彩色多普勒血流动力学指标对儿童胡桃夹现象的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒检查中血流动力学指标对儿童胡桃夹现象的诊断价值。方法对70例血尿查因疑似患儿进行二维彩色多普勒检查,测量患儿仰卧位、侧卧位、脊柱后伸15～20min左肾静脉经过肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉之间受压变窄的内径、血流峰值及窄后内径、血流峰值,并将8例胡桃夹现象阳性患儿数据与从59例正常儿童中随机选取的8例相应数据进行比较。结果胡桃夹现象阳性患儿其左肾静脉狭窄处内径范围在1.25～2.17mm之间,狭窄处峰值流速在129.80～201.46cm/s;正常儿童左肾静脉狭窄处内径范围在1.33～2.41mm之间,狭窄处峰值流速在27.26～69.36cm/s。结论左肾静脉狭窄处峰值流速可作为诊断胡桃夹现象阳性的一项参考指标。     

87例孤立性血尿患儿胡桃夹现象的临床意义

目的　探讨孤立性血尿患儿胡桃夹现象的发病情况及临床特点。方法　使用腹部B超测量 87例孤立性血尿患儿和 84例正常组患儿卧位和直立位左肾静脉内径。结果　胡桃夹现象在非肾小球性血尿、肾小球性血尿、正常患儿中的发病率分别为 3 9 6% ,3 0 7% ,6 0 %。胡桃夹现象患儿卧位时非肾小球性血尿组左肾静脉内径比值与肾小球性血尿组、正常组比较P >0 .0 5 ,无显著差异 ;直立位非肾小球性血尿组左肾静脉内径比值与其他两组比较P <0 .0 5 ,有显著差异。非肾小球性血尿组 1例合并尿路感染 ,1例合并特发性高钙尿症 ;肾小球性血尿组 5例行肾活检 ,诊断IgA肾病 3例 ,薄基底膜病 2例。结论　胡桃夹现象不仅见于非肾小球性血尿患儿 ,亦见于肾小球性血尿患儿和正常儿童 ,胡桃夹现象可与其他引起血尿的原因并存。超声诊断胡桃夹现象时应注意观察直立位左肾静脉受压情况     

CTA显示肠系膜上动脉起始段解剖的价值及临床意义

目的 探讨CTA对肠系膜上动脉（SMA）起始段解剖的价值及临床意义。方法 对21例正常患者和4例胡桃夹现象患者的腹部螺旋CT动脉期及延迟期图像进行矢状位重组,测量SMA与腹主动脉的夹角、左肾静脉层面SMA后壁与腹主动脉前壁的距离以及左肾静脉最小前后径并观测左侧精索或卵巢静脉是否扩张。结果 本组21例正常人及4例胡桃夹现象患者均行MIP、MPR、VR后处理,均清晰显示SMA起始段走行,及与左肾静脉、腹主动脉之间的立体血管解剖关系;21例正常人左肾静脉均走行于腹主动脉前方、SMA后方,未见左肾静脉近段及左侧精索静脉或卵巢静脉扩张;SMA与腹主动脉夹角为51.5~98.7°（71.4±14.2）°、左肾静脉层面SMA后壁与腹主动脉前壁的距离为9.0~22.3mm（13.7±4.5）mm、左肾静脉最小前后径为4.0~10.3mm（6.9±1.2）mm。4例胡桃夹现象患者SMA与腹主动脉夹角均明显变小,分别为25.7°、26.3°、28.5°、29.3°,左肾静脉层面SMA后壁与腹主动脉前壁的距离分别为3.7mm、2.6mm、5.0mm、4.1mm、左肾静脉最小前后径分别为1.9mm、2.2mm、3.4mm、3.1mm,均显示左肾静脉近段及左侧精索静脉或卵巢静脉扩张。统计学显示胡桃夹现象患者SMA与腹主动脉夹角、左肾静脉层面SMA后壁与腹主动脉前壁的距离、左肾静脉最小前后径与正常人比较差异均有显著性（P＜0.05）。结论 多层螺旋CTA可清晰显示SMA起始段、腹主动脉与左肾静脉之间的解剖关系;CTA对诊断胡桃夹现象具有可靠的客观依据。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断成年人胡桃夹现象的临床应用

