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1.
Ceki Paltura Tuba Selçuk Can Behice Kaniye Yilmaz Mehmet Emre Dinç Ömer Necati Develioğlu Mehmet Külekçi 《American journal of otolaryngology》2017,38(4):414-416
Objective
To evaluate the effect of ET diameter on Chronic Otitis Media (COM) pathogenesis.Study design
Retrospective.Subjects and methods
Patients with unilateral COM disease are included in the study. The connection between fibrocartilaginous and osseous segments of the Eustachian Tube (ET) on axial Computed Tomography (CT) images was defined and the diameter of this segment is measured. The measurements were carried out bilaterally and statistically compared.Results
154 (76 (49%) male, 78 (51%) female patients were diagnosed with unilateral COM and included in the study. The mean diameter of ET was 1947 mm (Std. deviation ± 0.5247) for healthy ears and 1788 mm (Std. deviation ± 0.5306) for diseased ears. The statistical analysis showed a significantly narrow ET diameter in diseased ear side (p < 0.01).Conclusion
The dysfunction or anatomical anomalies of ET are correlated with COM. Measuring of the bony diameter of ET during routine Temporal CT examination is recommended for our colleagues. 相似文献2.
Erdoğan Özgür Cem Bilgen Beyhan Cengiz Özyurt 《Revista brasileira de otorrinolaringologia (English ed.)》2018,84(4):435-440
Introduction
During clinical evaluations, in order to interpret patients’ complaints caused by Eustachian tube dysfunction and to monitor the success of the treatment, standardized and disease-related scales are necessary.Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Eustachian tube dysfunction questionnaire-7.Methods
Forty patients diagnosed with Eustachian tube dysfunction and 40 healthy individuals were enrolled for the study. After language validation of the Eustachian tube dysfunction questionnaire-7 for Turkish, a scale was completed by the both Eustachian tube dysfunction and control groups. Two weeks after the first evaluation, 15 of the cases filled out the scale again without any treatment intervention. Known-groups method was used in validity analysis. Floor-ceiling effect, test–retest method, item-total score correlation and internal consistency analysis were used in reliability analyses.Results
Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.714 for the entire questionnaire. The test–retest reliability coefficient for the total scale was determined as 0.792, indicating correlation between the two questionnaires completed by the same patient over time. In the Eustachian tube dysfunction group, total and each item scores were found significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.001).Conclusion
The Turkish version of Eustachian tube dysfunction questionnaire-7 was found to be highly valid and reliable. This scale is recommended to use for screening of Eustachian tube dysfunction and evaluating treatment outcome. 相似文献3.
Yu Si Yu Bin Chen Yu Guo Chu Sui Jun Chen Hao Xiong Xi Ming Chen Wu Hui He Yi Qing Zheng Zhi Gang Zhang 《American journal of otolaryngology》2018,39(6):670-675
Purpose
Adult chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) is characterized by Eustachian tube dysfunction and mucosal inflammation, which management has long been a challenge because of high recurrence. This study was to investigate the pathological changes of Eustachian tube mucosa and optimized treatment.Materials and methods
Retrospective study of four groups: I: tympanic paracentesis, II: balloon Eustachian tuboplasty (BET), III: BET plus tympanic paracentesis, IV: BET and tympanic paracentesis with methylprednisolone irrigation. Biopsy of Eustachian tube mucosa was obtained preoperative and 1?month post. Recurrence ratio and Eustachian tube scores (ETS) were used to evaluate the effect of treatments.Results
All patients showed narrowed with edematous and thickened Eustachian tube mucosa. At 1?month post-treatment, BET with methylprednisolone irrigation significantly decreased intraepithelial inflammation and restored the quality of epithelium and cilia. For group II to IV, The recurrence rate was significantly lower in group IV compared with the other two, but only significantly lower in group IV VS group II at 3?months and 6?months, no significant difference at 12?months. The recurrence rate was significantly higher in group I during follow-up. The ETS were improved in group II, III and IV after treatment. At 1?month and 3?months posttreatment, group IV had significant higher ETS compared with other groups (P?<?0.05). There was no serious complications occurred.Conclusion
Methylprednisolone irrigation could help to recover mucosal function. BET and tympanic paracentesis with methylprednisolone irrigation could be regarded as a good choice for COME in adults, which has less recurrence rate and prompt recovery of ET function. 相似文献4.
