduce VAP incidence, particularly in countries with limited medical resources.     

重症监护患者下呼吸道标本主要病原菌的构成及耐药性分析

目的调查重症监护病房（ICU）患者下呼吸道标本主要病原菌的构成与耐药情况，为抗感染治疗提供依据。方法收集我院2006年1月1日-12月31日期间ICU患者下呼吸道标本分离的细菌，采用纸片扩散法（KirbyBauer法）进行药敏试验。判断按照2005年版CLSI标准。结果临床分离的336株细菌中，革兰阴性杆菌254株，占75．6％，革兰阳性球菌49株，占14．6％，真菌33株，占9．8％。主要病原菌的检出率依次是铜绿假单胞菌22．0％，鲍曼不动杆菌14．6％，金葡菌13．1％，肺炎克雷伯菌11．9％，白念珠菌9．8％，大肠埃希菌8．6％，嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌8．0％。铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦耐药率较低。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲嚼唑较敏感；大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南高度敏感，两菌产ESBLs株的检出率分别为37．5％与45．0％。金葡菌中MRSA检出率为84．1％（37／44），未发现万古霉素耐药株。结论我院ICU患者呼吸道标本中不发酵糖革兰阴性菌、MRSA检出率高。肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南高度敏感。应加强细菌耐药性监测以指导临床抗感染治疗。     

Early- and late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia acquired in the intensive care unit: comparison of risk factors

PURPOSE: To compare risk factors of early- (E) and late-onset (L) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An epidemiological survey based on a nosocomial infection surveillance program of 11 intensive care units (ICUs) of university teaching hospitals in Lyon, France, was conducted. A total of 7236 consecutive ventilated patients, older than 18 years and hospitalized in ICUs for at least 48 hours, were studied between 1996 and 2002. Data during ICU stay, patient-dependent risk factors, device exposure, nosocomial infections occurrence, and outcome were collected. The cutoff point definition between E-VAP (six days) was based on the daily hazard rate of VAP. RESULTS: The VAP incidence rate was 13.1%, 356 (37.6%) E-VAP (within 6 days of admission) and 590 (62.4%) L-VAP were reported. Independent risk factor for E-VAP vs L-VAP was surgical diagnostic category (odds ratio [OR], 1.49 [95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.07]), whereas independent risk factors for L-VAP vs E-VAP were older age (OR, 1.01 [1.01-1.02]), high Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (OR, 1.01 [1.00-1.02]), infection on admission (OR=2.22 [1.61-3.03]), another nosocomial infection before VAP (OR, 5.88 [3.33-11.11]), and exposure to central venous catheter before VAP (OR, 4.76 [1.04-20.00]). CONCLUSIONS: E-VAP and L-VAP have different risk factors, highlighting the need for developing specific preventive measures.     

儿童重症监护室病人呼吸机相关性肺炎Logistic回归分析

[目的]探讨儿童重症监护室(PICU)患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发病情况和危险因素,为预防儿童VAP提供科学依据.[方法]对2007年1月-2008年12月在上海交通大学医学院附属儿童医学中心PICU应用机械通气超过48 h的患儿240例病史资料进行回顾性分析,先对可能的危险因素应用卡方检验进行单因素分析,筛选出有统计学意义的危险因素,再对主要危险因素采用多因素Binary Logistic回归分析.[结果]在240例患儿中有92例发生了VAP,发病率为38.3%;机械通气时间、留置胃管时间、存在原发肺部疾病、插管方式、再插管是引起VAP的危险因素,口腔护理为VAP保护因素.[结论]PICU患儿VAP发病率较高,机械通气时间、留置胃管时间、存在原发肺部疾病、插管方式、再插管和口腔护理为VAP影响因素;应针对VAP影响因素制定相应的护理干预措施.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎细菌学耐药性调查

目的 为防治呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)提供科学依据。方法 对VAP的病原菌及耐药性进行多中心、较大规模的调查研究，分析154例VAP的临床资料及呼吸道分泌物细菌培养的结果。结果 VAP的发生率为36．5％，老年患者占61％，晚发性发病占73．38%；病原菌以G^-菌为主，占菌株总数的77．93％；铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、黄杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌是VAP的主要致病菌；大多数G^-菌对常用的抗菌药物已表现出较高的耐药率。结论 对机械通气患者应进行全面预防、加强监护、严密动态检测病原菌、合理使用抗生素，才能有效控制VAP。