用腹围、腹臀比评价超重、肥胖标准

目的:比较腹围、腹臀比与身体质量指数(BMI)及体脂率的相关性,探讨用腹围、腹臀比评价超重和肥胖的标准。方法:2010年在安徽滁州和江苏淮安调查了1 426例汉族成年人的身高、体质量、腹围、臀围、肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶,通过身高、体质量计算BMI,通过肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶计算体脂率,通过腹围、臀围计算腹臀比。结果:江淮地区汉族男性超重率为34.72%,肥胖率为14.25%;女性超重率为30.73%,肥胖率为13.23%。江淮汉族男性、女性不同年龄组间的身高、腹围、臀围、BMI值、腹臀比、体脂率以及女性体质量值的差异具有统计学意义。随着腹臀比的增大,超重率、肥胖率比例越来越高。随腹围值、腹臀比的增大,江淮汉族男性和女性的BMI值、体脂率呈线性增大,身体密度呈线性减小。腹围评价超重标准估计在900~999 mm之间,肥胖标准在1 000 mm以上。腹臀比评价超重标准估计在0.90~1.09,肥胖标准在1.10以上。结论:腹围、腹臀比与BMI关系密切,可作为对超重、肥胖进行评价的指标。     

中国汉族人的瘦体质量与脂肪质量对超重和肥胖的综合评价

目的:对中国汉族人脂肪质量与脂肪质量指数进行综合性研究。方法:研究组于2009年至2013年在中国测量了26 927例(男13 221例,女13 706例)的体质数据,对瘦体质量(LM)、瘦体质量指数(LMI)、脂肪质量(FM)、脂肪质量指数(FMI)与纬度、经度、年龄的相关性进行了研究。结果:男性、女性FM、LM、FMI、LMI与纬度、经度均呈正相关。男性LM、LMI与年龄呈负相关,而FM、FMI与年龄呈正相关。女性LM与年龄呈负相关,FM、FMI、LMI与年龄呈正相关。女性FM、LM、FMI、LMI值均小于男性。北方汉族的FM、LM、FMI、LMI值均大于南方汉族。北方女性比南方女性更丰满一些。城市男性的FM、LM、FMI、LMI值均大于乡村男性,城市女性LM、LMI值大于乡村女性,但FMI小于乡村女性,FM与乡村女性差异无统计学意义。结论:中国汉族FM、LM、FMI、LMI随纬度、经度的增加而增大,不同年龄间、性别间、城乡间亦多有差异。     

纳西族成人各项肥胖指标与体脂率的关系

目的 探讨纳西族各项肥胖指标与体脂率的关系。 方法 选取云南省丽江市玉龙县687名18~90岁成年纳西族人,运用人体测量法和生物电阻抗法测量其体重、身高、胸围、腰围、臀围、肱二头肌皮褶、肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂嵴上皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶、体质量指数（BMI）、内脏脂肪等级和体脂率等指标,并将各项指标分别与体脂率进行统计分析。 结果 纳西族成人的平均体脂率男性为正常水平,女性属于肥胖。按照内脏脂肪等级为标准,纳西族男性和女性均在正常范围内。根据腰围的判断标准,纳西族男性腰围在正常范围内,而女性腰围属于腹型肥胖。相关分析表明,纳西族成人的体重、胸围、腰围、臀围、肱二头肌皮褶、肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂嵴上皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶、BMI、内脏脂肪等级与体脂率均成正相关。纳西族男性内脏脂肪等级与体脂率相关性最强,其次是BMI;纳西族女性胸围与体脂率相关性最强,其次是腰围。 结论 纳西族成人各项肥胖指标均与体脂率成正相关,相关程度存在性别、地区和民族差异。     

