小口径生物型人工血管移植后的血管壁重构

背景：人工血管相对人体血管最大的优势就是来源丰富,经过生物化改造的人工血管,其特性更接近人体血管,移植后自体化程度也较高。 目的：观察新型小口径生物型人造血管移植后1.5年内不同时期实验犬的生存、生活状况,移植材料的组织相容性、移植血管壁重构的组织病理学变化。 方法：以猪血管为基材,经交联固定,多方位去抗原,共价结合肝素,以及偶联可黏附、富集生长因子的特定多肽等系列生化处理而制成的一种高抗凝的人造血管,管径3.5~4.5 mm。建立犬颈总动脉-人造血管端端连续缝合的动物模型,1.5年内不同时期切取标本,做病理组织学检查。 结果与结论：切取标本发现,移植血管与周围组织粘连少、疏松。病理组织学检查：移植后8周,镜下开始发现宿主组织通过人造血管孔隙长入血管腔内参与移植血管新内膜的形成,移植后12周,镜下于吻合口处,可见新内膜表面有不连续的内皮细胞生长,移植后6个月,通畅的人造血管整段管腔内面均可见内皮细胞生长。移植后12个月,移植血管管壁VG染色尚可见支架层内有大量胶原纤维和毛细血管生长,原先的支架结构已部分被宿主血管壁组织取代。移植后18个月,原先的支架结构已大部分被宿主血管壁组织取代。说明新型小口径生物型人造血管新内膜形成早且完整,自然内皮化相对满意,血管壁重构和血管支架的再生能力强,生物相容和稳定性好。     

静脉组织碎片镶嵌法离体衬里人工血管的实验研究

目的 寻求一种理想的小口径血管代用品。方法 采用同体双侧对照法,以内径4mm的涤纶人工血管对16条犬进行双侧颈总动脉的间置移植。实验组人工血管用自体颈静脉组织碎片镶嵌后,体外培养7天,术后2、8周观察移植物的形态学和组织学变化。结果 实验组术后2周和8周的通畅率均为87.5％,而同期对照组仅为50％和12.5％,差异显著(P<0.01)。对照组人工血管仅在距吻合口6—8mm范围内发现有内皮细胞生长,而实验组内腔面完全被有序的内皮细胞覆盖。结论 实验说明自体静脉组织碎片离体衬里人工血管,可以有效地加速人工血管的内皮细胞化,有效地改善其近远期通畅率。     

膨体聚四氟乙烯人工血管修复四肢干动脉缺损的效果

背景：研究已证明膨体聚四氟乙烯人工血管具有良好的疏水性表面、抗水渗透性及生物耐久性。目的：观察膨体聚四氟乙烯人工血管移植修复创伤性四肢干动脉缺损的效果。方法：纳入38例创伤性四肢干动脉缺损患者,其中男30例,女8例,年龄17-61岁,予以常规补液、抗休克治疗、抗炎、清创处理后,均实施膨体聚四氟乙烯人工血管移植修复治疗。修复后随访12个月,了解患者修复后患肢恢复情况和血管通畅情况等。结果与结论：实施膨体聚四氟乙烯人工血管移植修复后,患者血管均全部通畅,未出现死亡和截肢病例,患肢均恢复正常血运,未发生血管吻合口感染,影像学检查显示血管通畅率达到100%。修复后随访12个月,血管内超声检查显示人工血管内壁均处于光滑状态,未出现明显附壁血栓、吻合口位狭窄现象,血管通畅率达到92%(35/38),未发生与人工血管材料相关的不良反应。表明利用膨体聚四氟乙烯人工血管移植修复创伤性四肢干动脉缺损具有良好的表面抗凝血性能及长期通畅效果。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

促进内皮细胞在小口径人工血管表面的黏附方法探讨

人工血管内皮化是解决人工血管移植体内后血栓形成和提高远期通畅率的最有前途的途径之一.为了使内皮细胞在小口径人工血管表面形成一层完整的覆盖并减少血栓形成,一般采用对人工血管做黏附基底预处理、在生物反应器中对人工血管进行三维流动培养、对内皮细胞进行基因修饰以及改变内皮细胞的带电性质等方法.本文对此方面的研究进展进行了综述,初步探讨了促进内皮细胞在小口径人工血管表面黏附的方法.     

