长链非编码RNA Gm4419通过NF-κB信号通路调控高糖下系膜细胞炎症因子的表达

目的 探讨长链非编码RNA Gm4419通过核转录因子-kappa B(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)信号通路对高糖培养的肾小球系膜细胞炎症因子表达的影响.方法 在高、低糖培养的小鼠肾小球系膜细胞中,采用RT-qPCR检测Gm4419的亚细胞分布及NF-κB亚基p50和p65的表达水平;采用RT-qPCR及免疫荧光检测上、下调Gm4419后炎症相关因子TNF-α和MCP-1的表达;采用生物信息技术分析Gm4419与p50和p65关系;采用Western blot检测上、下调Gm4419后细胞核中p50和p65的表达水平,以及检测特异性p50抑制剂对过表达Gm4419影响MCP-1表达的作用.结果 Gm4419在肾小球系膜细胞高糖组表达水平显著高于低糖组(P＜0.05),且主要分布在系膜细胞的细胞质中.同时,在低糖组过表达Gm4419后MCP-1、TNF-α表达水平显著增加(P＜0.01);而在高糖组沉默Gm4419后MCP-1、TNF-α表达水平显著减少(P＜0.01).此外,Gm4419与NF-κB亚基p50和p65均存在潜在结合位点,过表达Gm4419后胞核p50和p65蛋白表达水平显著增加,NF-κB活化增强(P＜0.01);而沉默Gm4419后胞核p50和p65蛋白表达水平显著降低,NF-κB活化减弱(P＜0.01),且过表达Gm4419增加MCP-1表达的效应可被特异性p50抑制剂阻断.结论 Gm4419可能在促进高糖下系膜细胞炎症因子表达中扮演重要角色,其机制可能涉及NF-κB信号通路.     

抑癌基因ING2真核表达质粒的建立及其对肺癌细胞生长的影响

目的 构建抑癌基因生长抑制因子2(ING2)真核表达载体,研究p33ING2对人肺腺癌细胞A549及人小细胞肺癌细胞NCI-H446体外生长的影响.方法 构建ING2基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-ING2,采用脂质体法分别转染A549和NCI-H446细胞,以未转染组和转染pcDNA3.1(+)空质粒组作为对照,应用RT-PCR、细胞免疫组化和Western blot法分析目的基因及其蛋白表达,CCK8试剂盒分析其对细胞生长的影响,Annexin V-FITC和PI双染流式细胞术观察细胞凋亡的情况.结果 成功构建了重组真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)- ING2,转染后细胞株高水平表达ING2 mRNA及p33ING2蛋白.CCK8法检测结果显示:转染pcDNA3.1(+)-ING2的A549细胞和NCI-H446细胞增殖受到抑制,抑制率与pcDNA3.1(+)空质粒转染组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).流式细胞术凋亡检测结果显示:转染pcDNA3.1(+)-ING2的A549细胞和NCI-H446细胞组凋亡率均高于未转染组和pcDNA3.1(+)空质粒转染组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 ING2蛋白表达能抑制人肺腺癌细胞A549和人小细胞肺癌细胞NCI-H446增殖及增加细胞凋亡率.     

RBM5 基因表达载体构建、稳定转染A549 细胞系的建立及功能的初步研究

目的：通过构建表达载体、建立稳定转染RNA结合基序5(RNA binding motif 5,RBM5)的A549细胞系, 初步研究RBM5基因过表达对A549 细胞增殖以及天冬-谷-丙-组氨酸盒多肽15[DEAH box polypeptide 15,DHX15]表 达的影响。方法：应用分段克隆法构建pcDNA3.1(+)/RBM5真核表达载体;将测序验证后的重组质粒pcDNA3.1(+)/ RBM5转染肺腺癌A549细胞并以G418进行筛选,采用Western印迹鉴定RBM5基因过表达阳性细胞,流式细胞仪分别 检测经pcDNA3.1(+)/RBM5稳定转染的A549细胞[pcDNA3.1(+)/RBM5-A549]及pcDNA3.1(+)空白质粒转染的A549细胞 [pcDNA3.1(+)-A549]的周期分布;运用RT-PCR技术分别检测pcDNA3.1(+)/RBM5-A549和pcDNA3.1(+)-A549细胞中剪 接相关因子DHX15的表达情况。结果：成功构建出pcDNA3.1(+)/RBM5真核表达载体,筛选出RBM5基因稳定转染过 表达阳性细胞株;pcDNA3.1(+)/RBM5-A549较pcDNA3.1(+)-A549细胞处于G1期细胞比例增大、S期细胞比例减小(均 P<0.01);cDNA3.1(+)/RBM5-A549较pcDNA3.1(+)-A549细胞的DHX15表达上调(P<0.01)。结论：成功构建重组质粒 pcDNA3.1(+)/RBM5,并建立了RBM5稳定转染的A549细胞系;初步证实RBM5基因过表达可抑制肺腺癌A549细胞的细 胞周期,并使DHX15表达上调。     

