T2N0M0期上尿路尿路上皮癌患者预后相关因素分析:单中心235例患者回顾性研究

目的：分析T2N0M0上尿路尿路上皮癌（upper tract urothelial carcinoma, UTUC）患者长期生存情况以及预后相关因素。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月至2013年12月于北京大学第一医院行手术治疗的T2N0M0 UTUC患者的临床和随访资料,应用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,Log-rank方法进行单因素分析,对单因素分析中有统计学差异的变量采用Cox模型进行多因素生存分析。结果：共235例T2N0M0 UTUC患者纳入研究,中位随访时间53（3~142）个月。入组患者中男性95例（40.4%）,女性140例（59.6%）;患者平均年龄（66.73 ±10.49）岁,末次随访时共有74例（31.5%）患者因肿瘤死亡,96 例（40.9%）患者出现膀胱复发,中位死亡时间及复发时间分别为35个月和19.5个月。患者的3年和5年肿瘤特异性生存率分别为89.1%和85.9%;3年和5年无复发生存率分别为85.5%和80.2%。多因素分析发现,年龄大于55岁 (HR=3.138, 95%CI: 1.348~7.306, P=0.008)和肿瘤直径大于5 cm (HR=3.320, 95%CI: 1.882~5.857, P<0.001)是T2N0M0 UTUC患者术后肿瘤特异性死亡的独立危险因素;肿瘤发生在输尿管（HR=1.757, 95%CI: 1.159~2.664, P=0.008）和肿瘤低分级（HR=1.760, 95% CI: 1.151~2.692, P=0.009） 是T2N0M0膀胱复发的危险因素。结论：T2N0M0 UTUC患者肿瘤特异性生存预后较好,肿瘤复发率同非浸润性UTUC相当,但复发较早。肿瘤直径大于5 cm和年龄大于55岁是T2N0M0 UTUC肿瘤特异性死亡的独立危险因素;肿瘤发生在输尿管和肿瘤低分级是T2N0M0 UTUC膀胱复发的危险因素。     

代谢综合征对上尿路尿路上皮癌根治切除术后预后的影响

目的探讨代谢综合征对上尿路尿路上皮癌（UTUC）根治性切除术后预后的影响。方法回顾性分析91例确诊为UTUC患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、身高、体质量指数、腹围、糖尿病史、高血压病史、空腹甘油三酯、空腹高密度脂蛋白、肿瘤临床分期、淋巴结受累情况。单因素和多因素Cox回归模型分析围手术期临床变量与预后的关系。结果高血糖组30,60月总生存率分别为44.4%及29.6%;无高血糖组分别为69.8%及57.3%。空腹高密度脂蛋白＜1.04 mmol/L组 30,60月总生存率分别为41.2%及37.4%,高密度脂蛋白≥1.04 mmol/L组中分别为77.6%及55.1%。多因素分析显示,高血糖病史（HR=3.752;95％CI：1.540～9.143;P=0.004）、低空腹高密度脂蛋白(HR=2.400;95％CI：1.034～5.570;P=0.041）、肿瘤临床T分期（HR=13.892;95％CI：3.049～63.292;P=0.001）和淋巴结转移（HR=6.052;95％CI：2.484～14.746;P=0.000）是肿瘤特异性生存的独立危险因素。高血糖（HR=3.570;95％CI：1.563～8.153;P=0.003）、低空腹高密度脂蛋白（HR=2.546;95％CI：1.154～5.618;P=0.021）、肿瘤临床T分期（HR=11.431;95％CI：2.973～43.952;P=0.000）和淋巴结转移（HR=5.369;95％CI：2.200～13.101;P=0.000）是影响患者术后总生存的独立危险因素。结论高血糖、低空腹高密度脂蛋白、肿瘤临床T分期较高和淋巴结转移为UTUC根治性切除术后的不良预后因素。     

肾移植受者上尿路尿路上皮癌术后膀胱复发的预后因素

目的:评价肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾移植受者原发上尿路尿路上皮癌(upper tract urothelial carcinoma,UTUC)术后膀胱复发的独立危险因素.方法:回顾2006年4月至2013年3月临床诊断为肾移植后局限性UTUC并且排除既往或同期合并膀胱肿瘤的病例共38例,均接受后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除术.采用Kaplan-Meier方法对临床病理特征、危险因素和术后膀胱无复发生存率进行单因素分析.采用单因素和多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析影响膀胱肿瘤复发的独立危险因素.结果:本组患者随访时间12～104个月,中位随访时间38个月,其间膀胱复发率42.1％ (16/38),其中75.0％复发于术后2年内,手术与复发间隔时间6～48个月,中位复发时间15.5个月.单因素分析显示,原肾为马兜铃酸肾病(aristolochic acid nephropathy,AAN)、肿瘤为多中心和累及输尿管下段可增加膀胱复发风险.术后2年膀胱复发率,原肾AAN组为62.5％(5/8),肿瘤多中心发病组为46.2％(12/26).多因素分析结果表明,肿瘤多中心发病(HR=2.603,95％ CI=1.529～8.906,P=0.019)和原肾马兜铃酸肾病(HR=2.179,95％ CI=1.085～8.093,P=0.038)是术后膀胱复发的独立预后危险因素.结论:肾移植受者UTUC经腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术后膀胱复发率高,大多数病例于术后2年内复发,多因素分析显示,肿瘤多中心发病和原肾AAN是术后膀胱复发的独立预后危险因素.     

