术前预处理及组织配型对高度致敏患者移植肾功能的影响

目的：探讨术前预处理及组织配型对高度致敏患者移植肾功能的影响。方法：对38例高度致敏患者(高敏组)肾移植术前进行预处理及组织配型,观察患者术后移植肾功能延迟(DGF)、排斥反应的发生和血肌酐(SCr)水平的变化。结果：高敏组术后发生超急性排斥反应(HAR)2例;其加速性排斥反应(ACR)、急性排斥反应(AR)以及DGF发生率均高于非高敏组受者,1年移植肾存活率则较低。高敏组中组织配型良好的受者较配型欠佳者AR发生率及术后1年SCr水平较低;术前预防性使用赛尼哌可降低术后的AR发生率。结论：预处理降低高度致敏患者群体反应性抗体(PRA),使患者易于配型成功,良好的组织配型和使用赛尼哌可降低术后AR的发生,均有助于移植肾功能的恢复。     

心脏死亡器官捐献肾移植两种免疫诱导方案疗效比较

目的比较在心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)肾移植受者中分别应用IL-2受体拮抗剂(IL-2Ra)或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)进行免疫诱导治疗的早期临床疗效,探讨DCD肾移植中如何选择合理的免疫抑制方案。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年4月在武汉大学人民医院器官移植科完成的110例DCD供肾肾移植受者资料。其中应用IL-2Ra进行免疫诱导82例(IL-2Ra组),应用ATG进行免疫诱导28例(ATG组),所有受者均采用他克莫司+吗替麦考酚酯+糖皮质激素三联免疫抑制方案。两组受者术前及术后各时间点血清肌酐比较采用t检验。两组受者术后DGF、肺部感染、急性排斥反应(AR)发生情况以及移植肾/受者存活情况比较采用卡方检验。P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 IL-2Ra组和ATG组受者DGF发生率分别20.7%、42.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.263,P0.05),两组受者肺部感染、AR发生情况以及移植肾/受者存活比例差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。IL-2Ra组和ATG组肾移植受者术前及术后第90天血清肌酐水平差异无统计学意义(P均0.05),术后第1、2、4、7、14、21、30、60天血清肌酐水平差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论 IL-2Ra和ATG都能有效预防肾移植受者术后AR的发生,需综合考虑供、受者情况选择合适的免疫诱导药物。     

移植肾功能延迟恢复的临床诊治体会

目的．探讨肾移植术后移植肾功能延迟恢复（DGF）的病因及治疗方法。方法分析本组发生的43例肾移植术后DGF患者的临床资料，主要原因：急性排斥（AR）17例（39．5％），急性肾小管坏死（ATN）16例（37．2％），输尿管梗阻4例（9．3％），免疫抑制剂肾毒性4例（9．3％），动脉吻合口狭窄2例（4．6％）。经血液透析治疗16例，ATG／ALG或OKT3治疗12例，外科手术6例。结果36例肾移植术后8—113d（平均23．8d）肾功能恢复正常，2例肌酐在176—300μmol／L之间，4例恢复血透，1例死于肺部感染。结论AR和ATN是引起肾移植术后DGF的主要因素，术前严格配型、合理筛选受者及保证供肾质量等是成功的关键。     

双滤过法血浆分离联合达昔单抗预处理肾移植致敏受者的临床效果

目的　评估双滤过法血浆分离 (DFPP)联合Daclizumab(Dac ,达昔单抗 ;商品名 :Zenapax ,赛尼哌 )对肾移植致敏受者的治疗效果及安全性。　方法　采用ELISA方法监测肾移植受者体内群体反应性抗体 (PRA)水平。 113例致敏受者分为预处理组 (72例 )和未处理组 (41例 ) ,预处理组根据是否联合Dac诱导治疗分为DFPP治疗亚组 (44例 )和DFPP联合Dac治疗亚组 (2 8例 )。比较各组受者超急性排斥反应 (HAR)和急性排斥反应 (AR)的发生率 ,并随访人 /肾 1年存活率 ,观察治疗及随访期间有无毒副作用发生。　结果　预处理组治疗前后PRA由 (6 0 .5± 17.7) %降至 (19.3± 11.2 ) % ,P <0 .0 0 0 1,差异有统计学意义。预处理组术后HAR/AR发生率为 1.4 % / 2 7.8% ,未处理组为 9.8% / 4 3.9% % ,P <0 .0 5 ;人 1年存活率分别为 98.6 %和 90 .2 % ,P >0 .0 5 ;肾 1年存活率分别为 94 .4 %和 78.0 % ,P <0 .0 5。DFPP治疗亚组和DFPP联合Dac治疗亚组比较 :术后HAR发生率分别为2 .3%和 0 % ,P >0 .0 5 ;AR发生率分别为 36 .4 %和 14 .3% ,P <0 .0 5 ;人 /肾 1年存活率分别为 97.8% / 93.2 %和 10 0 .0 % / 96 .4 % ,P >0 .0 5。DFPP和Dac治疗及随访期间无明显毒副作用发生。　结论　DFPP可以选择性去除受者体内的致敏抗体 ,与Dac     