YAP对非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖和迁移能力的影响

目的：探讨长链非编码RNA （lncRNA） MALAT1在YAP调控的非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）细胞增殖和迁移中的作用,并阐明其作用机制。方法：选择A549和H1299细胞系分为Scramble siRNA组（转染Scramble siRNA）、siYAP-1组（转染siYAP-1）和siYAP-2组（转染siYAP-2）。RT-PCR和Western blotting法检测各组细胞中YAP和MALAT1mRNA及YAP蛋白表达水平;在A549和H1299细胞中分别转染pcDNA3.1-YAP质粒（pcDNA3.1-YAP组）、共转染pcDNA3.1-YAP质粒和siMALAT1-2（pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1-2组）及对照质粒（pcDNA3.1-YAP+Scramble siRNA组）,CCK-8法检测各组细胞增殖能力,细胞划痕实验检测各组细胞迁移能力。结果：siYAP-1组和siYAP-2组A549和H1299细胞中YAP mRNA及蛋白表达水平均明显低于Scramble siRNA组（P<0.05）,siYAP-1组和siYAP-2组A549和H1299细胞中MALAT1mRNA表达水平低于Scramble siRNA组（P<0.05）;与pcDNA3.1-YAP组比较,pcDNA3.1-YAP+siMALAT1-2组A549和H1299细胞增殖能力降低（P<0.05）,H1299细胞迁移能力降低（P<0.05）。结论：在NSCLC细胞中,YAP通过调控lncRNA MALAT1的表达促进细胞的增殖和迁移。     

原代大鼠肾小球系膜细胞最佳电转染条件的探索和验证

目的探索并验证原代大鼠肾小球系膜细胞最佳电转染条件。方法设立不同的电压与电容组合、电击前孵育温度、质粒DNA浓度等电转染条件,将绿色荧光蛋白表达质粒pEGFP-C1导入原代大鼠肾小球系膜细胞。24h后比较各组细胞存活率和绿色荧光蛋白表达情况,确立最佳电转染条件。再以此条件电转染质粒pcDNA3.1和pcDNA3.1-FHL2,48h后收取两组细胞RNA和蛋白。应用RT-PCR和Western印迹检测目的基因FHL2的核酸和蛋白表达,验证电转染效果。结果在电击前室温孵育,40μg质粒,340V电压、550μF电容的最佳电转染条件下,原代大鼠肾小球系膜细胞的电转染效率可达40%以上,细胞存活率在50%左右。转染FHL2质粒组较对照组检测FHL2的核酸和蛋白表达水平明显升高（P〈0.05）。结论适当的电转染条件可以有效转染原代大鼠肾小球系膜细胞。     

携带FLAG标签的人BTG2真核表达载体的构建及其在HeLa细胞中的表达 

目的：构建人B细胞易位基因2（BTG2）真核表达载体,并在HeLa细胞中表达携带FLAG标签的BTG2蛋白,为阐明BTG2基因的功能提供实验工具。方法：利用PCR法获得全长BTG2片段,将扩增得到的片段插入真核细胞表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)的多克隆位点;然后按照FLAG序列设计并合成寡核苷酸片段,插入pcDNA3.1(+)-BTG2载体,构建pcDNA3.1(+)-FLAG-BTG2载体;将以上重组质粒转染HeLa细胞,将细胞分为转染pcDNA3.1(+)空载体组、转染pcDNA3.1(+)-BTG2组和转染pcDNA3.1(+)-FLAG-BTG2组,采用抗FLAG抗体的Western blotting法,检测FLAG-BTG2融合蛋白在HeLa细胞中的表达水平。结果：将全长BTG2片段链接于pcDNA3.1(+)质粒,经限制性核酸内切酶BamH Ⅰ酶切分析及DNA测序证实载体序列准确;该载体转染HeLa细胞后用抗FLAG 抗体进行Western blotting法检测,在空载体组和pcDNA3.1(+)-BTG2组HeLa细胞中检测不到FLAG融合蛋白的表达,而在转染pcDNA3.1(+)-FLAG-BTG2组中检测到FLAG-BTG2融合蛋白的表达。结论：成功构建了pcDNA3.1(+)-FLAG-BTG2真核表达载体,并能在HeLa细胞中有效表达携带FLAG标签的BTG2蛋白。     

pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19-GFP真核表达质粒构建

目的:构建pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19-GFP、pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19W39R-GFP、pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19R264C-GFP与pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19W39R-R264C-GFP真核表达质粒,并观察pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19-GFP质粒在MCF-7和Bcap-37细胞中的表达。方法:①采用RT-PCR技术扩增CYP19 cDNA,插入pcDNA3.1(+)载体中,构建pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19表达质粒;酶切pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19(304bp BamHⅠ)-GFP和pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19质粒,构建pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19-GFP表达质粒;②以pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19-GFP质粒为模板,采用定点突变技术,构建pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19W39R-GFP和pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19R264C-GFP及pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19W39R-R264C-GFP表达质粒;③pcDNA3.1(+)-CYP19-GFP质粒通过脂质体介导转染MCF-7和Bcap-37细胞,荧光显微镜观察其在细胞中的表达。...     

