军校研究生应付方式和抑郁状况的相关研究

目的：探讨军校研究生应付方式和抑郁状况的关系。方法：采用应付方式问卷和抑郁自评量表（SDS）对186名军校医科类研究生进行调查。结果：军校研究生的抑郁和解决问题、求助应付因子显著负相关，与自责、幻想和合理化显著正相关；高抑郁组被试和低抑郁组被试在各应付因子上均存在显著的差异；逐步回归分析结果表明，自责、解决问题和求助因子进入了回归方程，对抑郁的预测作用较为明显。结论：军校研究生的应付方式和抑郁状况密切相关，加强军校研究生应付能力的培养，有助于缓解其抑郁症状。     

失业人员的心理健康状况与应对方式的相关研究

目的 :探讨在失业期间失业人员的心理健康状况及其与应付方式之间的关系。方法 :对江西省某市失业人员 12 2人施测了症状自评量表和应付方式问卷。结果 :1.不同性别与不同文化程度的失业人员的心理健康和应对方式有显著差异。 2 .SCL - 90总分与解决问题应付因子显著负相关 ,与自责、幻想和合理化显著正相关。结论 :在失业期间 ,失业人员存在心理健康问题 ,并与应付方式密切相关     

大学新生应付方式和抑郁情绪的相关研究

目的 探讨大学新生应付方式与抑郁情绪之间的关系。方法 采用应付方式问卷和抑郁自评问卷(SDS)对河南大学385名大学新生进行调查。结果 男生的解决问题因子得分极显著高于女生。而抑郁得分显著低于女生；抑郁与解决问题、求助因子极显著负相关。与自责、幻想、退避和合理化极显著正相关；不同水平抑郁情绪的被试在各应付因子上均存在显著差异；逐步回归分析表明，自责和解决问题因子进入了回归方程。对抑郁的预测作用较为明显。结论 大学新生应付方式和抑郁情绪的关系密切，提高大学新生积极应付的意识和能力。有助于缓解抑郁情绪。     

地方高校学生焦虑与应付方式的关系

目的:调查当前地方性高校学生的焦虑心理现状,分析焦虑的影响因素,同时探讨其与应付方式的关系,以提高其身心健康水平。方法:对181名在校大学生采用随机抽样的方法,运用应付方式问卷和烦恼心理问卷进行测量。结果:1学生焦虑状况整体处于"轻微"到"中等程度"之间;2"缺乏自信"焦虑因子上,班委显著低于非班委人员(F=4.847,P=0.029);无睡眠困扰者焦虑水平最低(P0.05);学习成绩处于及格水平附近者的焦虑水平最高(P0.05);3焦虑各因子与应对方式相关显著(P0.05),解决问题和幻想解释了"前途迷茫"变异程度的18.4%(R2=0.184);自责、解决问题和退避解释"缺乏自信"变异程度的23.1%(R2=0.231);解决问题和退避解释"经济压力"变异程度的10.3%(R2=0.103)。结论:地方高校学生焦虑程度适中,心理状况良好;焦虑的积极应对与消极应对方式并存,来自"前途迷茫"的焦虑主要采用解决问题和幻想的应付方式,"缺乏自信"采用自责、解决问题和退避,"经济压力"采用解决问题和退避的应付方式。     

中师生心理健康与应对方式的相关研究

目的 :探讨中师生心理健康水平与应付行为的关系。方法 :采用症状自评量表 (SCL - 90 )和应付方式量表进行测查。结果 :解决问题和求助应对方式与SCL - 90各因子呈负相关 ,自责、幻想、退避、合理化应对方式与SCL- 90各因子呈高度正相关。有心理问题组与无心理问题组在“解决问题”、“自责”、“退避”、“合理化”应对方式上存在明显的差异。结论 :采用积极、成熟的应对方式有利于中师生维持良好的心理健康状态     