活体肾移植前对致敏患者的处理经验及疗效分析

目的 总结活体肾移植前对致敏患者的处理经验,并对移植效果进行分析.方法 回顾性分析609例活体肾移植受者的临床资料.根据移植前群体反应性抗体(PRA)水平将受者分为高致敏组(41例,PRA≥30％),低致敏组(102例,PRA为0～30％)和非致敏组(466例,PRA为0).所有受者经HLA抗体检测和淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验(CDC)确认没有针对供者的HLA抗体后进行肾移植.高致敏组给予抗胸腺细胞球蛋白诱导治疗,低致敏组给予抗白细胞介素2受体单抗诱导治疗.随访1年以上,观察各组术后移植肾功能、急性排斥反应发生率、受者和移植肾存活率及并发症发生率.结果 高致敏组、低致敏组和非致敏组受者术后移植肾恢复正常的时间和1年时肾小球滤过率均无明显差异;3组均未发生超急性排斥反应,急性排斥反应发生率分别为9.76％(4/41)、8.82％(9/102)和8.15％(38/466),术后1年移植肾存活率分别为97.6％(40/41)、97.1％(99/102)和98.1％(457/466),受者存活率分别为97.6％(40/41)、98.0％(100/102)和98.9％(461/466),3组间上述指标的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).高致敏组的感染发生率为31.7％(13/41),明显高于低致敏组的26.5％(27/102)和非致敏组的21.6％ (101/466) (P＜0.05).结论 致敏受者肾移植前经HLA抗体检测和CDC配型,避开受者体内供者特异性抗体针对的供肾,并给予免疫诱导治疗,可以获得与非致敏受者相似的良好效果.     

肾移植前对致敏患者干预治疗的方案及疗效分析

目的 总结和探讨肾移植前致敏患者干预治疗的方案及疗效分析.方法 选择2008年至2011年接受肾移植的致敏受者43例,根据术前群体反应性抗体(PRA)水平分为轻度致敏组和高度致敏组,术前经血浆置换、输注静脉用免疫球蛋白(IVIG)的干预治疗,经过HLA配型,联合应用抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白(ATG)诱导治疗,应用他克莫司(Tac)、吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)和泼尼松的免疫抑制方案,术后定期检测PRA水平.所有受者随访12～36个月,观察受者/移植肾存活率,急性排斥反应的发生率,移植肾功能和PRA水平的变化,以及进行移植肾穿刺活检.结果 经干预治疗后,轻度致敏组中14例PRA完全转阴,高度致敏组中5例PRA完全转阴,其余受者PRA水平均较干预治疗前明显下降(P＜0.05).术后两组受者均出现PRA水平的爬升.轻度致敏组和高度致敏组的人存活率分别为95.6％和90％,移植肾存活率分别为82.6％和70％.轻度致敏组有3例活检证实发生急性细胞性排斥反应,高度致敏组有5例活检证实发生急性排斥反应,急性细胞性排斥反应均经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗3～5 d后逆转.两组共10例受者出现血肌酐缓慢爬升,经移植肾穿刺活检发现慢性移植肾肾病的表现.结论 血浆置换和输注IVIG的干预治疗,良好的HLA配型,ATG诱导治疗,以及应用Tac+ MMF+泼尼松的免疫抑制方案是致敏受者肾移植成功的前提.     