水族的中心性肥胖评价*

目的：探讨水族中心性肥胖的现状。方法：采用直线相关分析和受试者工作特征（ ROC）曲线分析方法， 在腰围身高比、腰围、腰臀比、身体质量指数4 项指数（ 或指标）中筛选判断评价中心性肥胖的指标，对水族 中心性肥胖进行评价。结果：ROC曲线分析显示，在预测中心性肥胖中腰围身高比准确性最高。本研究采用腰 围身高比评价水族中心性肥胖发生率，水族男性、女性腰围身高比均值分别为0.492、0.522，其中男性超标率为 41.13%，女性超标率为62.54%，上述研究结果比较显示，水族男性超标率偏低，女性超标率偏高。水族女性中 心性肥胖率大于男性。结论：腰围身高比更适宜用来评价中心性肥胖，水族中心性肥胖水平与其他南亚类型族群 接近，低于北亚类型族群。     

哈萨克族成人6种肥胖评价指标准确性比较

目的 比较身体质量指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、腰臀比（WHR）、腰围身高比（WHtR）、肥胖指数（BAI）、体脂率（PBF）对哈萨克族肥胖筛查的准确性,并确定6种指标在判断哈萨克族肥胖的最佳切点。方法 采用卡方检验、直线相关分析及受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析,比较BMI、WC、WHR、WHtR、BAI、PBF对肥胖预测的准确性,并确定各项指标的最佳切点。结果 经卡方检验分析结果显示,WC与WHtR、BMI与BAI对哈萨克族肥胖判断的结果相近。在直线相关分析中,BMI、WC与身体脂肪含量具有很强的相关性。ROC曲线分析显示,WC的曲线下面积(AUC)最大,其次是BMI。 结论 哈萨克族是超重、肥胖的高发人群,腰围对哈萨克族肥胖筛查的准确性最高,建议使用BMI、WC及WHtR 3项指标共同判定哈萨克族肥胖情况。     

宁夏汉族大学生示指环指指长比与体质量指数及腰臀围比的相关性分析

目的:探讨宁夏汉族大学生示指与环指指长比(2D:4D)与体质量指数(BMI)及腰臀围比(WHR)的关系。方法:运用人类体质测量法,比较宁夏汉族大学生597例(男性243例;女性354例)左手、右手、双手及右手-左手(D_(r-l))2D:4D,BMI、WHR各均值,分析2D:4D与BMI及WHR的相关性。结果:女性左手、右手及双手2D:4D均值均显著高于男性;男性BMI与左手2D:4D呈正相关,与D_(r-l)呈负相关;女性臀围与左手、右手及双手2D:4D均值呈负相关。结论:2D:4D与男性BMI及女性体形有一定关系。     

体质指数对超重与肥胖青少年血压的影响

目的探讨体质指数对超重与肥胖青少年高血压的影响。方法测量郴州市6所学校部分12～15岁青少年体重、身高、血压。结果 2566名在校学生血压偏高率为20.7%,其中血压偏高在非超重组、超重组和肥胖组检出率分别为19.15%、34.55%和39.29%,非超重组、超重组和肥胖组儿童血压偏高检出率组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论青少年血压偏高检出率随体质指数增加而明显增高。     

FTO基因rs9939609单核苷酸多态性与新疆哈萨克族超重及肥胖儿童的关联研究

目的 研究体脂量和肥胖症相关基因(fat mass and obesity associated gene,FTO)单核苷酸多态性与新疆哈萨克族学龄儿童超重及肥胖症的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性的方法,对141例超重及肥胖(病例组)的哈萨克族学龄儿童和138名健康对照儿童FTO基因rs9939609位点进行分析,同时进行血糖、血脂、胰岛素测定.结果 FTO基因rs9939609在病例组和健康对照组中基因型频率分别为:AA型0.071和0.029,AT型0.511和0.428,TT型0.418和0.543,两组AA、AT和TT 3种基因型频率分布差异无统计学意义(x2=5.74,P=0.057),但AA+AT(突变纯合子+突变杂合子)在病例组[0.582(82/141)]明显高于对照组[0.457(63/138)],差异具有统计学意义(x2=4.368,P=0.037);且在两组人群中A等位基因频率差异具有统计学意义(x2=4.772,P=0.029).病例组中AA+AT基因型携带者的血糖水平[(4.88±0.51)mol/L]较TT基因型携带者[(4.68±0.56)mol/L]高,差异具有统计学意义.Logistic回归分析显示,A等位基因是超重及肥胖的独立危险因素(OR=0.527;95%CI:0.319～0.869).结论 体脂量和肥胖症相关基因第1内含子rs9939609多态性和新疆哈萨克族学龄儿童超重及肥胖的发生具有相关性.     