小口径微孔聚氨酯人工血管的动物体内植入研究

将内径4mm的聚氨酯微孔人工血管植入Beagle狗体内，置换一段腹主动脉，研究血管内腔的内皮细胞化过程。该小口径血管具有以下特点：内腔偶联水蛭素以增加抗血栓性；顺应性接近天然血管；血管内表面孔径为40μm，并且管壁的孔径由内到外呈梯度增大。植入初始，人工血管内腔先吸附血浆纤维蛋白。14d见有少量梭形内皮样细胞生成。41d后形成完整内膜，由表面的内皮细胞单层和其下的平滑肌细胞组成。90d后生成稳定的内膜，平均厚度223μm。偶联水蛭素组和无偶联水蛭素组的通畅率分别为88．9％和75．0％。结果表明，改善抗血栓性、顺应性和微观结构可提高小口径人工血管的性能，有效促进内腔自然内皮细胞化，显著提高长期通畅率。     

小口径人工血管的研究现状及展望

近年来,由于心血管疾病发生率逐渐上升,临床上对再生血管的需求日益增加。目前,大口径人工血管(直径>6 mm)已成功应用于临床,小口径人工血管(直径<6 mm)由于血栓形成、内膜增生、炎症反应和顺应性差导致血流动力学改变等原因,使其移植后远期通畅率低,距离临床应用尚有一段距离。其中,快速内皮化、抑制血栓形成及与自体血管相匹配的顺应性仍是解决问题的关键。本文简述制备小口径人工血管常用材料及技术的特点,重点讨论提高人工血管生物相容性和顺应性的策略,并对未来的研究工作进行展望。     

转染组织纤溶酶原激活物及内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因的内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞共同种植于人工血管对内膜增生的影响

背景：前期研究表明,双层细胞种植能有效提高内皮细胞保留率,将组织纤溶酶原激活物基因转染到内皮细胞中能提高其细胞溶解纤维蛋白的能力。 目的：采用双细胞种植及修饰内皮的组织纤溶酶原激活物基因提高内皮细胞保留率和抗栓能力,通过内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因调控平滑肌细胞的增殖,观察对小口径人工血管通畅率的影响。 方法：以4种不同组合细胞(内皮细胞+平滑肌细胞SMC,内皮细胞/组织纤溶酶原激活物+平滑肌细胞,内皮细胞+平滑肌细胞/内皮型一氧化氮合酶,内皮细胞/组织纤溶酶原激活物+平滑肌细胞/内皮型一氧化氮合酶)种植在PTFE管腔面。将新西兰大白兔随机分成4组,4种人工血管经旁路分别移植在4组兔的腹主动脉上。 结果与结论：移植后60 d,种植内皮细胞+平滑肌细胞组和内皮细胞+平滑肌细胞/内皮型一氧化氮合酶组内膜厚度无明显差异(P > 0.05)。与内皮细胞/组织纤溶酶原激活物+平滑肌细胞/内皮型一氧化氮合酶组相比,未转染内皮型一氧化氮合酶组(内皮细胞/组织纤溶酶原激活物+平滑肌细胞）内膜明显增厚(P < 0.05);未转染组织纤溶酶原激活物组(内皮细胞+平滑肌细胞/内皮型一氧化氮合酶)内膜较薄(P < 0.05)。提示组织纤溶酶原激活物基因转染可以促进血管内膜增生导致血管狭窄,但同时转入内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因可以抑制组织纤溶酶原激活物的促进平滑肌细胞增殖及内膜增生的作用。     

丝素蛋白在小口径人工血管中的应用

背景：国内外众多学者将丝素蛋白应用到小口径人工血管中,得到的人工血管拥有较好的抗血栓性及优秀的机械强度,动物实验也取得了满意的远期通畅率。目的：概述丝素蛋白的生物化学性质,目前在血管中常用的改性手段,以及国内外小口径人工血管中丝素蛋白的具体应用。方法：应用计算机检索中国知网、Medline数据库及ScienceDirect数据库1980年1月至2013年12月有关小口径人造血管血液相容性方面的文献,中文检索词为“人工血管,丝素蛋白”,英文检索词为“Vascular grafts,silk fibroin”。结果与结论：丝素蛋白拥有可控的机械性能,可通过醇化等处理获得不同的顺应性。同时,丝素蛋白拥有良好的生物相容性,分解产物已知、无毒,满足生物医药材料的安全需求。此外,丝素蛋白易于整合抗凝集团,效果明显可靠,且易于内皮细胞定植生长,而短期内能否形成稳定牢固的内皮层是保证血管假体拥有理想远期通畅率的关键,因此丝素蛋白是制备小口径人工血管的理想材料。但是由于制作工艺等问题,中国早期应用丝素蛋白制作的人工血管并未得到长远的发展。近年来,随着纳米材料、仿生技术、组织工程类血管、静电纺丝等技术的研究发展,以及众多学者为应对小口径血管中复杂血流动力学环境对多层血管的研究尝试,为丝素蛋白在人工血管中的应用开辟了新的空间领域。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