灵长类动物预致敏后肾移植加速排斥反应模型的建立

目的 建立灵长类动物预致敏后肾移植加速排斥反应模型.方法 取血型相容的正常猕猴配对,预先将供者腹部全层皮肤移植到受者背部,使受者预致敏.2周后再将同一供者的左侧肾脏移植到受者腹腔内,间时切除受者自体双肾,术后予以环孢素A、霉酚酸酯和泼尼松治疗(致敏用药组),不用免疫抑制剂者为对照(致敏对照组),以未致敏的肾移植作为对照组.术后观察受者血肌酐变化、移植物存活时间及病理特点.结果 对照组的4只移植肾存活时间分别为9、18、8、7 d;致敏对照组的3只移植肾存活时间分别为3、3、4 d;致敏用药组的3只移植肾存活时间分别为2、3、4 d.移植皮肤于术后10 d出现排斥反应,至术后14 d被完全排斥.对照组于肾移植1周以后才发牛排斥反应,而致敏者均在肾移植后3 d左右发生较严重的排斥反应.结论 受者被供者皮肤预致敏后再行肾移植,可以加速移植物的排斥,且不能被环孢素A、霉酚酸酯及泼尼松所组成的三联免疫抑制方案逆转.     

致敏肾移植受者术前单次大剂量抗胸腺细胞球蛋白诱导治疗的价值

目的探讨致敏肾移植受者术前单次大剂量抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)免疫诱导治疗的价值. 方法 21例致敏肾移植受者随机分为大剂量(9 mg/kg,术前单次)和常规剂量(1.5～2 mg·kg-1·d-1,10～12 d)ATG诱导治疗组,大剂量组受者男6例、女4例、年龄(38.2±3.4)岁、透析时间(9.3±13.4)个月、群体反应性抗体(PRA)水平[Ⅰ类(27.6±26.4)%,Ⅱ类(25.3±19.8)%]、抗人白细胞抗原(HLA)错配数(1.9±0.7)个;常规剂量组男3例、女8例、年龄(42.2±6.7)岁、透析时间(8.6±10.7)月、PRA水平 [Ⅰ类(32.6±28.4)%;Ⅱ类(23.9±19.7)%]、HLA错配数(2.0±0.8)个,2组差异均无显著性意义(P＞0.05). 结果 2组受者均未发生超急性排斥反应.术后1个月内发生急性排斥反应大剂量组受者1例,常规剂量组4例,2组差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).大剂量组受者血清肌酐均在术后3～7 d降至正常,常规剂量组2例发生移植肾功能延迟恢复,其中1例在术后21 d恢复正常,另1例术后45 d时血肌酐降至300 μmol/L.所有受者均无严重不良反应和感染.大剂量组受者发生肝功能损害1例.随访4～14个月,大剂量组受者移植肾功能正常,常规剂量组1例受者在术后3个月时移植肾失功. 结论术前单次大剂量ATG给药安全有效,可作为致敏肾移植受者新的术前免疫诱导治疗方法.     

肾移植受者巨细胞病毒感染及免疫抑制剂对其的影响

目的探讨肾移植受者巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染率及免疫抑制剂对其的影响.方法214例肾移植受者术后给予甲泼尼龙(MP)、抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)静脉滴注作为免疫诱导治疗.基础免疫抑制剂治疗为环孢素A+泼尼松+硫唑嘌呤.急性排斥反应时给予MP冲击治疗,无效时给予ALG或OKT3治疗.采用免疫细胞化学LSAB法测定外周血白细胞CMV-PP65抗原.结果CMV感染率为61.7%(126/214),初次检出CMV-PP65抗原的时间为术后(25.4±14.7)*!d,平均抗原阳性细胞数为每50000白细胞(9.2±7.9)个.CMV感染的肾移植受者在感染前急性排斥反应率为42.3%(52/126),明显高于无CMV感染受者的20.5%(P<0.01);使用ALG或OKT3治疗例数分别为23、15例,也高于无CMV感染的受者(P<0.05).CMV感染和无CMV感染的肾移植受者ALG免疫诱导治疗疗程分别为(4.7±1.32)*!d、(4.4±0.92)*!d,使用剂量分别为(14.1±1.32)支、(13.2±0.92)支,差异无显著性(P>0.05).结论肾移植术后CMV感染率高;术后短期的ALG免疫诱导治疗可能不增加CMV感染发生率;急性排斥反应发生后免疫抑制剂尤其是ALG或OKT3的使用与术后CMV感染密切相关.     