过表达羧肽酶E对高糖培养的小鼠肾小球系膜细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的：探究羧肽酶E（carboxypeptidase E,CPE）对高糖培养的小鼠肾小球系膜细胞（glomerular mesangial cell,GMC）增殖、周期及凋亡的影响。方法：PCR法扩增CPE基因片段,将其插入表达载体 pcDNA3.1质粒中以构建重组质粒pcDNA3.1?CPE。将质粒转染GMC细胞,通过蛋白质免疫印迹法检测CPE标签蛋白、增殖标志物细胞周期蛋白D1（CyclinD1）、增殖细胞核抗原（proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA）以及凋亡标记物Cleaved?caspase?3的表达;采用平板克隆、Cell Counting Kit?8（CCK?8）法以及流式分析法检测过表达CPE对高糖培养的GMC细胞增殖、细胞周期以及凋亡的影响。结果：成功构建CPE过表达的GMC细胞。平板克隆以及CCK?8实验表明,过表达CPE可以抑制GMC细胞的增殖能力。流式细胞学检测表明,与对照组相比,CPE过表达明显促进了细胞凋亡;细胞周期中G1期细胞明显增加,S期细胞明显减少,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。结论：过表达CPE可以抑制高糖培养的小鼠GMC细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡。     

AKR1B10基因过表达载体的构建及其在乳腺癌MCF-7细胞中的表达

目的：构建AKR1B10基因真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-AKR1B10,观察其在乳腺癌MCF-7细胞中的表达,为研究AKR1B10基因与乳腺癌的关系提供实验依据。方法：构建真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-AKR1B10,将载体瞬时转染乳腺癌MCF-7细胞,利用RT-PCR与Western blotting方法检测未转染的MCF-7细胞、转染pcDNA3.1(+)-AKR1B10的MCF-7细胞和转染空质粒pcDNA3.1(+)的MCF-7细胞中AKR1B10基因的表达。结果：成功构建真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-AKR1B10。RT-PCR结果显示,将未转染的MCF-7细胞中AKR1B10基因表达量设定为1,转染质粒的MCF-7细胞中AKR1B10基因表达量为1.79,转染空质粒的MCF-7细胞表达量为0.98,转染表达载体细胞AKR1B10基因表达量与转染空质粒的细胞和未转染的细胞比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;Western blotting结果显示,与未转染的MCF-7细胞和转染空质粒的细胞比较,转染表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-AKR1B10的MCF-7细胞中AKR1B10基因表达量增多。结论：成功构建真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-AKR1B10,AKR1B10基因在转染表达载体的MCF-7细胞中高表达。     

甲状旁腺素受体真核表达载体的构建及稳定转染HEK293细胞系的建立

目的构建小鼠甲状旁腺素受体(PTHR)及其突变受体(DSEL)全长结构基因真核表达载体,建立稳定高表达PTHR及DSEL的HEK293细胞系,以应用于甲状旁腺素(PTH)模拟肽活性药物筛选及其信号通路的研究。方法通过双酶切、胶回收方法分别纯化目的片段(PTHR、DSEL基因)和质粒pcDNA3.1(+),二者分别由DNA限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ与NotⅠ双酶切,经T4DNA Ligase连接的方法将PTHR、DSEL基因克隆到质粒表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)中,采用测序方法及DNA限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ与NotⅠ双酶切方法鉴定重组质粒,脂质体转染法将重组体pcDNA3.1(+)-PTHR、pcDNA3.1(+)-DSEL及空质粒pcDNA3.1(+)分别转染至HEK293细胞,经G418筛选抗性细胞克隆,、RT-PCR及ELISA检测转染细胞PTHR、DSEL的表达情况。结果重组质粒经基因测序及DNA限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ与NotⅠ双酶切证实质粒表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-PTHR、pcDNA3.1(+)-DSEL构建正确。重组体经脂质体法转染HEK293 48 h后,经G418筛选3周得到细胞抗性克隆,ELISA检测到PTHR、DSEL基因在重组质粒表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-PTHR、pcDNA3.1(+)-DSEL转染的HEK293中成功表达。RT-PCR方法检测到PTHR、DSEL基因在转录水平的表达。ELISA方法检测到重组质粒转染的HEK293中,加入甲状旁腺激素刺激后,PLC、cAMP蛋白表达量远高于空质粒pcDNA3.1(+)转染的HEK293中PLC、cAMP的表达。结论成功构建了稳定高表达PTHR、DSEL的HEK293细胞,该稳定转染细胞系的建立为进一步研究甲状旁腺素受体下游信号通道的分子机制以及筛选其模拟肽作用的活性奠定了实验基础。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.