Ryuhei Okada Satoru Muro Kohtaro Eguchi Kohei Yagi Hisayo Nasu Kumiko Yamaguchi Koh Miwa Keiichi Akita 《Auris, nasus, larynx》2018,45(2):265-272
Objective
The aim of this study was to analyze the topographical structures of the muscles surrounding the Eustachian tube.Materials and methods
We conducted macroscopic and histological studies of 24 halves of 12 heads from Japanese cadavers.Results
The main findings were as follows: 1) the infero-lateral muscle bundles of the tensor veli palatini didn’t turn medially at the pterygoid hamulus but were distributed laterally and continuous with the buccinator; 2) the tensor veli palatini attached laterally to the membranous part of the Eustachian tube; 3) the superior pharyngeal constrictor was not only adjacent to the buccinator at the pterygomandibular raphe but also had muscular continuation with it laterally and 4) some bundles of the superior pharyngeal constrictor adhered with the palatine aponeurosis.Conclusion
We believe that the cooperation of the muscles contributes to the dilating mechanism of the Eustachian tube, due to the complex topographical structures of the surrounding muscles: the tensor veli palatini, the levator veli palatini, the superior pharyngeal constrictor and the buccinator. 相似文献5.
Juan Hong Keguang Chen Huiying Lyu Dongming Yin Lin Yang Tianyu Zhang Peidong Dai 《Auris, nasus, larynx》2018,45(1):88-95
Objective
To study age-related changes in the morphology of the supratubal recess (STR) and its relationship with the Eustachian tube (ET).Methods
Seventy randomly selected computed tomography (CT) images of non-pathological temporal bones of 49 patients were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were grouped according to age into 4 age groups: group A (0–3 years), group B (4–8 years), group C (9–18 years) and group D (19–50 years). Space analytic geometry was assessed to directly calculate the morphology of the STR and the ET.Results
In normal temporal bones, the STR was mostly presented with a solitary cell in life. The length of the STR was significantly longer in group C than that in group A (P < 0.05). The width of the STR was declined with age and presented with significant difference among age groups (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the height of the STR in whole age groups (P > 0.05). The aeration of the STR was intimately related with age-related morphological changes in the ET. But the important factors influencing the aeration of the STR were not always the same in different age stages.Conclusion
The extended length and declined width of the STR with age were mostly related with the prolonging bony part and inwardly bending cartilaginous part of the ET in children and adolescent aged from 0 to 18 years old. In adults aged more than 18 years old, the narrowed caliber of the tympanic orifice of the ET could induce the decline in the width of the STR with age, but unfolded horizontal cartilaginous part of the ET contributed to stable length and height in aeration of the STR. 相似文献6.
Sung-Won Choi Jinmi Kim Hyun Min Lee Se-Joon Oh Il-Woo Lee Eui-Kyung Goh Soo-Keun Kong 《American journal of otolaryngology》2018,39(5):603-608
Objectives
The aim of this study is to estimate the entire population-based prevalence and incidence of Patulous Eustachian tube (PET) using the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) claims database. The annual trends of prevalence and incidence of PET were also investigated.Methods
Retrospective analysis of PET patients was performed between 2010 and 2016, from the NHI claims database. PET patients were defined as those who had at least one service claim with a primary diagnosis under an ICD-10-based PET code (H69.0).Results
During the study period, there were 20,533 new PET patients in Korea. In 2016 there were 4482 incident cases, and the standardized annual incidence rate was 8.8 per 100,000 persons. The standardized annual prevalence rate increased significantly from 7.2 per 100,000 persons in 2010 to 10.3 per 100,000 persons in 2016. The prevalence increased significantly on annual basis, whereas the incidence rate fluctuated over time. Interestingly, the incidence and prevalence of PET in women was almost twice as high as that in men, and peaked in their 20s.Conclusions
This study demonstrated the substantial annual increase of the NHI claims with PET code (H69.0) in Korea from 2010 to 2016. Statistical results based on the NHI claims, we confirmed the high prevalence and incidence rates of clinically significant PET in women than in men. This study only covered patient using the medical service for PET and missed PET sufferers not seeking medical service. However, this study can provide basic epidemiological information on clinically significant PET. 相似文献7.