高度致敏受者肾移植的临床处理

目的 总结高度致敏受者肾移植的临床处理经验.方法 26例群体反应性抗体(PRA)峰值≥50%的高致敏患者行同种异体肾移植术.男8例,女18例.平均年龄(47.6±7.4)岁.首次接受移植者15例,二次移植者10例,三次移植者1例.亲属供肾1例,尸体供肾25例.术前要求交叉配型阴性.术后采用抗CDzs单克隆抗体诱导,他克莫司加吗替麦考酚酯加激素三联维持治疗.结果 18例移植后1周内血肌酐(SCr)降至正常.2例分别于术后第2、3天出现加速性排斥反应,经过血浆置换3次及抗CD3单克隆抗体5 mg/d治疗5 d后,1例3周后移植肾功能逐渐恢复正常,另1例排斥反应未能逆转,最终摘除移植肾.发生急性排斥反应6例,2例经激素冲击治疗后逆转,4例为耐激素排斥反应,经抗CD3单克隆抗体5 mg/d治疗5 d和血浆置换治疗3次后,排斥反应逆转.1年移植肾存活率96%(25/26).结论 高度致敏受者肾移植不仅需要HLA配型良好,并且要求供者HLA抗原避开受者所有预存的抗HLA抗体;术后采用抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导,他克莫司加吗替麦考酚酯加激素三联维持治疗,能有效预防和治疗急性排斥反应.     

肾移植中2剂舒莱和2剂赛尼哌对外周血可溶性白细胞介素-2受体水平的影响及意义

目的:探讨2剂舒莱和2剂赛尼哌在尸体肾移植中对外周血可溶性白细胞介素2受体(sIL2R)水平的影响及意义。方法:105例首次接受尸体肾移植的受者随机分为舒莱组、赛尼哌组和对照组,所有受者术后均接受普乐可复或环孢素A加骁悉加泼尼松三联疗法。另外舒莱组在术前2h、术后4天静脉滴注20mg舒莱,赛尼哌组在前24h、术后7天静脉滴注50mg赛尼哌。检测各组术前及术后每周共8周外周血中sIL2R水平变化,记录2个月内急性排斥(AR)的例数。结果:舒莱和赛尼哌组外周血中sIL2R水平分别在术后8周和3周内比对照组低(P<0.05)。术后第4～6周舒莱组比赛尼哌组低(P<0.05)。在术后2个月内,舒莱组、赛尼哌组和对照组发生急性排斥反应的例次分别为1、9、17例,各组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:2剂舒莱对外周血中sIL2R的抑制及抗急性排斥反应效果比2剂赛尼哌好。     

A randomized prospective trial of low-dose OKT3 induction therapy to prevent rejection and minimize side effects in recipients of kidney transplants

BACKGROUND: We attempted to minimize the undesired side effects and maximize the benefit of OKT3 induction therapy in renal transplantation. METHODS: One hundred and one recipients of kidney-only transplants were randomized to three groups. Each received low-dose 2.5-mg OKT3 induction for 7-14 days, but different premedication on days 0, 1, and 2. Group I was given 250 mg i.v. methylprednisolone at 1 and 6 hr, and group II received another 500 mg at 1 hr before initial OKT3. Group III received Atgam 15 mg/kg on day 0 and began OKT3 on day 1. A CD3+ T-cell cut-off of 50/mm3 was used to guide therapy. Maintenance therapy included cyclosporine and steroids for each patient. However, groups I and II were also given mycophenolate mofetil, and group III received azathioprine as a third agent. All rejections were biopsy confirmed and Banff scored. RESULTS: No differences in demographic or transplant characteristics were noted between groups I, II, and III, and mean follow-up was 25.7 (1-38) months. There was no significant difference in actuarial patient (90%, 91%, 94%) or graft survival (83%, 88%, 84%) at 3 years between the respective groups. Mean creatinine values and infectious complications were similar for each group. No patient experienced acute rejection during induction, and eight patients required dose escalation to sustain suppression of CD3 counts. The incidence of acute rejection at 6 and 12 months was significantly (P=0.004) greater in group III (38.2, 44.1%) than in either group I (15.1, 18.1%) or group II (14.7, 17.6%); relative risk 1.988 (95% CI 1.012-3.906). Formation of anti-OKT3 antibody was significantly (P=0.006) greater in group III (26.5%) than in group I (6%) or group II (2.9%). Group I recipients enjoyed significantly (P=0.001) fewer (2.17) OKT3 side effects on days 0, 1, and 2 than group II (3.03) or group III (2.49), and contained the largest number (61%) of recipients who experienced no side effects. Group I also exhibited the most suppressed profile of OKT3-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P=0.006), interferon-gamma (P=NS), and interleukin-6 (P=0.01) on days 0 and 1. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose 2.5-mg OKT3 with pretreatment of split-dose steroids on days 0, 1, and 2 provides the most effective method for OKT3 induction, which minimizes side effects for most patients. Subsequent maintenance therapy with cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids provides effective rejection prophylaxis without increased complications for up to 3 years. Predepletion of T cells before exposure to OKT3 does not prevent cytokine release.     