上尿路尿路上皮癌根治术后生存情况及危险因素

【摘要】 目的 探讨上尿路尿路上皮癌（UTUC）根治术后长期生存情况及相关危险因素。 方法 回顾性分析2011年1月～2019年1月北京大学深圳医院和四川大学华西医院收治的419例UTUC患者的临床病理资料。采用EmpowerStats统计软件处理数据。采用Kaplan-Meier法和log-rank检验对各组间生存率进行单因素分析,对有统计学意义的因素采用Cox比例风险回归模型行多因素分析。分析影响无病生存期(DFS)和总生存期（OS）的独立预后因素。 结果 419例平均随访30.7个月(1～130个月)。171例发生疾病复发或进展导致死亡,中位间歇期为14.9个月(1～100个月);196例发生死亡,中位间歇期为19.9个月(1～97个月)。单因素分析结果显示,肾图评分肾功能受损（P＜0.018）、NLR＞2.589（P＜0.001）、肿瘤多灶性（P＜0.003）、肿瘤最大直径＞3 cm（P＜0.001）、LVI阳性（P＜0.001）、肿瘤高级别（P＜0.001）、病理分期中T2～T4（P＜0.001）和DFS、OS密切相关。多因素分析结果显示,NLR＞2.589（HR=2.083, P=0.001)、肿瘤最大直径＞3 cm（HR=2.214,P=0.001、LVI阳性（HR=1.719,P=0.012)、高级别（HR=5.042,P=0.002)、病理分期中T2～T4（HR=9.868,P=0.001)是DFS的独立预后影响因素。NLR＞2.589（HR=2.271,P=0.001)、肿瘤最大直径＞3 cm（HR=2.303,P=0.001、LVI阳性（HR=1.807,P=0.003)、高级别（HR=4.712,P=0.001)、病理分期中T2～T4（HR=11.619,P=0.001)是OS的独立预后影响因素。无病生存期低危组1、3、5年DFS分别为93.2％、87.0％、85.1％;高危组分别为64.3％、42.5％、40.6％,2组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.0001)。总生存期低危组1、3、5年DFS分别为94.6％、90.2％、84.0％;高危组分别为69.2％、41.0％、32.9％,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.0001)。 结论 NLR＞2.589、肿瘤最大直径＞3 cm、LVI阳性、高级别、病理分期中T2～T4是影响UTUC患者术后无病生存期和总生存期的独立危险因素。以此建立的危险分层模型对高危患者的判断具有意义。     

术前血小板与淋巴细胞比值在上尿路尿路上皮癌患者中预后价值的Meta分析

目的：系统评价根治性肾输尿管切除术前血小板与淋巴细胞比值（PLR）在上尿路尿路上皮癌（upper tract urothelial carcinoma, UTUC）患者中的预后作用。方法：本研究已经在PROSPERO平台预先登记注册（编号：CRD42020186645）。两名研究员独立全面检索Pub Med、WebofScience、EMBASE、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库、CNKI和万方数据库中，关于研究根治性肾输尿管切除术（radical nephroureterectomy, RNU）前PLR在UTUC患者中预后价值的文献。检索时间截止至2021年5月。依据纳入和排除标准进行文献筛选、资料提取和质量评估。应用Stata 12.0和Rev Man 5.3软件对相关数据进行荟萃分析。结果：最终纳入来自10篇回顾性研究，共3 287例接受RNU治疗的UTUC患者。Meta分析结果显示，升高的术前PLR与UTUC患者术后较差的总体生存率[HR=1.51, 95%CI (1.17～1.94), P=0.001]、癌症特异性生存率[HR=1.52, 95%CI ...     

上尿路尿路上皮癌中程序性死亡配体1的表达及其预后意义

目的：分析程序性死亡蛋白配体1（PD-L1）表达与上尿路尿路上皮癌（UTUC）预后之间的关系。方法：采用免疫组化法检测151 例UTUC行根治性肾输尿管切除术（RNU）患者肿瘤组织中PD-L1的表达；术后进行随访，评估患者预后；分析PD-L1表达与患者预后的相关性。结果：患者中位年龄为52岁，中位随访时间为63 个月，50 例（33%）样本组织中PD-L1表达呈阴性。PD-L1阴性表达与较高的肿瘤病理分期（P =0.04）、较高病变分级（P =0.01）以及淋巴血管侵犯（P ＜0.01）显著相关。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示PD-L1阴性表达与较差的无瘤生存率（P =0.01）和较差的癌症特异性生存率相关（P =0.01）。多因素Cox回归分析显示PD-L1阴性表达与疾病复发（HR =2.05，95%CI =1.06～3.96，P =0.032）和癌症特异性生存率（HR =2.89，95%CI =1.22～6.82，P =0.024）显著相关。结论：PD-L1阴性表达是UTUC行RNU后癌症复发和肿瘤特异性生存的独立预测因子，表明了将UTUC患者纳入免疫治疗临床试验的必要性。     