Objective
Describes a method of dynamic video-endoscopy of the Eustachian tube (ET) orifice at the nasopharynx to quantitatively represent ET component movements during swallowing using a graphic function and analyze their importance to its opening mechanics.Methods
This was a pilot study of relational event capture using a polar coordinate system applied to trans-nasal video-endoscopic recordings of the ET during 3 swallows in 5 adults. After topical anesthesia of the nose, a 45° telescope was introduced unilaterally and focused on the ipsilateral ET orifice. For each recording, consecutive still-frame images were analyzed by identifying 4 fixed-point locators; the luminal apex, lateral and medial walls and the torus. A frame-normal, horizontal line was constructed through the apex and, then, the medial angles defined at the intersection of the horizontal line and the lines from apex to each point locator were measured. The magnitudes of these angles were plotted as a function of time (i.e. successive frames) for each swallow.Results
The resulting graphs captured the “in plane” relational movements for the locator points during a swallow. Complex interactions among the ET components were resolvable and the patterns were reproducible across swallows. Individual peculiarities observable on review of the corresponding “movies” such as double-swallows, delayed swallows and ET luminal constriction were easily identified in the graphic representation.Conclusion
This methodology is potentially useful for summary presentations of the ET mechanics of individual patients and for quantifying differences in those mechanics between groups defined by their history of middle-ear disease. 相似文献8.
Walliczek-Dworschak Ute Schmierer Lisa Greene Brandon Pellegrino Robert Dworschak Philipp Boris Alexander Stuck Güldner Christian 《Auris, nasus, larynx》2018,45(5):959-965
Objective
Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) affects approximately 1% of adults in the general population. Non treated Eustachian tube dysfunction can result in chronic middle ear diseases, which have been shown to significantly affect taste sensitivity. A promising treatment is balloon dilatation of the Eustachian tube. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate whether individuals with ETD had impairment in chemosensory functions, and the changes of the chemosensory function after balloon dilatation of the Eustachian tube.Methods
26 patients (17 female, 9 male) (=56 ears) suffering from ETD with a mean age of 39 ± 15 years were included in the present study. 20 patients (76%) returned to be evaluated at the follow up (=40 ears) 51 ± 22 days after balloon dilatation. For pre- and post operation, gustatory function was measured with a lateralized gustatory test with the taste strips and olfactory function was tested by means of the Sniffin’ Sticks test battery (threshold, discrimination and identification (ID)).Results
Patients’ baseline taste function (summed taste score 9.8 ± 3.5 (mean ± SD)) was significantly impaired compared to normative data (summed taste score 12.4 ± 2.3; p = 0.002). After balloon dilatation of the Eustachian tube, the taste function remained stable (summed taste score 9.4 ± 4.3; p = 0.814). Olfactory function (odor ID, summed score (TDI)) improved postoperatively (TDI 32.4 ± 3.6) compared to pre-operative scores (TDI 33.6 ± 4.0; p = 0.012), but not to a clinically relevant extent.Conclusion
This study suggests, that patients suffering from ETD exhibit reduced taste scores. Balloon dilatation of the Eustachian tube does not seem to influence gustatory function, but olfactory function showed improvement. 相似文献9.
Jason E. Cohn Michael Pfeiffer Niki Patel Robert T. Sataloff Brian J. McKinnon 《American journal of otolaryngology》2018,39(1):14-19
Purpose
Determine whether specific risk factors, symptoms and clinical examination findings are associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) intolerance and subsequent tympanotomy tube placement.Materials and methods
A retrospective case series with chart review was conducted from 2007 to 2016 of patients undergoing HBOT clearance at a tertiary care university hospital in an urban city. Eighty-one (n = 81) patient charts were reviewed for risk factors, symptoms and clinical examination findings related to HBOT eustachian tube dysfunction and middle ear barotrauma. Relative risk was calculated for each variable to determine risk for HBOT intolerance and need for tympanotomy tube placement. Risk factor, symptom, physical examination and HBOT complication-susceptibility scores were calculated for each patient.Results
Mean risk factor, clinical and HBOT complication-susceptibility scores were significantly higher in patients who did not tolerate HBOT compared to patients who tolerated HBOT. Patients reporting a history of otitis media, tinnitus, and prior ear surgery were at a higher risk for HBOT intolerance. Patients reporting a history of pressure intolerance and prior ear surgery were more likely to undergo tympanotomy tube placement. Patients noted to have otologic findings prior to HBOT were at a higher risk for both HBOT intolerance and tympanotomy tube placement.Conclusions
A thorough otolaryngological evaluation can potentially predict and identify patients at risk for HBOT intolerance and tympanotomy tube placement. 相似文献10.