抗Tac单抗诱导治疗对肾移植受者外周血淋巴细胞CD分子表达的影响

目的:探讨首次尸肾移植受者使用抗Tac单抗诱导治疗后外周血淋巴细胞CD分子的动态变化及其临床意义。方法:对首次尸肾移植的患者,在三联免疫抑制方案(激素+骁悉+新山的明)基础上,给予两剂抗Tac单抗诱导治疗,其中舒莱组30例,赛呢哌组28例。以流式细胞仪检测术前,术后第1天、1周、2周、4周、6周及8周外周血淋巴细胞CD分子的表达。结果:移植受者外周血淋巴细胞CD分子变化明显,其中CD25在术后明显下降(P<0.05),并维持4~6周;CD40亦明显下降(P<0.05),术后2周时开始回升;CD86、CD28、CD80、CD95等均有下降,但各组间差异无统计学意义。舒莱组和赛呢哌组CD分子表达差异亦无统计学意义。结论:抗Tac单抗可以有效地封闭外周血活化淋巴细胞表面的CD25,抑制其增殖和分化;通过某种机制,抗Tac单抗可以降低外周血淋巴细胞CD40的表达,可能起到抑制B淋巴细胞活化的作用。     

应用抗CD3单克隆抗体预防肾移植术后急性排斥反应的体会

目的 观察国产抗CD3单克隆抗体在预防肾移植术后急性排斥反应中的作用。方法 将60例患者随机分为3组，每组20例，3个组移植术后均给以环孢素A、硫唑嘌呤和皮质激素组成的三联免疫抑制方案；全量组加用抗CD3单克隆抗体5mg/d，半量组加用抗CD3单克隆抗体2.5mg/d，对照组不用。观察术后肾功能的恢复情况及急性排斥反应发生率。结果 术后1周使用抗CD3单克隆抗体者的血肌酐低于对照组（P＜0．05），10d后二者的差异无显著性；在术后头3个月，使用抗CD3单克隆抗体治疗组与对照组在急性排斥反应发生率方面的差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；使用抗CD单克隆抗体全量组与半量组在术后肾功能恢复及急性排斥反应发生率方面的差异无显著性。结论 术后早期预防性使用抗CD3单克隆抗体对移植肾功能的恢复和降低急性排斥反应发生率有较好的作用；给予半量的抗CD3单克隆抗体能取得与全量同样的效果，且费用较低，并发症少。     

Improved results using OKT3 as induction immunosuppression in renal allograft recipients with delayed graft function