甘肃兰州市区城镇居民体成分分析

目的分析甘肃兰州市区城镇成人居民体成分和脂肪分布随年龄变化的特点及发展趋势,为改善居民的身体状况提供理论依据。方法采用生物电阻抗法(日本产MC-180型人体成分分析仪)对1357名男女居民进行测试,对测试结果进行统计学分析。结果 20~79岁年龄段男女性居民体脂率、腰臀比(WHR)随年龄的增长而递增。蛋白质总量、肌肉总量、推定骨量、身体水分、身体质量指数(BMI)值随年龄的增长呈先升后降的趋势。内脏脂肪男、女性均随年龄的增长而增长,皮下脂肪男性随年龄的增长呈先升后降的趋势,女性则随年龄的递增而递增。结论男性居民在20~岁年龄段后、女性在40~岁年龄段后出现了腹内型肥胖,男性在30~岁年龄段后,女性在60~岁年龄段后出现超重,超出了警戒范围。     

超重或肥胖青少年血清脂联素与高血压的关系

为分析肥胖及超重青少年血清脂联素水平与血压关系,探讨脂联素对心血管疾病的影响,选取2008年南通市区高考健康体检肥胖或超重青少年89例,随机选择同批正常对照37例,检测一般项目（身高、体重、血压等）、血糖、甘油三酯、胰岛素、脂联素等指标并计算体重指数（BMI）和胰岛素抵抗指数（IR）,并采用软件SPSS13.0进行分析。结果发现,肥胖及超重组BMI、TG、SBP、IR均高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,FINS高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）;血清APN水平低于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,两组DBP、FPG无显著性差异;APN与其他指标相关性分析表明：与BMI、TG、FINS、SBP、IR呈显著负相关（P〈0.01）,与FPG、DBP呈负相关,P值（0.161、0.198）无统计学意义。以APN为应变量的多元逐步回归分析,显示BMI、HOMA-IR进入回归方程,标准化回归系数（0.568、0.616）,对血清APN水平影响最大。以SBP为应变量的多元逐步回归分析显示：BMI、IR、APN进入回归方程,标准化回归系数（0.542、0.597、0.624）,是形成青少年SBP升高的主要因素。低脂联素血症与胰岛素抵抗是形成肥胖或超重青少年SBP升高的主要危险因素,而对DBP无显著影响。     

Comparison of six different criteria for judging the acceptability of sputum specimens.

A series of 391 unselected expectorated sputum specimens was examined microscopically, and six different published criteria for judging the acceptability of the specimens were applied. Of the 391 specimens, 234 were found to be acceptable or unacceptable by all six criteria; 157 specimens were discrepant. By the criteria of Murray and Washington and of Barry, 25 and 23% of the specimens, respectively, were rejected; only 19 of 143 specimens which contained potential pathogens as part of their predominant microbial flora were rejected by both sets of criteria. The criteria described by Geckler et al. and Bartlett missed fewer potential pathogens; only 9 or 17% of the specimens, respectively, were found unacceptable. The criteria of Heineman and Radano and of Van Scoy resulted in the greatest percentages of specimens judged unacceptable (28 and 29%, respectively), including 19 and 24% of specimens containing potential pathogens. The reproducibility of sputum screening results was also assessed, comparing the method of Murray and Washington with that of Barry. Six separate slides were prepared from each of 45 different specimens: three samples with purulent or bloody flecks and three samples in which the specimens had been mixed with an applicator swab. Satisfactory reproducibility was observed with both criteria and both sampling methods; no significant differences in reproducibility could be documented in this limited series.     