Hyun Joon Shim A Young Choi Sang Won Yoon Kee Hwan Kwon Seung Geun Yeo 《Clinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology》2010,3(2):59-64
Objectives
To evaluate that the cross-sectional area of the air space in the Eustachian tube (ET) on computed tomography (CT) images could be useful for predicting the postoperative aeration of the middle ear.Methods
The patient group consisted of 80 patients (80 ears) with chronic otitis media and who underwent middle ear surgery from 2006-2007 and who were followed up for more than 1 yr. The control group consisted of 100 ears of 50 individuals with normal tympanic membranes and who underwent CT for other causes (such as tinnitus or hearing loss). The largest cross-sectional areas of the aerated ET were measured on the coronal images of the temporal bone CT by a single otologist using the computer-based "Region of Interest" picture archiving and communications system. The patient group was divided into two subgroups, 1) those with good postoperative aeration and 2) those with poor postoperative aeration. The largest cross-sectional areas of the aerated ETs were compared between the patients and the controls, and between the patients with good aeration and the patients with poor aeration.Results
The mean cross-sectional areas significantly differed between the patient group and the control group, and between the good and poor aeration subgroups (P<0.05 each). The mean area of the poor aeration subgroup was smaller than that of the control group (P<0.05), but the mean area of the good aeration subgroup did not significantly differ from that of the controls.Conclusion
The cross-sectional area of the aerated ET, as measured on the preoperative coronal images of temporal bone CT scans, may be useful for predicting the postoperative condition of the tympanic cavity. 相似文献11.
Objective
A new combined approach to Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) employing new minimally invasive devices is described.Study design
An anatomoclinical classification of ETD was conceived to allow correct categorization of patients and enable comparative studies to be performed. Herein, the authors report on their experience with a consecutive series of obstructive ETD patients treated by balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube using AERA (Acclarent, Menlo Park, CA, USA), combined with a quantic molecular resonance (QMR)-mediated rhinopharyngeal tubal ostial mucosa shrinkage technique with a dedicated “Mitto” hand piece (Telea, Sandrigo-Vicenza, Italy).Methods
A prospective study was conducted in 102 patients with ETD. Medical history, complete clinical ENT evaluation and oto-functional examinations were performed in all patients. In all cases, balloon dilatation of the Eustachian tube was performed via the transnasal approach under video-endoscopic control. This was followed by decongestion of the torus tubarius and the inferior turbinate by QMR, with immediate shrinkage of the mucosa of the turbinate and a reduction of the prolapse of the mucosal plica on the tubal ostium.Results
Comparison of pre- and postoperative oto-functional examinations revealed a significant improvement. The postoperative hearing symptoms were reduced in a statistically significant manner on the visual analog scale (VAS). It was possible to perform the postoperative “swallowing-opening-Toynbee-Valsalva” (SOTV) test in a significant percentage of cases compared to the preoperative test.Conclusion
The combined surgical procedure of balloon tubodilation with simultaneous QMR-mediated shrinkage of the tubal ostial mucosa and reduction of the posterior portion of the inferior turbinate was found to be an effective, safe, and complete treatment for tubal dysfunction in the majority of patients.12.
Elias Michaelides Ankit Kansal Sara Rutter Christopher A. Schutt 《American journal of otolaryngology》2018,39(2):208-211
Purpose
To anatomically describe a cartilaginous cap attached to the lateral process of the malleus.Study Design.Histologic and gross anatomic review.Methods
Twenty temporal bones were histologically reviewed. The anatomical relationship between the tympanic membrane and malleus was then defined at the level of the lateral process of the malleus and the long process of the malleus. Separately, gross evaluation of these levels at the macroscopic level was undertaken through endoscopic imaging in five subjects.Results
All temporal bones reviewed revealed the presence of a cartilaginous cap articulating between the tympanic membrane and the lateral process of the malleus. The cartilaginous cap was also readily identifiable in gross evaluation of the tympanic membrane from views lateral and medial to the tympanic membrane during endoscopic evaluation.Conclusion
The cartilaginous cap of the lateral process of the malleus is an important and reliable anatomical structure of the middle ear that has not previously been described. Through knowledge of the structure surgeons may exploit its presence by creating a cleavage plane between the cartilaginous cap and the malleus during tympanoplasty, possibly allowing for safer and more efficient surgery. 相似文献13.