Delayed graft function remains a major problem in cadaveric renal allograft transplantation. We have used 2 different immunosuppressive induction regimens in patients with delayed graft function. The first regimen, used in 40 patients from January 1985 to December 1986, consisted of CsA (8 mg/kg/day, orally within 48 hr of cadaveric renal transplantation regardless of graft function), azathioprine (1.5-2.5 mg/kg/day), and steroids (methylprednisolone 375 mg on day 0, then prednisone tapered to 30 mg/day by day 10 with slow tapering to 7.5-10 mg/day over the first 6 months after transplantation). A second regimen, used from January 1987 to March 1989, employed the same doses of azathioprine and steroids; however, OKT3 (5 mg i.v./day for 7-21 days) was administered in the 34 patients who had delayed graft function. CsA was withheld until ATN resolved. The use of OKT3 as induction immunosuppression in patients with ATN led to a significant increase in 1-year graft survival (80% vs. 55%) while markedly decreasing the incidence of rejection episodes (44% vs. 82%) and the duration of nonfunction (9.4 vs. 14.9 days). There were 5 CMV infections in patients treated with OKT3. Antibodies to OKT3 developed in only 1 of 34 patients treated with OKT3. Five of 7 patients who received a second course of OKT3 successfully reversed the rejection episode. Patient survival (89%) was the same in the 2 groups. The benefit of OKT3 on long-term graft survival appears to stem from elimination of early rejection episodes that may be difficult to diagnose in a poorly functioning allograft. We conclude that OKT3 induction provides superior results over CsA induction at doses given in renal allograft recipients with delayed graft function without a significant increase in morbidity or mortality and permits the reuse of OKT3 for treatment of rejection in most cases.     

Significance of delayed graft function in cyclosporine-treated recipients of cadaver kidney transplants

Many transplant teams are reluctant to initiate cyclosporine immunosuppression in recipients of cadaver kidney grafts with delayed graft function (DGF). The renal function of cadaver kidney grafts in cyclosporine-treated recipients was compared in 47 recipients with DGF and 57 without DGF. Regardless of initial renal function, all recipients received prednisone, azathioprine, and oral cyclosporine 5 mg/kg/day or its intravenous equivalent. All kidneys were flushed with ice-cold intracellular electrolyte solution and cold-stored for 15-54 hr (mean of 31 hr) prior to transplantation at our hospital between April 10, 1985 and November 30, 1986. Rejection crises were treated with high-dose steroids or OKT3. Cyclosporine was discontinued during courses of OKT3. Recipients with DGF had significantly higher one-month serum creatinine nadirs (2.6 +/- 1.8 mg/dl vs. 1.5 +/- 0.5 mg/dl). Actuarial graft survivals were not significantly different at one year (82.2 +/- 5.5% vs. 82.6 +/- 6.4%, all graft losses included). Mean serum creatinine levels at six months and twelve months after grafting were not significantly different (1.7 +/- 0.4 mg/dl vs. 1.8 +/- 1.2 mg/dl and 2.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.7 mg/dl, respectively). Delayed graft function following cadaver kidney transplantation does not adversely affect intermediate term function of kidney grafts flushed with intracellular electrolyte solution and cold-stored until transplantation when a low-dose cyclosporine induction protocol is used and cyclosporine is discontinued during OKT3 administration.     

Comparable renal graft survival in African-American and Caucasian recipients

In past years, many pediatric transplant centers found African-American renal transplant recipients to have poor graft survival. Since 1991 anti-lymphocyte induction therapy has been routinely used for pediatric cadaveric (CAD) and living-related donor (LRD) renal allograft recipients at the University of Tennessee, Memphis. Sixteen African-American first renal allograft recipients received induction therapy: 11 CAD allografts (10 OKT3, 1 ATGAM) and five LRD (all ATGAM). Sixteen Caucasian recipients received induction therapy; 3 CAD (all OKT3), 1 living-unrelated donor (OKT3), and 12 LRD (9 ATGAM, 3 OKT3). Mean age at renal transplantation was 11.8 and 10.5 years for African-American and Caucasian recipients, respectively. Predicted graft survival (PGS) estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method for the African-American patients was 94% at both 1 and 3 years, and for Caucasian patients was 94% and 85% at 1 and 3 years, respectively. Eleven African-American CAD recipients had a PGS of 91% at 1 and 3 years. Renal allograft survival for African-American and Caucasian pediatric recipients at our center appears to be comparable. This could be due, in part, to the use of anti-lymphocyte induction therapy. However, other factors, such as improved compliance or better immunological and pharmacological monitoring, may also have contributed. Received April 18, 1997; received in revised form January 14, 1998; accepted January 19, 1998     

The long-term effects of prophylactic OKT3 monoclonal antibody in cadaver kidney transplantation--a single-center, prospective, randomized study.