破坏血小板疗法可提高小口径人造血管的通畅率

小口径动脉重建时,当自体移植物不能利用,就需要应用人造血管。但往往由于内膜增殖,最后发生阻塞。作者等应用3mm内径的微孔聚四氟乙稀(PT FE)Gore-Tex人造血管,植入于8只猴子的腹主动脉,观察破坏血小板疗法对移植血管的通畅和吻合口处内膜增生的长期效果。4只猴接受破坏血小板药物,每天二次每次给予阿司匹林163mg,潘生丁25mg。人造血管植入后4个月宰杀动物。发现接受破坏血小板药物组的四只猴的四根人造血管均通     

新型组织工程血管材料：静电纺复合纳米纤维小口径管状支架

背景：小口径人工血管对生物相容性和抗凝血的要求远远高于普通大口径人工血管,因此血管移植体内原位诱导组织再生成为了新的研究方向。 目的：总结近几年静电纺复合纳米纤维小口径管状支架的主要研究进展,并讨论其在体内原位诱导血管再生方面的重要应用。 方法：由第一作者检索中国期刊网CNKI全文数据库、万方数据库及ISI Web of Knowledge外文数据库,有关复合纳米纤维小口径管状支架的制备方法、血管支架仿生天然细胞外基质微环境的表面修饰以及种植体植入后生物相容性和安全性评价等方面的文献。 结果与结论：静电纺复合纳米纤维制备小口径管状支架,即将天然材料和合成材料共纺在一起,这样既能克服天然生物高分子材料力学性能的不足,又能避免合成材料在生物相容性和安全性的缺陷,成为制备小口径血管组织工程支架的必然趋势。同时制备多层血管,进行功能化修饰,模拟天然细胞外基质的结构和功能,将成为用于心血管组织修复及再生小口径血管组织工程研究的新方向。在获得上述新进展的同时,经动物实验检验的静电纺血管支架以聚合物为主。尽管这类支架采用了各种手段避免血栓、炎症等不良反应,其生物相容性仍旧无法与天然材料相比。由此可见,在天然材料与合成材料之间找到一个最佳比例,使复合材料的力学性能和血管相容性达到一个平衡,将会显著提高静电纺复合纳米纤维支架在小口径血管组织再生中的应用。     

Tissue engineering of small-diameter vascular grafts by endothelial progenitor cells seeding heparin-coated decellularized scaffolds

Successful construction of a small-diameter bioartificial vascular graft remains a great challenge. This study reports on novel tissue engineering vascular grafts (TEVGs) constructed by endothelial progenitor cells and heparin-coated decellularized vessels (DV). The DVs were fabricated from canine carotid arteries with observable depletion of cellular components. After heparin coating, the scaffolds possessed excellent antithrombogeneity. Canine endothelial progenitor cells harvested from peripheral blood were expanded and seeded onto heparin-coated DVs and cocultured in a custom-made bioreactor to construct TEVGs. Thereafter, the TEVGs were implanted into the carotid arteries of cell-donor dogs. After 3 months of implantation, the luminal surfaces of TEVGs exhibited complete endothelium regeneration, however, only a few disorderly cells and thrombosis overlaid the luminal surfaces of control DVs grafts, and immunofluorescent staining showed that the seeded cells existed in the luminal sides and the medial parts of the explanted TEVGs and partially contributed to the endothelium formation. Specifically, TEVGs exhibited significantly smaller hyperplastic neointima area compared with the DVs, not only at midportion (0.64 ± 0.08 vs. 2.13 ± 0.12 mm(2) , p < 0.001), but also at anastomotic sites (proximal sites, 1.03 ± 0.09 vs. 3.02 ± 0.16 mm(2), p < 0.001; distal sites, 1.84 ± 0.15 vs. 3.35 ± 0.21 mm(2), p < 0.001). Moreover, TEVGs had a significantly higher patency rate than the DVs after 3 months of implantation (19/20 vs. 12/20, p < 0.01). Overall, this study provided a new strategy to develop small-diameter TEVGs with excellent biocompatibility and high patency rate.     