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断胡桃夹现象的临床应用价值。方法:测量7例患者平卧位及站立位左肾静脉最窄处和最宽处内经(a,b),血流速度(Va,Vb),并与健康对照组(10例)进行对照分析。结果:胡桃夹现象患者左肾静脉近端血流速度明显增快,b/a增大,Va/Vb增大,站立位更加明显,组间比较两组间差异具有显著性意义。结论:彩色多普勒超声能为胡桃夹现象患者提供可靠的诊断依据。     

超声诊断儿童胡桃夹现象200例的临床研究及观察血流动力学的价值

目的探讨儿童胡桃夹现象的超声诊断价值及其对血流动力学的影响。方法将我院200例经血尿检查疑似胡桃夹现象的患儿进行超声诊断,选取确诊为胡桃夹综合征的100例患儿为观察组,另选取100名健康儿童作为对照组,观察2组血流动力学。结果不同体位下,胡桃夹综合征患儿的各项参数指标差异具有统计学意义。其受压扩张部位内径、受压狭窄部位内径,受压部位血流速度、扩张部位血流速度比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);胡桃夹综合征患儿与对照组左肾静脉狭窄处的内径范围分别为1.26~2.18 mm、1.36~2.51 mm,狭窄处峰值流速分别为128.67~200.27 cm/s、6.98~68.87 cm/s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论超声诊断可作为儿童胡桃夹综合征的检查首选影像学方法,患儿的左肾静脉狭窄处的峰值流速可在胡桃夹现象阳性诊断中作为一项重要的参考指标。     

儿童精索静脉曲张超声诊断分析

目的运用超声诊断分析儿童精索静脉曲张的特点及意义。方法对19例儿童原发性精索静脉曲张患者,行双侧精索静脉及左肾静脉超声检查,将其曲张侧别、内径及是否合并胡桃夹现象进行比较分析。结果19例精索静脉曲张患者,其中18例单发于左侧,1例为双侧。精索静脉内径2.2～3.4mm,平均（2.7±0.4）。全部病例合并胡桃夹现象。结论儿童精索静脉曲张的主要原因是胡桃夹现象,对其应常规进行左肾静脉检查及针对胡桃夹现象进行治疗。胡桃夹现象应作为普查儿童精索静脉曲张的内容之一。     

成人胡桃夹现象 1 例报告

成人胡桃夹现象１例报告首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院内科石义霞杨庆民放射科张燕明左肾静脉注入下腔静脉之前，需穿过腹主动脉与肠系膜上动脉所形成之夹角。当左肾静脉在夹角处受到挤压，导致左肾静脉压力升高而引起血尿时称为胡桃夹现象。该现象为儿童非肾小球性血尿的...     

128层螺旋CT血管成像诊断胡桃夹综合征

目的 总结胡桃夹综合征的128层螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)表现特征,探讨CTA诊断优势.方法 回顾性分析10例明确诊断为胡桃夹综合征患者的临床及CTA资料.结果 10例中有9例因肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角(α)变小所致,14.0°≤α≤24.5°,1例因左肾静脉走行于腹主动脉和脊柱之间且明显受压所致,左肾静脉近肾侧扩张...     

左肾静脉支架置入治疗胡桃夹征围手术期护理

“胡桃夹”现象又称左肾静脉压迫综合征,由左肾静脉在腹主动脉与肠系膜上动脉之间受到挤压伴有血尿或直立性蛋白尿、腹痛和精索静脉曲张的一种疾病[1]。其中精索静脉曲张是其重要的一个临床症状。我院2005年8月至2007年8月共收治了7例因“胡桃夹”现象出现左侧精索静脉曲张患者     