Cameron C. Wick Rod P. Rezaee Tammy Wang Andrea M. Garcia-Jarchow Chad A. Zender Michael Gibson Min Yao Pierre Lavertu 《American journal of otolaryngology》2017,38(1):72-76
Hypothesis
Patients with advanced laryngeal cancer sometimes desire organ preservation protocols even if it portends a worse outcome.Background
To assess outcomes of patients with T4 laryngeal cancer treated with chemoradiation therapy.Methods
Case series with chart review at a tertiary university hospital. Twenty-four patients with T4 laryngeal cancer all declined total laryngectomy with adjuvant radiation as the primary treatment modality and alternatively received concurrent chemoradiation therapy. The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes were rates of tracheotomy dependence, gastric tube dependence, and need for salvage laryngectomy.Results
All patients had T4 laryngeal disease, 71% had cartilage invasion and 59% had regional metastasis to the neck. Kaplan–Meier analysis determined 2-year and 5-year overall survival to be 64% and 59% respectively. The locoregional recurrence rate was 25%. The distant metastasis rate was 21%. The rate of salvage laryngectomy was 17%, which occurred at a mean of 56.5 months after the original diagnosis. The rate of tracheotomy dependence was 33% while gastric tube dependence was 25%.Conclusion
Advanced T4 laryngeal cancer, particularly with cartilage invasion, remains a surgical disease best treated with total laryngectomy and adjuvant radiation. This data may help guide patients and practitioners considering concurrent chemoradiation therapy for definitive treatment of advanced laryngeal cancer. 相似文献14.
Objective
The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between Eustachian tube function and inner ear function, especially with respect to the hearing ability of patients with Meniere's disease.Methods
Patients with Meniere's disease underwent nystagmic examinations and audiometric measurements, including hearing tests, tympanometry, and Eustachian tube function tests (sonotubometry). We compared the audiometric examination results of normal subjects to those of patients with Meniere's disease.Results
Twenty-five percent of patients with Meniere's disease exhibited Eustachian tube dysfunction, but 92% displayed normal tympanometry findings. Their sonotubometry durations and amplitudes were not significantly different from those of normal subjects. However, the patients’ hearing level was significantly correlated to sonotubometry duration and amplitude. Our patients were classified according to the four stages of Meniere's disease: stage 1 (n = 9); stage 2 (n = 5); stage 3 (n = 8); and stage 4 (n = 2). The incidence of Eustachian tube dysfunction in these four groups of patients were 0% (0/9); 40% (2/5); 38% (3/8); and 50% (1/2), respectively.Conclusion
Our study provides evidence demonstrating that treatment of Eustachian tube dysfunction may be useful in preventing the hearing of Meniere's patients from becoming worse. 相似文献15.
Purpose
Many surgeons instill peri-operative otic drops to maintain tube patency. A post-hoc analysis of three randomized, controlled studies involving a one-time administration of ciprofloxacin (OTO-201) given instead of otic drops perioperatively was conducted to evaluate tube patency in patients who did and did not receive otic drops as defined within the study protocol.Materials and methods
Post-hoc, retrospective analysis from three prospective, randomized, double-blind trials, (Phase 1b study [n?=?83] and two Phase 3 studies [n?=?532]) which enrolled children with confirmed middle ear effusion on the day of tympanostomy tube surgery and then randomized to placebo/sham (tubes alone) or OTO-201 and studied over a 28-day observation period. Patients with observed otorrhea post-tube were provided otic drops in the studies. An analysis was performed on the combined studies to evaluate tube patency, determined by pneumatic otoscopy and tympanometry, at four defined study visits over 28?days after the initial tube placement.Results
The analysis included 591 total patients with similar baseline demographics across groups. Tube patency ranged from 87 to 95% for patients who received otic drops, and from 96 to 99% for patients who did not receive otic drops.Conclusion
Based on a retrospective post-hoc analysis from three randomized controlled trials in nearly 600 patients, tympanostomy tube occlusion rates was not increased in patients who did not receive otic drops. From this analysis, occlusion is likely caused primarily by peri-operative otorrhea since patency rates approached 99% in the absence of this complication. 相似文献16.
17.