外周血内皮祖细胞种植小径聚氨酯人工血管及流体切应力处理的实验研究

本研究收集健康成人骨髓单个核细胞,用血管内皮生长因子等加以诱导分化,通过荧光显微镜和荧光免疫标记等方法观察和鉴定诱导后的细胞。之后将诱导分化的内皮祖细胞种植到聚氨酯小径人工血管表面,予以15 dyn／cm2的流体切应力处理,并用扫描电镜观察。结果发现外周血单个核细胞诱导分化成为内皮祖细胞,ac- LDL及lectin抗体荧光标记阳性。扫描电镜下,未种植细胞的聚氨酯小径人工血管表面孔径大小比较适合内皮祖细胞爬行;静态种植细胞后,人工血管表面内皮祖细胞排列不整齐;切应力条件下种植细胞后,人工血管表面内皮祖细胞排列较为整齐。因此,在体外能将外周血单个核细胞诱导分化成为内皮祖细胞,内皮祖细胞是小径人工血管内皮化的理想种子细胞。流体切应力对小径聚氨酯人工血管表面内皮祖细胞的生长排列有着良好的机械塑形作用。     

Study of a Novel Small Caliber Vascular Graft in a Canine Model with Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy

A novel biological small-diameter vascular graft was evaluated in a canine model. 3 cm long segments with 4 mm I. D. were implanted end-to-end in the carotid position of 12 dogs for 6 months. Color Doppler sonography was performed at the first week post-operation, and angiography was then administered to 9 grafts at 4th week, 12th week and 24th week respectively to monitor the graft pantency and blood flow characteristics. Vascular samples containing the grafts were collected at 1st week, 8th week, 12th week and 24th week after implantation. Morphological changes of the grafts were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopic （SEM） studies and compared with that of the original prosthesis and the normal host vessel. All grafts were patent throughout the experiment except one graft. Histopathology and SEM demonstrated both a nearly complete inner capsule of varied thickness lining the graft luminal surface and connective tissue adventitia formation at one-week post-operation. The neointima became confluent at 8 weeks and then compact but had no signs of hyperplasia up to 12 weeks; meanwhile on the neointimal surface newly grown endothelial-like cells were migrating from the stoma to the middle portion. The grafts also illustrated endothelialization in many ＂islands＂ in the mid-segment luminal surface of the grafts. In addition, the closer distance the cells towards the stoma were, the more morphological similarity the cells with the normal endothelial were. Taken together, the biological vascular graft remained patent for 24 weeks as a carotid prosthesis, characterized by the early and complete neointima formation plus endothelialization starting before 12 weeks post grafting. Therefore, the graft seems suitable for reconstruction of vascular lesions in dogs. Further studies may be carried out to extend the graft application for the clinical use.     

Tissue engineering of recellularized small-diameter vascular grafts

A tissue-engineered small-diameter arterial graft would be of benefit to patients requiring vascular reconstructive procedures. Our objective was to produce a tissue-engineered vascular graft with a high patency rate that could withstand arterial pressures. Rat arteries were acellularized with a series of detergent solutions, recellularized by incubation with a primary culture of endothelial cells, and implanted as interposition grafts in the common femoral artery. Acellular grafts that had not been recellularized were implanted in a separate group of control animals. No systemic anticoagulants were administered. Grafts were explanted at 4 weeks for definitive patency evaluation and histologic examination; 89% of the recellularized grafts and 29% of the control grafts remained patent. Elastin staining demonstrated the preservation of elastic fibers within the media of the acellular grafts before implantation. Immunohistochemical staining of explanted grafts demonstrated a complete layer of endothelial cells on the lumenal surface in grafts that remained patent. Smooth muscle cells were observed to have repopulated the vessel walls. The mechanical properties of the matrix were comparable to native vessels. Such a strategy may present an alternative to autologous harvest of small vessels for use in vascular bypass procedures.     

Improved endothelialization and reduced thrombosis by coating a synthetic vascular graft with fibronectin and stem cell homing factor SDF-1α

Failure of synthetic small-diameter vascular grafts is determined mainly by the lack of endothelial cells, as these cells inhibit thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia. Coating of graft material with homing factors for circulating stem cells has the potential to improve endogenous endothelialization of these grafts and to reduce graft failure. Synthetic knitted polyester grafts (6mm diameter) were coated with FN and SDF-1α before surgical interposition in the carotid artery of sheep. Similar uncoated vascular grafts were implanted in the contralateral side as internal controls. To study the early attraction of stem cells, grafts were implanted in a first series of nine sheep and explanted after 1 or 3 days. In coated grafts, four times higher fractions of CD34(+) and three to four times higher fractions of CD117(+) cells adhering to the vessel walls were found than in control grafts (P<0.05). When such coated and non-coated grafts were implanted in 12 other sheep and explanted after 3 months, all coated grafts were patent, while one control graft was occluded. EcNOS staining revealed that FN-SDF-1α coating significantly increased coverage with endothelial cells from 27 ± 4% of the graft to 48 ± 4% compared with the controls (P=0.001). This was associated with a significant reduction of intimal hyperplasia (average thickness 1.03 ± 0.09 mm in controls vs. 0.69 ± 0.04 mm in coated grafts; P=0.009) and significantly less adhesion of thrombotic material in the middle part of the graft (P=0.029). FN-SDF-1α coating of synthetic small-caliber vascular grafts stimulated the attraction of stem cells and was associated with improved endothelialization and reduced intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis.     