上尿路尿路上皮癌Slit引导配体3的表达与临床病理特征以及预后的关系

目的 观察Slit引导配体3（Slit guidance ligand 3,Slit3）在上尿路尿路上皮癌（upper tract urothelial carcinoma,UTUC）中的表达及其与UTUC临床病理特征以及预后的关系。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测Slit3在UTUC中的表达,并运用相关统计学方法分析Slit3表达与UTUC临床病理特征（包括患者年龄、性别、组织学分级、分期和大片坏死等）以及预后的关系。结果 在UTUC患者中,Slit3表达随着肿瘤组织学分级和分期的增高而减低（P=0.014和P=0.006）,Slit3还与肿瘤膀胱复发具有相关性（P=0.011）。在单因素生存分析中,Slit3低表达与UTUC患者的较短无病生存期和癌特异性生存期均相关（P=0.006,P=0.015）,但在多因素生存分析中无统计学意义（P=0.213,P=0.332）。结论 Slit3的低表达与肿瘤高分级、高分期以及膀胱复发相关,但不影响UTUC的预后。     

上尿路尿路上皮癌的化疗及免疫治疗进展

上尿路尿路上皮癌(upper tract urothelial carcinoma,UTUC)发病率相对较低,仅占尿路恶性肿瘤的5％～10％,但与膀胱癌相比其预后更差,复发转移率更高 [1].根据UTUC患者的风险分层及有无转移,临床上所采取的治疗措施也有所不同,除了手术治疗外,辅助化疗、新辅助化疗及免疫治疗同样具有重...     

上尿路尿路上皮癌的淋巴清扫

<正>上尿路尿路上皮癌(upper tract urothelial carcinoma,UTUC)是一种相对少见的泌尿系恶性肿瘤,其发病率远低于膀胱癌,占全部尿路上皮癌的5%～10%^[1-2]。UTUC的发病率存在地域分布差异,我国和东南亚国家UTUC的发病率显著高于西方国家,食用了含有马兜铃酸(aristolochic acid,AA)的中草药是重要诱因^[3]。根据我国台湾地区的统计数据,UTUC曾一度占所有尿路上皮癌的20%～25%^[4]。虽然同为尿路上皮起源的肿瘤,但二者的生物学行为及基因突变特征存在显著差异,UTUC往往更具有侵袭性,60%的患者在诊断时即属于进展期肿瘤^[1]。因此,如何改善UTUC患者的预后具有重要的现实意义。     

上尿路尿路上皮癌中RASSF1A基因启动子区域的甲基化状态及其临床意义

目的：通过检测上尿路尿路上皮癌(upper tract urothelial carcinoma,UTUC)组织中RAS相关结构域家族蛋白1异构体A(RAS-association domain family protein 1 isoform A,RASSF1A)基因启动子区域的甲基化状态,探讨RASSF1A基因异常甲基化与患者临床病理特征以及术后复发的关系。方法： 采用回顾性分析方法,共入选687例在北京大学第一医院泌尿外科接受手术的UTUC患者,通过甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应的方法对RASSF1A基因启动子区域的甲基化状态进行检测。结果： UTUC组织中RASSF1A基因的甲基化率为26.6%（183/687）,RASSF1A基因异常甲基化与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤多发、术前输尿管镜检查、根治性手术、肿瘤直径及合并原位癌均无相关性(P＞0.05),但分别与患者吸烟史(P=0.044)、患侧肾积水(P＜0.001)、肿瘤位置(P＜0.001)、肿瘤形态(P=0.013)、肿瘤分期(P=0.001)、肿瘤分级(P=0.007)以及淋巴结转移(P=0.001)相关,而且后四项均为提示肿瘤恶性程度高和预后不良的病理特征。RASSF1A基因的异常甲基化状态是患者术后膀胱复发(P＜0.001, HR=0.471)和对侧上尿路复发(P=0.030, HR=0.269)的独立危险因素。RASSF1A基因启动子高甲基化组的UTUC患者术后的膀胱无复发生存时间和对侧无复发生存时间均比低甲基化组长,其无复发生存时间较长和累积无复发生存率较高,此外,肿瘤多发(P =0.002,HR=1.538)和术前输尿管镜检(P =0.001, HR=1.725)分别是UTUC患者术后膀胱复发的独立危险因素。结论： RASSF1A基因启动子区域的甲基化状态是与UTUC肿瘤恶性程度显著相关的表观遗传学生物标记物和尿路复发的预后因素。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.