William J. Doyle J. Douglas Swarts 《International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology》2010,74(9):986-990
Objective
The vector relationships between the Eustachian tube, Tensor veli palatini muscle and cranial base constrain the efficiency of middle ear pressure-regulation and are required parameters for computational modeling of Eustachian tube function. Here, those relationships were reconstructed from skulls and compared between children and adults.Method
Reconstructions were made using modifications of previously described techniques for 18 child skulls aged 3-4 years and 20 adult skulls (10 females, 10 males; >18 years). Measured and calculated variables were compared between groups using a Student's t-test.Results
Consistent with previous reports, certain variables for adult skulls exhibited sexual dimorphism. Between children and adults, significant differences were documented for measures of cranial base length and width; hard palate width; nasopharyngeal height, width and depth; Eustachian tube length; the maximum and minimum Tensor veli palatini muscle lengths; the angles of deviation of the Tensor veli palatini muscle from the Eustachian tube, and the surface area of the Tensor veli palatini muscle. There were no between-group differences in the angle of Eustachian tube decent from the cranial base, Eustachian tube deviation from the parasagittal plane or the lateral component of the Tensor veli palatine muscle-Eustachian tube angle.Conclusions
The differences between children and adults that could account for the observed poorer Eustachian tube function in children include their shorter Eustachian tube, lesser Tensor veli palatine muscle-Eustachian tube vectors, and the lesser Tensor veli palatine muscle surface area. Other observed differences are attributable to growth and development of the craniofacial complex. 相似文献18.
Daniel A. Carlton Enrique E. Perez Eric E. Smouha 《American journal of otolaryngology》2018,39(1):41-45
Importance
Malignant external otitis (MEO) is an aggressive infection occurring in immunocompromised hosts. Increasing antimicrobial resistance is making the disease more difficult to treat.Objective
Determine if there has been a shift in the microbiology and outcomes of MEO.Design
A retrospective case series at a tertiary care institution.Setting
Inpatient and outpatient tertiary care hospital.Participants
12 cases of recent MEO were reviewed.Main Outcomes and measures
The primary outcome was progression of disease. Secondary outcomes were drug resistance and complications of MEO.Results
Only 4 patients were cured of MEO. Four patients expired during the study period and at least one of these deaths was a direct result of the MEO. 7 patients developed Cranial nerve palsies, and 3 patients developed abscesses.Conclusions
Select cases of MEO now require multi-drug and long-term parenteral antibiotic therapy with extended hospital stays. 相似文献19.
Dongming Yin Chenlong Li Keguang Chen Juan Hong Jieying Li Lin Yang Tianyu Zhang Peidong Dai 《American journal of otolaryngology》2017,38(4):422-427
ObjectiveTo investigate characteristics of congenital aural stenosis (CAS) patients' external auditory canal (EAC) (position, length, orientation, etc.) and compare them with normal EAC.
Methods
CT images of normal people and CAS patient were utilized. We obtained coordinates of EAC landmarks. Then the Matlab program could calculate some anatomic parameters about EAC, including distances from central point of tympanic annulus (CA), central point of osseous EAC opening (CO), central point of cartilaginous EAC inside opening (CCi), central point of cartilaginous EAC outside opening (CCo) to the Frankfurt horizontal plane (Pfrkt), the median sagittal plane (Psag), the coronal plane (Pcor); orientations of EAC bendings; straight and arc lengths of EAC.Results
Distances from CA, CO, CCi and CCo to Pfrkt were all shorter in CAS group than control group (p < 0.05). The straight and arc lengths of cartilaginous EAC in CAS group were shorter than control group (p < 0.05). Straight and arc lengths of EAC in CAS group were shorter than those in control group (p < 0.05). The proportion of one bending in cartilaginous EAC in control group was significantly lower than CAS group (p < 0.05). Orientations of EAC bendings in CAS group differed from those in control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion
In addition to smaller diameters, compared with normal EAC, the position of CAS patients' osseous EAC was higher compared with the normal. The majority of CAS patients have a bending and downward slanting cartilaginous EAC. Orientations of EAC bending in CAS patients were different from normal. Besides, the length of CAS patients' cartilaginous EAC was shorter. However, there were no significant differences between CAS patients and normal people in length of osseous EAC. These differences in anatomic parameters could provide the basis for optimizing the meatoplasty. 相似文献20.