老年人社区获得性和院内获得性金葡球菌肺部感染34例对比分析

目的调查老年人社区获得性和院内获得性金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染的临床特点及细菌耐药。方法回顾性分析34例社区获得性和院内获得性金黄色葡萄球菌感染的临床资料和细菌耐药，包括临床症状，体症，基础疾病，X线结果，药物敏感性。结果共同点：两者均好发于即往有呼吸道感染的患者，患者的营养基础无明显差异。不同点：院内获得性金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染好发于住院时间长，有多种抗生素使用的，脑血管意外，愈后极差，耐药率高，临床症状及体症，胸片结果特异性不强。结论研究社区获得性和院内获得性金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染相关因素的差异，对减少住院时间，减少抗生素的使用，有利于院内获得性金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染的控制。     

The use of large databases to study pneumonia: what is their value?

A large pneumonia database can be defined as one containing more than 1000 patients. Important strengths of large databases include the ability to evaluate infrequent predictor or outcome variables, and increased generalizability. Beyond analysis of the database core study, large databases facilitate secondary analysis, expansion with ancillary studies, and concurrent analysis with other databases. Computer technology is now available that is able to merge sizable databases with the objective to generate a very large database. Construction of a global, very large pneumonia database is an achievable goal that can move clinical research in pneumonia to a higher level.     

血清C反应蛋白检测在小儿支原体肺炎诊断中的临床价值

目的探讨血清C反应蛋白(CRP)检测在小儿支原体肺炎(MP)诊断中的价值。方法 128例肺炎患儿按照病原体的不同分为支原体组(45例)、细菌组(43例)、病毒组(40例),并选择健康体检儿童40例作为对照组,比较治疗前四组研究对象血清CRP水平和检测阳性率,并比较不同病情程度MP患儿血清CRP水平和检测阳性率,治疗1周后,比较3组患儿血清CRP水平和检测阳性率。结果血清CRP水平和检测阳性率组间比较,细菌组均明显高于其他3组(P=0.0000),支原体组明显高于病毒组和对照组(P=0.0000),病毒组与对照组比较差异无显著性(P0.05)。支原体肺炎患儿中伴有全身炎症反应组血清CRP水平和阳性率均高于不伴有全身炎症反应组。治疗1周后,支原体组血清CRP水平高于病毒组(P=0.000),低于细菌组(P=0.0000),CRP检测阳性率支原体组高于病毒组(P=0.0041),低于细菌组(P=0.0223)。结论血清CRP水平检测可作为MP早期诊断和鉴别诊断的重要手段。     

不同病原学支气管肺炎患儿中细胞因子变化及意义

目的探讨不同病原学(肺炎支原体、细菌、病毒)支气管肺炎患儿血清白细胞介素10(IL-10)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平变化及意义。方法 2013年9月—2014年10月,选择我儿科住院的支气管肺炎患儿85例(重症肺炎组48例,轻度肺炎组37例)为研究对象。同期选择健康查体30例作为对照组。应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清IL-10、IFN-γ水平的变化。结果支气管肺炎患儿血清IL-10水平较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义,而IFN-γ比对照组明显升高(P0.01),差异有统计学意义。重症肺炎患儿血清IFN-γ水平较轻症肺炎组血清升高(P0.01),差异有统计学意义。结论在支气管肺炎发病过程中,存在机体免疫紊乱,细胞因子的表达水平与病情严重程度密切相关而与感染病原无关。     

Clinical features of Q fever pneumonia

The aim of the study was to assess the clinical features of Q fever pneumonia in Japan. Four cases of Q fever pneumonia (a female aged 21 and males aged 53, 74 and 87 years) who were diagnosed using the PanBio ELISA test kit, were assessed and their clinical features are described. The frequency of Q fever pneumonia among our cases of community-acquired pneumonia was 1.4% (4/284). A 21-year-old female had a typical case of the disease with (i) a history of owning a cat, (ii) onset with fever and dry cough, (iii) multiple soft infiltrative shadows on CXR, (iv) a normal white blood cell count, and (v) good response to clarithromycin. The pneumonias in the other three cases were considered mixed infections with bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Their clinical features included the following: (i) an elderly person with an underlying disease, (ii) onset with fever and purulent sputum, (iii) coarse crackles on auscultation, (iv) infiltrative shadows and pleural effusion on CXR, (v) increased white blood cells with elevated BUN and hyponatraemia, and (vi) modest responses to combined therapy with carbapenem and minocycline. Our observations suggest that two types of pneumonia caused by Coxiella burnetti exist; one with the usual features of atypical pneumonia, and the other presenting with the clinical features of bacterial pneumonia in the elderly due to mixed bacterial infection.     