Comparison of feature evaluation criteria for speech recognition based on electromyography

In this paper, we present a performance comparison of 14 feature evaluation criteria and 4 classifiers for isolated Thai word classification based on electromyography signals (EMG) to find a near-optimal criterion and classifier. Ten subjects spoke 11 Thai number words in both audible and silent modes while the EMG signal from five positions of the facial and neck muscles were captured. After signal collection and preprocessing, 22 EMG features widely used in the EMG recognition field were computed and were then evaluated based on 14 evaluation criteria including both independent criteria (IC) and dependent criteria (DC) for feature evaluation and selection. Subsequently, the top nine features were selected for each criterion, and were used as inputs to classifiers. Four types of classifier were employed with 10-fold cross-validation to estimate classification performance. The results showed that features selected with a DC on a Fisher’s least square linear discriminant classifier (D_FLDA) used with a linear Bayes normal classifier (LBN) gave the best average accuracies, of 93.25 and 80.12% in the audible and the silent modes, respectively.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity for urban adults in Cameroon

BACKGROUND: The emergence of a nutrition transition in developing countries might lead to higher prevalence of obesity and related adverse health effects. In Cameroon,urbanization growth rate is one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Such dramatic demographic change favours important modifications, notably in nutritional patterns. AIM: In this paper we examine the current prevalence of overweight and obesity in Yaounde,the capital city of Cameroon and search for possible causal factors. Detrimental consequences of overweight are also discussed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Samples of adults (519 women, 252 men) of all ages in all districts of Yaounde were subjected to anthropometric and body composition measurements, blood pressure and resting heart rate determination, and interviewer-administered questionnaires on socio-demography, smoking habits, physical activity, self-perception of body weight and health status. RESULTS: In both sexes body mass index (BMI) increases with age and peaks in the years of maturity. These changes are related to changes in adiposity. Prevalence rates of overweight(BMI >or= 25) and obesity (BMI > or = 30) increase from 20 to 29 years and peak at 40-49 years in men and at 50-59 years in women before starting to decline. One woman in two is overweight and one woman in five is obese, whereas one-third of men are overweight and only 5% are obese. Obese subjects have a larger age-adjusted waist to hip ratio(WHR) than their non-overweight counterparts, attesting that fat gain is oriented towards a more abdominal fat mass distribution. The length of residence in Yaounde, increasing education level, occupation, ethnicity, physical inactivity and smoking practices appear to influence early overweight and/or obesity. No parity effect is observed in women. From the present study, it appears that obesity, and especially obesity in women, could be less benign than that described in other studies in Africa. CONCLUSION: Research is needed in Cameroon, including aetiological and cohort studies aimed at the quantification of morbidity and mortality risks associated with overweight and obesity.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity for urban adults in Cameroon

Background: The emergence of a nutrition transition in developing countries might lead to higher prevalence of obesity and related adverse health effects. In Cameroon, urbanization growth rate is one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Such dramatic demographic change favours important modifications, notably in nutritional patterns. Aim: In this paper we examine the current prevalence of overweight and obesity in Yaoundé, the capital city of Cameroon and search for possible causal factors. Detrimental consequences of overweight are also discussed. Material and methods: Samples of adults (519 women, 252 men) of all ages in all districts of Yaoundé were subjected to anthropometric and body composition measurements, blood pressure and resting heart rate determination, and interviewer-administered questionnaires on socio-demography, smoking habits, physical activity, self-perception of body weight and health status. Results: In both sexes body mass index (BMI) increases with age and peaks in the years of maturity. These changes are related to changes in adiposity. Prevalence rates of overweight (BMI ≥ 25) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30) increase from 20 to 29 years and peak at 40-49 years in men and at 50-59 years in women before starting to decline. One woman in two is overweight and one woman in five is obese, whereas one-third of men are overweight and only 5% are obese. Obese subjects have a larger age-adjusted waist to hip ratio (WHR) than their non-overweight counterparts, attesting that fat gain is oriented towards a more abdominal fat mass distribution. The length of residence in Yaoundé, increasing education level, occupation, ethnicity, physical inactivity and smoking practices appear to influence early overweight and/or obesity. No parity effect is observed in women. From the present study, it appears that obesity, and especially obesity in women, could be less benign than that described in other studies in Africa. Conclusion: Research is needed in Cameroon, including aetiological and cohort studies aimed at the quantification of morbidity and mortality risks associated with overweight and obesity.     