大学生应付方式与抑郁的相关研究

目的探讨大学生应付方式与抑郁之间的关系。方法采用应付方式问卷和抑郁自评量表对随机抽取的240名大学生进行调查。结果抑郁与解决问题、求助因子呈显着负相关，与自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子呈显著正相关；高抑郁组与低抑郁组被试在各应付因子得分上均存在显著差异；逐步回归分析发现，自责、解决问题、退避二因子依次进入回归方程，封抑郁有较高的预测性；在解决问题因子上，男生得分显著高于女生，在合理化因子和抑郁量表上，女生得分显著高于男生；在解决问题因子上，文科生得分显著高于理科生，在退避因子上，理科生得分显著高于文科生。结论大学生应付方式与抑郁关系密切。学校教育应引导学生采取积极的应付方式来缓解抑郁情绪，增进健康。     

421名新兵的心理健康水平与应付方式

目的:量化评估某部新兵心理健康状况与应付方式。方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、应付方式问卷对2013年首次夏秋季入伍的421名新兵进行团体测定。结果:1与地方常模比较,新兵在症状自评量表(SCL-90)躯体、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病性因子上显著增高(t=6.311,5,265,2.526,5.514,4.101,5.757;P0.05);与新兵常模比较,新兵在SCL-90躯体因子上显著增高(t=2.241,P0.05),在人际关系、偏执、精神病性因子上显著降低(t=-3.017,-4,630,-2,451;P0.05);与军人常模比较,新兵在SCL-90躯体、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、精神病性、总分因子上显著增高(t=6.601,7.100,5.414,5.042,6.695,3.215,3.384,4.585,5.264;P0.05);2新兵在应付方式解决问题、求助因子上显著高于军人常模(t=42.972,8.122;P0.05),而自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子显著降低(t=-27.736,-17.066,-11.180,-21.248;P0.05);3新兵SCL-90总分及各因子与解决问题、求助因子呈负相关(P0.05),与自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子呈正相关(P0.05);4对心理健康影响大小依次是自责、幻想、解决问题、合理化。结论:新兵心理健康水平总体较好,应对方式成熟,但存在一些心身上的不良反应,有必要针对性的加强心理引导及重视新兵成熟型应付方式的培养。     

587名青少年学生应付行为研究：年龄,性别与应付方式

对３０１名少年中学生，２８６名青年大学生的应付方式研究发现：青年学生组，“解决问题”、“求助”、“合理化”三个应付因子的因子均分高于少年学生组，“自责”、“幻想”、“退避”三个应付因子均分青年组与少年组无显著性差异；少年阶段，除“求助”应付因子均分女性高于男性外，余应付因子均分两性间无显著性差异；青年阶段，男性“解决问题”应付因子均分高于女性，而女性“自责”、“求助”、“退避”三个应付因子均分高于男性。     

医学生应付方式现状和类型

目的了解医学院大学生应付方式的现状和类型。方法采用基本情况调查表和应付方式问卷对403名医学院校大学生进行调查和测量。结果①医学生的应付方式依次为解决问题、求助、幻想、退避、合理化、自责，各分量表因子分差异显著iF=165．17,P=0．000）；（参女生在“求助”分量表得分明显高于男生（t=3．595,P=0．000）；来自城市的学生在“幻想”（t=2．283，P=0．023）和“自责”（t=2．357，P=0．019）的应付方式上明显高于来自农村的学生；在“合理化”和“自责”应付方式上不同年级的学生之间有差异显著（t=2．623，p=0．05）。结论医学生主要采用“解决问题——求助”成熟型应对方式，性别、年级和家庭来源上各因子分有差异。     

高考落榜者的应对方式与心理健康状况的关系研究

目的探讨在高考落榜后学生的应对方式和心理健康状况之间的关系。方法对208名落榜者用症状自评量表和应对方式问卷进行施测。结果①不同居住地、是否为独生子女的落榜者的应对方式和心理健康都有显着差异，还有不同分科、不同性别的落榜者在心理健康方面都存在显着差异。②落榜者的心理健康状况与其应对方式有着密切相关．SCL-90总分与解决问题应付因子有显着负相关；与自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子呈显着正相关，多元回归分析结果表明自贵、求助、退避、合理化因子对心理健康的预测作用较为明显。结论在高考落榜后，落榜者存在心理健康问题，并且其状况与应对方式密切相关。因此提高落榜者的耐挫能力，改变其认知方式有助于提高他们的心理健康水平。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008