隐源性机化性肺炎9例临床分析

目的探讨隐源性机化性肺炎(cryptogenic organized pneumonia,COP)的临床、病理和影像学特征以及治疗。方法回顾性分析9例COP患者的临床、病理、影像学特点及其治疗转归。结果患者多有咳嗽、呼吸困难等症状,体检多可闻及湿啰音,少数呈爆裂音;实验室检查示外周血白细胞、C-反应蛋白、血沉异常,肺功能示限制性通气功能障碍和(或)弥散功能障碍。胸部HRCT主要表现为实变影。所有患者均由肺部病灶病理确诊,经糖皮质激素治疗好转,随访3月至12月,病情控制良好。结论 COP临床表现缺乏特异性,易误诊为肺部感染或肿瘤,抗感染治疗效果差,而糖皮质激素治疗有效,应及早获得病理学证据指导诊疗。     

Necrotizing pneumonia complicated by early and late pneumatoceles

Community-acquired pneumonia generally has a benign course when treated, but can be complicated by pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscesses, necrotizing pneumonia or pneumatoceles. Pneumatoceles can cause cardiorespiratory compromise requiring urgent intervention. A child with a severe necrotizing pneumonia, as well as a large early pneumatocele complicating mechanical ventilation, is presented. While pneumonectomy resulted in transient improvement, the course was further complicated by multiple late occurring pneumatoceles that ultimately led to the patient’s death.     

425例社区获得性肺炎的临床分析

目的探讨社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者的临床特征,指导CAP诊治。方法分析我院425例CAP患者的临床表现、X线表现、微生物学检查及治疗情况。结果住院CAP患者以老年人多见,肺炎的临床表现最主要的症状仍为咳嗽、咳痰、发热,但与年轻人相比老年人易于出现呼吸困难和神智障碍;X线主要表现为片状影或问质渗出;痰液培养的阳性率比较低,治疗主要靠依赖经验治疗,预后较好。结论社区获得性肺炎是一种呼吸内科常见病,按照指南临床诊治相对容易。但在部分老年人症状重且不典型,伴基础疾病时可出现预后不良,需引起重视。     

Impact of Procalcitonin Guidance with an Educational Program on Management of Adults Hospitalized with Pneumonia

Background

Community-acquired pneumonia and healthcare-associated pneumonia are often treated with prolonged antibiotic therapy. Procalcitonin (PCT) has effectively and safely reduced antibiotic use for pneumonia in controlled studies. However, limited data exist regarding PCT guidance in real-world settings for management of pneumonia.

50例重症院内获得性肺炎的诊治分析

目的:观察重症院内获得性肺炎患者的细菌耐药情况和预后.方法:对50例重症HAP患者进行前瞻性观察研究,分析患者一般情况、初始痰培养和药物敏感性、机械通气时间以及病死率.结果:初始细菌培养阳性菌株53株,其中革兰阴性菌39株(73.6％),以铜绿假单胞菌(28.3％)、鲍曼不动杆菌(18.9％)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌(11.3％)为多见;革兰阳性菌14株(26.4％),均为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA).细菌耐药情况严重.所有患者30 d粗病死率为16％(8/50).在43例初始细菌培养阳性患者中,恰当初始抗生素应用率为63.8％ (27/43);治疗组恰当与不恰当组的机械通气时间分别为8.9±5.2d和15.4±10.1d,有显著性差异(P＜0.05);2组30d粗病死率分别为11.1％和25.0％,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:重症院内获得性肺炎的致病菌耐药率高,恰当初始抗生素治疗可以降低机械通气时间.应加强细菌耐药监测及合理应用抗生素.     