Socioeconomic costs of overweight and obesity in Korean adults

This study was conducted to estimate the socioeconomic costs of overweight and obesity in a sample of Korean adults aged 20 yr and older in 2005. The socioeconomic costs of overweight and obesity include direct costs (inpatient care, outpatient care and medication) and indirect costs (loss of productivity due to premature deaths and inpatient care, time costs, traffic costs and nursing fees). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, stroke, colon cancer and osteoarthritis were selected as obesity-related diseases. The population attributable fraction (PAF) of obesity was calculated from national representative data of Korea such as the National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) cohort data and the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. Direct costs of overweight and obesity were estimated at approximately U$1,081 million equivalent (men: U$497 million, women: U$584 million) and indirect costs were estimated at approximately U$706 million (men: U$527 million, women: U$178 million). The estimated total socioeconomic costs of overweight and obesity were approximately U$1,787 million (men: U$1,081 million, women: U$706 million). These total costs represented about 0.22% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and 3.7% of the national health care expenditures in 2005. We found the socioeconomic costs of overweight and obesity in Korean adults aged 20 yr and older are substantial. In order to control the socioeconomic burden attributable to overweight and obesity, effective national strategies for prevention and management of obesity should be established and implemented.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in young adults in Uganda

Background:

Obesity in young adults is rising and predicts diabetes and cardiovascular diseases later in life. Data on prevalence and determinants of obesity in developing countries are needed for primary prevention.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in young adults in urban (Kampala city) and rural areas (Kamuli District) of Uganda.

Methods

Cross-sectional survey of 683 randomly selected young adults aged 18–30 years. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m² and overweight as BMI > 25 kg/m². Distribution of BMI by socio-demographic characteristics was determined.

Results

Of the 683 participants, 50.5% were female and 53.2% were from Kampala. The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 2.3% and 10.4%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was 4.4% in Kampala and 0% in Kamuli while the prevalence of overweight was 10.2% and 10.6% in Kampala and Kamuli, respectively. Compared to males, females were more likely to be obese (2.9% vs. 1.8%) or overweight (17.4% vs. 3.3%). Residing in the city, alcohol consumption, smoking, non-engagement in sports activities, commuting to school by taxi or private vehicle and being from a rich family were the main factors significantly associated (P<0.05) with obesity. Being female (p = 0.0001) and not engaging in any sports activities (P = 0.002) were two factors significantly associated with being overweight.

Conclusion

We observed significant gender differences in the prevalence of obesity among young adults in Uganda. Contrary to expectation, we did not observe significant rural-urban differences in the prevalence of overweight.     

Epidemiologic aspects of overweight and obesity in the United States

National survey data from the U.S. show that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults remained relatively constant over the 20-year period from 1960 to 1980, began to increase around the mid-1980s and has continued to increase. Data for children and adolescents, based on different definitions, show the same pattern. It can sometimes be more useful to look at the whole distribution of body mass index, rather than on prevalence estimates based on pre-defined cutoffs. Data from several countries suggest that for both adults and children, the distribution of BMI has become more skewed over time. Although many hypotheses have been put forward about the causes of the increases, data to address these issues are sparse. Obesity is a well-known risk factor for numerous health conditions. Nonetheless, the health consequences of the increases in obesity have not been fully delineated. Increases in diabetes have been noted in conjunction with the rise in obesity. On the other hand, declines in some other cardiovascular risk factors have been seen at all BMI levels. Rising life expectancy and decreasing heart disease mortality rates seem to confound some of the expectations about the effects of increasing obesity on mortality. The effects of obesity on morbidity may be greater than its effects on mortality. The increasing prevalence of obesity poses challenges for researchers and for policy makers.