肠系膜上动脉夹角测量对“胡桃夹”综合征的诊断探讨

目的应用64排螺旋CT血管成像研究“胡桃夹”患者与正常对照组肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角以及左肾静脉受压情况，探讨螺旋CT血管成像在诊断“胡桃夹”综合征方面的临床应用意义。方法使用64排多层螺旋CT，回顾性观察134例正常检查者及4例“胡桃夹”综合征患者肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角的大小，左肾静脉水平肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉之间的距离，左肾静脉最窄内径及左肾门左肾静脉最宽内径，以明确正常人肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角的大小对左肾静脉形态的影响，并计算出正常人肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角的参考范围。结果134例正常人中，肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉的夹角为49．8°±26．2°，“胡桃夹”综合征患者为25．3°±8．0°;正常人左肾静脉水平肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉距离为（1．26±0．72）cm，“胡桃夹”综合征患者为（0．58±0．21）cm，差别均有统计学意义。正常人肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角的大小影响左肾静脉的形态，漏斗型左肾静脉（左肾门区左肾静脉最宽内径与左肾静脉最窄内径的比值〉3）的出现率在肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角〈35°时为30．6%（（15／49），〉35°时为4．7％（4／85），两组有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论64排多层螺旋CT清楚显示肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉的夹角以及左肾静脉受压情况。     

二维及多普勒超声在左肾静脉压迫综合征诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨二维及多普勒超声在左肾静脉压迫综合征诊断中的应用价值。方法：对22例临床确诊的左肾静脉压迫综合征患者应用二维及多普勒超声检查,测量仰卧位时左肾静脉狭窄前扩张部位近端（a段）及狭窄部位（b段）内径,计算左肾静脉与下腔静脉间的压力差△P。结果：患者仰卧位左肾静脉狭窄部及扩张部位比值（a/b）在3倍以上;左肾静脉与下腔静脉间的压力差△P≥3mmHg。结论：CDFI及PD能直接反映左肾静脉与下腔静脉间的压力差,二维B超与多普勒结合可为诊断左肾静脉压迫综合征提供有力的证据,可作为诊断此病的标准。     

胡桃夹综合征的手术治疗

目的提高对胡桃夹症的认识,改进治疗左肾静脉胡桃夹综合征的手术方法。方法回顾性分析3例采用左肾静脉下移与下腔静脉端侧吻合术治疗的胡桃夹症患者的临床资料。结果3例患者症状均为反复血尿,彩色多普勒超声示胡桃夹现象患者左肾静脉最宽和最窄处内径比均>3,近端血流速度明显增快,且站立15m in后更明显。肉眼血尿消失时间分别在术后第2、5、4天,镜下血尿消失时间分别在术后第4、6、6天,随访至少4个月,症状消失无复发。结论彩色多普勒超声是术前诊断胡桃夹综合征的首选方法;左肾静脉下移与下腔静脉端侧吻合术治疗左肾静脉胡桃夹综合征,方法较安全,效果好。     

Nutcracker syndrome: an overlooked cause of hematuria

Nutcracker syndrome is caused by compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, where it courses in the fork formed at the bifurcation of these arteries. The phenomenon results in left renal venous hypertension, which leads to left renal vein and left gonadal vein varices and unilateral hematuria. The main presenting symptom is hematuria, with or without left flank pain. The disorder is easily missed by routine diagnostic methods. Its incidence is likely underestimated. We report on a 25-year-old woman who experienced intermittent gross hematuria and left flank pain. The diagnosis of nutcracker syndrome was missed initially. Abdominal computed tomography, angiography, venography, and magnetic resonance angiography, which were later performed, showed that the left renal vein was compressed between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. The pressure gradient between the left renal vein and the inferior vena cava was 6.8 cm H2O. A diagnosis of nutcracker syndrome was established. She refused surgery and was lost to follow-up. The diagnosis and treatment of nutcracker syndrome are discussed. Magnetic resonance angiography is a safe and reliable tool for diagnosing this disorder.     

Dual-energy computed tomography angiography for evaluating the renal vascular variants

Background  Recognizing renal vascular variants preoperatively is important in order to avoid vascular complications during surgery. This study aimed to investigate the renal vascular variants with dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) angiography to provide valuable information for surgery.

Methods  A total of 378 patients underwent DECT. The number, size, course and relationships of the renal vessels were retrospectively observed from the scans. Anomalies of renal arteries and veins were recorded and classified. Multiplanar reformations (MPR), maximum intensity projections (MIP), and volume renderings (VR) were used for analysis.