砷涂层支架置入后的血管组织相容性

背景：研究认为,三氧化二砷可以抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖,促进其凋亡,那么砷对血管平滑肌细胞的增生是否也有同样的抑制作用,砷涂层血管支架能否与血管组织相容,早期较好地被血管内膜覆盖或达到减少内膜过度增生的作用？ 目的：观察砷涂层血管支架的血管组织相容性。 方法：取大耳白家兔14只,随机分为2组,分别在腹主动脉处植入砷涂层316 L不锈钢支架和316 L不锈钢裸支架,植入28 d后结扎支架部位血管的远端和近端,取下支架部位的血管行苏木精-伊红染色,光镜检查。 结果与结论：①大体观察：支架处的血管外径稍大于相邻处血管的外径,呈扩张状态,无肉眼可见的血栓,切开支架,支架表面可见光滑的新生内膜形成,新生内膜表面光滑。②光镜观察：支架丝位于血管的中层,中层平滑肌被压,支架丝周边,血管内膜平滑肌增生,使血管内膜增厚。支架丝的血管腔面可见新生的血管内膜形成并覆盖支架丝,支架丝与血管组织之间可见一薄层黑色物质,为涂层药物砷及其化合物,证明砷涂层支架可以被血管组织覆盖,具有良好的血管组织相容性。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

The use of BDNF to enhance the patency rate of small-diameter tissue-engineered blood vessels through stem cell homing mechanisms

The patency rate of small-diameter tissue-engineered blood vessels is the determinant for their application in coronary artery bypass grafting. The coronary artery is innervated by vagus nerves. The origin of vagus nerves is rich in brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF). We have investigated whether BDNF could improve the patency rate of small-diameter tissue-engineered blood vessels through promoting stem cell homing and paracrine activity. In vitro, we isolated early and late endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and found BDNF could promote single clone formation and paracrine function of EPCs, and could also induce the proliferation, migration and differentiation of late EPCs. BDNF could enhance the capturing of EPCs in parallel-plate flow chamber. Flow cytometric analysis and laser-scanning confocal microscope showed BDNF could enhance the mobilization and homing of C57BL/6 mouse EPCs after wire injury. Based on it, BDNF was coupled to the lumen surface of the blood vessel matrix material incubated with collagen through SPDP to construct BDNF-modified small-diameter tissue-engineered blood vessel. The blood vessel patency rate was significantly higher than that of control group 8 weeks after implantation in rats and the endothelialization level was superior to control. These results demonstrate that BDNF can effectively improve patency of small-diameter tissue-engineered blood vessels through stem cell homing and paracrine, and it is expected to play an important role in the construction of substitutes for coronary artery bypass grafting.     

Rapid endothelialization of PhotoFix natural biomaterial vascular grafts

To date, no off-the-shelf graft has performed better than the autologous vessel in applications requiring small-bore (< 6-mm diameter) vascular grafts. Much research has been devoted to seeding endothelial cells on synthetic grafts to improve their long-term clinical performance. One key challenge is the ability to retain the endothelium on the graft lumen for extended times. The goal of this research was to develop a process to seed endothelial cells inside a vascular graft and to quickly condition the cells so as to minimize their damage or removal under physiological flow. In addition, the use of PhotoFix(R) natural biomaterial grafts as an improved substrate for human umbilical vein endothelial cells has been evaluated. A motorized system that provides uniform cell seeding of a small-diameter graft (4-mm inner diameter, 10-cm length) by automated radial rotation has been developed. The same system is subsequently adapted for gradual increases in flow rates to strengthen the endothelium, which ultimately was exposed to a final flow rate of 300 ml/min. This process is accomplished without graft transfer, decreasing risks of contamination and physical damage. Cell coverage and cell morphology were evaluated with the use of fluorescence microscopy and scanning-electron microscopy to determine the effectiveness of the flow conditioning process. It was found that endothelial cells exhibit roughly 20-50% improved adhesion to PhotoFix vessels compared to fibrin-treated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic grafts. Flow conditioning for 6 h enhanced in vitro cell retention by 24% and 40% on PhotoFix and PTFE grafts, respectively.