Clinical differentiation of atypical pneumonia using Japanese guidelines

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Atypical pneumonia occupies an important position in community-acquired pneumonia. The aim of this study was to examine whether making a diagnosis of atypical pneumonia is possible based upon the Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines. METHODS: The data from three prospective studies were reviewed. A total of 285 patients with mycoplasmal pneumonia or chlamydial pneumonia and 515 patients with pneumococcal pneumonia or Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia were assessed to determine whether these pneumonias met the diagnostic criteria for atypical pneumonia used in the Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines. The criteria were: (i) age less than 60 years; (ii) no or only minor underlying diseases; (iii) persistent cough; (iv) limited chest auscultatory findings; (v) no sputum, or no identified aetiological agent by rapid diagnosis; and (vi) a peripheral white blood cell count below 10,000/microL. RESULTS: All items of the criteria proved to be valid except for 'age' in patients with Chlamydophila pneumoniae pneumonia using multiple regression analysis. The sensitivity and specificity for atypical pneumonia were 77.0% and 93.0% based on four or more of the criteria respectively. CONCLUSION: Pure atypical pneumonia can be differentiated to some degree by clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. It is important to differentiate and treat bacterial pneumonia and atypical pneumonia in regions such as Japan, where Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to macrolides is high. Treatment covering the two types of pneumonia should be considered in elderly patients and those with underlying respiratory disease.     

SCAP和SHAP患者病原体和高危因素研究

目的探讨重症社区获得性肺炎(SCAP)和重症医院获得性肺炎(SHAP)患者分离的病原体及高危因素。方法收集SCAP和SHAP住院患者的临床资料,分离痰、血清或骨髓等标本病原体;对比分析SCAP和SHAP病原体和高危因素。结果 25例SCAP患者病原体阳性12例,明确病原菌16株,其中革兰阳性球菌5株,真菌6株,革兰阴性杆菌3株和肺炎支原体2株。98例SHAP患者病原体阳性95例,分离病原菌131株。20例早发SHAP患者分离病原菌22株,其中革兰阳性球菌14株,革兰阴性杆菌7株,白色念珠菌1株;78例晚发SHAP患者明确病原菌109株,其中革兰阴性杆菌81株,革兰阳性球菌18株,真菌10株。仅28.00%(7例)SCAP具有危险因素;SHAP的常见高危因素有气管切开或插管、机械通气和高龄。结论 SCAP患者病原体分离率显著低于SHAP,SCAP最常见病原体为真菌和革兰阳性球菌,早发SHAP病原体大多为葡萄球菌,晚发SHAP主要为革兰阴性杆菌中的肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼/溶血不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌,其次为革兰阳性球菌和真菌。SCAP高危因素少,而SHAP具有多种高危因素。     

Clinicopathological differences between acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia

OBJECTIVE: Considerable confusion exists regarding the proper classification of idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonia (IEP). Furthermore, there are no reports describing the clinicopathological differences between the various forms of eosinophilic pneumonias. METHODOLOGY: The histological findings in acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) were examined and the clinical and radiological features were contrasted with them. RESULTS: Radiologically, ground glass opacity and interlobular septal thickening were characteristic of the AEP cases, while air space consolidation was seen in all CEP cases. Histologically, interstitial oedema and fibrin deposition were prominent in the AEP cases. Type II cells were detached from the alveolar walls, although the basal lamina was predominantly intact. In CEP, in addition to cellular infiltration, there was prominent intraluminal fibrosis. Disruption of the basal lamina was observed and nests of intraluminal fibrosis were directly adjacent and connected to the alveolar walls. CONCLUSIONS: An essential histological difference between AEP and CEP is the severity of basal lamina damage and the amount of subsequent intraluminal fibrosis. In AEP particularly, these findings explain the radiographical findings, as well as the rapid and complete improvement noted in such cases.     

Pneumonia among young infants in rural Southeast Asia (Bohol Island, Philippines)

Objective  To develop a clinical algorithm that can be used to identify pneumonia deaths in young infants in developing countries and estimate the disease burden in this population.
Patients and methods  Infants younger than 60 days hospitalized with signs of severe pneumonia who underwent clinical, microbiologic and radiological evaluation were the subjects. Stepwise logistic regression and subtractive iterative process were used to derive the algorithm.
Results  Three-hundred and one infants had either clinical or radiographic pneumonia. The case fatality rate for 185 infants with radiographic pneumonia was 21% vs . 5% for clinical pneumonia. Age below 7 days was associated with an increased risk of dying. Among 7- to 59-day-old infants, poor feeding, cyanosis and absence of crackles were predictors of death from pneumonia. Using logistic regression, an algorithm consisting of any one of three clinical signs (cyanosis, poor feeding and abnormally sleepy) was developed in infants aged 7–59 days; 80% of deaths and 50% of those with radiographic pneumonia have at least one of these signs. It performed better than both the WHO case management algorithm and the IMCI algorithm.
Conclusion  Radiographic pneumonia is a common and serious infection among infants below 2 months old in the Philippines. Cyanosis, poor feeding and abnormal sleepiness are simple signs that can be used by health workers to identify seriously ill infants who are most likely to die from pneumonia.