Results  In 378 patients (756 kidneys), renal artery variations were discovered and recorded in 123 kidneys (16.3%, 123/756) of 106 patients (28.0%, 106/378). Type IB (early branches of the only one main renal artery) and IC (accessory renal artery with only one main renal artery) were found most frequently with an incidence of 11.4% (43/378) and 14.5% (55/378). The incidence of renal artery variations in the left kidney was not statistically different than in the right kidney (12.4% vs. 11.1%). The incidence of renal vein variations was detected in 104 patients (27.5%, 104/378). The incidence of venous variants in the right kidney was higher than in the left kidney (20.1% vs. 7.4%), but left renal vein variations were more complex. Variants of the left renal vein were detected in 28 patients including type 1 (circumaortic left renal vein) in eight cases, type 2 (retroaortic left renal vein) in seven cases, type 3 (abnormal reflux) in six cases, type 4 (late venous confluence of left renal vein) in five cases, and type 5 (rare type) in two cases. The frequency of left renal vein variation associated with the left renal accessory artery was significantly higher than with early branches of the left renal artery (P=0.037).

Conclusions  The renal vascular variants are rather common and complex. DECT angiography can demonstrate the precise anatomy of the renal vessels, which is a benefit for renal transplantation or other renal operations

     

应用ROC曲线分析彩色多普勒超声诊断胡桃夹综合征的价值

目的:用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评价彩色多普勒超声诊断胡桃夹综合征(mutcracker syndrome,NCS)的价值。方法:43例NCS患者和23名对照者平卧位分别于肠系膜上动脉(SMA)与腹主动脉(AA)夹角处和AA左侧测量左肾静脉(LRV)内径、血流峰值速度,背部后伸位15 min后重复测量上述指标。以临床诊断结果为"金标准",绘制彩色多普勒超声参数的ROC曲线,并计算曲线下面积(AUC)和最佳诊断分界值。结果:NCS患者SMA与AA夹角处LRV明显偏细,AA左侧LRV明显扩张,平卧位两者内径之比(D₂/D₁)、峰值流速之比(V₁/V₂)与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);背部后伸位患病组上述改变更加明显。D₂/D₁与V₁/V₂ROC AUC积分别为0.966、0.969,临床诊断界值分别为3.1和4.3。结论:彩色多普勒超声对NCS的诊断具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Treatment of six cases of left renal nutcracker phenomenon： surgery and endografting

Objective A retrospective study was undertaken to examine therapeutic strategies used in 6 patients with left renal venal nutcracker phenomenon.Methods Three patients underwent surgical transposition of the superior mesenteric artery. Three patients underwent endograft stent implantations with intervention.Results All 6 cases were completely relieved of left renal vein compression after the operations, leading to improved clinical symptoms and normal urine tests.Conclusions Transposition of the superior mesenteric artery is a feasible method, but leads to complications and great trauma. Treating left renal venal nutcracker phenomenon with endografting techniques is minimally invasive in certain cases, and seems to have a prospective future. Chin Med J 2003; 116(11):1782-1784Left renal venal nutcracker phenomenon or aortomesenteric left renal vein entrapment syndrome involves compression of the left renal vein (LRV) in the fork between the abdominal aorta and the proximal superior mesenteric artery (SMA) close to its point of origin. The main symptoms of this phenomenon are hematuria and proteinuria. In this paper, we report our experiences with surgical and interventional management of left renal venal nutcracker phenomenon.     

左肾静脉下移术治疗左肾静脉胡桃夹综合征

目的:改进治疗左肾静脉胡桃夹综合征的手术方法.方法:2例左肾静脉胡桃夹综合征患者采用左肾静脉下移与下腔静脉端侧吻合术.结果:术中肾动脉阻断时间分别为14 min和13 min.肉眼血尿消失时间分别在术后第1 d、第4 d,镜下血尿消失时间分别在术后第5 d、第7 d.随访3个月,症状无复发.结论:左肾静脉下移与下腔静脉端侧吻合术治疗左肾静脉胡桃夹综合征,方法较安全,效果好.     

二维及彩色多普勒超声诊断胡桃夹综合征的临床价值

对35例胡桃夹综合征(NCP)患者应用二维及彩色多普勒超声检查,所有患者均见左肾静脉明显受压变窄,狭窄前均扩张,仰卧位左肾静脉狭窄前扩张部位近端内径(b)/比狭窄处内径(a)宽2倍以上,脊柱后伸位后宽4倍以上,最宽者达9倍。NCP组狭窄部位流速增快,呈高速湍流频谱。彩色多普勒超声检查可作为NCP诊断的首选方法。