We conducted a randomized, prospective study to determine the long-term effects of prophylactic OKT3 in cadaveric renal transplantation. In the first group of patients (n = 56) OKT3 (5 mg/day) was administered for the first 14 postoperative days in association with azathioprine (AZA) and low-dose steroids, cyclosporine (CsA) being introduced on day 11. The other group of patients (n = 52) received CsA from the first POD, together with AZA and steroids. Both protocols were identical from POD 14 on. The total number of infections was higher in OKT3 patients (124/1455 patient-months [P-M] vs. 68/1320 in CsA patients, P less than 0.001) without impact on patient survival (94.5% in OKT3 vs. 93% in CsA patients). OKT3 patients experienced a lower number of rejection episodes (61 per 1455 P-M of risk exposure vs. 81/1320 in CsA patients, P less than 0.05). In addition, the frequency of corticoresistant rejection episodes was lower in OKT3 patients (9 out of 61 vs. 24 out of 81 in CsA patients, P less than 0.05). This resulted in a trend toward improved overall graft survival (83% vs. 75%, P = 0.12) and in a significant increase in immunological graft survival (92% vs. 79%, P = 0.02) in OKT3 patients at 3 years. Taken together, these data suggest that prophylactic OKT3 therapy might have long-term beneficial effects in cadaveric renal transplantation.     

加速康复外科在肾移植术后静脉补液中的应用

目的探讨加速康复外科(ERAS)在肾移植术后静脉补液中的应用。 方法回顾性分析陆军军医大学第一附属医院124例肾移植受者临床资料。根据肾移植术后多尿期每24小时静脉补液量分为3组，A组每24小时静脉补液量2 500～<4 000 mL，术后6 h进食流质；B组每24小时补液量4 000～6 000 mL，肛门排气后进食；C组每24小时补液量>6 000 mL，肛门排气后进食。采用单因素方差分析比较3组受者术后1周中心静脉压(CVP)、心率、血压、尿量和血糖以及平均特护时间、平均住院日和术后1个月血清肌酐。采用χ²检验比较3组受者性别、供肾类型以及术后高血糖、伤口延迟愈合和移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生率。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果A、B和C组受者术后1个月血清肌酐分别为(110±23)、(114±22)和(118±22)μmol/L，差异无统计学意义(F＝1.19，P>0.05)。A组受者术后1周CVP、收缩压、尿量和血糖均低于B、C组(P均<0.05)，平均特护时间和平均住院日均短于B、C组(P均<0.05)。3组受者术后高血糖和DGF发生率差异均无统计学意义(χ²＝4.581和0.404，P均>0.05)，A组受者伤口愈合延迟发生率低于C组(χ²＝7.303，P<0.017)。仅C组1例受者因心力衰竭和肺水肿死亡。 结论ERAS适用于肾移植受者术后静脉补液策略，鼓励受者尽早饮水进食，在保证血压正常或偏高的情况下，适当减少静脉补液量，有利于减少并发症，促进受者恢复。     

Induction versus noninduction therapy in kidney transplantation: considering different PRA levels and different induction therapies

To evaluate the rate of acute cellular rejection (ACR) and long-term results in different levels of anti-HLA sensitization, using noninduction or different induction therapies, 763 patients who underwent transplantation from January 1995 to December 2001 were evaluated: 213 patients received induction therapy, 71 received Thymoglobulin (Thymo), 66 Simulect, and 44 OKT3. Follow-up time was at least 1 year for all groups. The Simulect group included older recipients and the OKT3 group had more female patients. Simulect and OKT3 groups had more black patients; Thymo and OKT3 groups had more retransplantations. PRA was low in the noninduction group (mean, 7%) and about the same in the Simulect and Thymo groups (mean, 30%). OKT3 was the most sensitized group (mean = 59%). Dialysis during the first posttransplantation week was more frequent among the induction groups (43% vs 65%; P <.005). Fewer patients experienced rejection episodes in the Thymo group (20% vs 50%; P =.02). Patients were classified according to their level of sensitization, and the Thymo group showed the lower rejection rates in all levels (mean, 20%; P =.001). When analyzing PRA >50%, the Thymo group showed lower rejection rates (12% vs 50%; P =.02). At this level of sensitization, there was no significant difference on graft loss and death with a functioning graft. There was a trend to more cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in the Thymo group (33% vs 23%; P =.08). Two PTLD were diagnosed, both in the noninduction group. Renal function was better in the Thymo group (1.3 mg/dL). In conclusion, Thymo showed lower ACR rates in all PRA groups. No significant differences in CMV infection, tumors, and patient survival were observed.