Total endovascular repair of an intraoperative stent-graft deployed in the false lumen of Stanford type A aortic dissection: A case report

BACKGROUND A 46-year-old male underwent ascending aortic replacement,total arch replacement,and descending aortic stent implantation for Stanford type A aortic dissection in 2016.However,an intraoperative stent-graft was deployed in the false lumen inadvertently.This caused severe iatrogenic thoracic and abdominal aortic dissection,and the dissection involved many visceral arteries.CASE SUMMARY The patient had pain in the chest and back for 1 mo.A computed tomography scan showed that the patient had secondary thoracic and abdominal aortic dissection.The ascending aortic replacement,total arch replacement,and descending aortic stent implantation for Stanford type A aortic dissection were performed 2 years prior.An intraoperative stent-graft was deployed in the false lumen.Endovascular aneurysm repair was performed to address this intractable situation.An occluder was used to occlude the proximal end of the true lumen,and a covered stent was used to direct blood flow back to the true lumen.A three-dimensional printing technique was used in this operation to guide prefenestration.The computed tomography scan at the 1stmo after surgery showed that the thoracic and abdominal aortic dissection was repaired,with all visceral arteries remaining patent.The patient did not develop renal failure or neurological complications after surgery.CONCLUSION The total endovascular repair for false lumen stent-graft implantation was feasible and minimally invasive.Our procedures provided a new solution for stent-graft deployed in the false lumen,and other departments may be inspired by this case when they need to rescue a disastrous stent implantation.     

Superior laryngeal neuralgia: carotidynia or just another pain in the neck?

A clinical pain syndrome similar to "carotidynia" developed in a patient several years after undergoing carotid endarterectomy. The pain was reversed by superior laryngeal nerve block, followed by superior larnygeal neurectomy. A diagnosis of superior laryngeal neuralgia was suggested by several characteristic features: (1) pain along the anterior cervical triangle, with extension to the ipsilateral ear and eye, (2) hoarseness, and (3) paralysis of the ipsilateral cricothyroid muscle on laryngoscopy. Carotidynia usually refers to neck pain arising from the carotid artery in the neck and is often viewed as a migraine variant. Our observations suggest that carotidynia may not be a migraine variant and that "carotidynia" may not be an accurate term for all pains in the anterior cervical triangle. We suggest that evaluation of neck pain include speech pathology and otolaryngologic consultations (including laryngoscopy) if any voice disorder is reported or noted. Since the superior laryngeal nerve is the neural structure most contiguous to the bifurcation of the carotid artery, the superior laryngeal nerve may have become entrapped in a fibrotic process that developed after carotid endarterectomy. Such pain may be a rare complication of carotid endarterectomy. When other causes have been excluded and pain continues, a superior laryngeal nerve block should be considered.     

Third branchial cleft cyst as a cause of hoarseness: a case report

Third branchial cleft cyst is a rare congenital disease of the neck. It presents as a painless mass that develops rapidly in the neck following an infection. This is the first case report of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy caused by a third branchial cleft cyst. A 30-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of hoarseness as her only symptom; she had no pain, fever, dysphagia, dyspnoea, or palpable neck mass. Laryngoscopy revealed that her right vocal cord was paralyzed. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cystic mass in the right tracheoesophageal groove that was closely associated with the trachea. Intraoperatively, the cyst was found not to originate from the thyroid or trachea, but it was compressing the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. The hoarseness resolved the day after the cyst was removed.     

主动脉夹层的多层螺旋CT表现和诊断价值

目的分析主动脉夹层的MSCT表现,评价64层螺旋CT血管成像在主动脉夹层诊断的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析50例经64层螺旋CT诊断及临床证实的AD成像资料,运用多平面重建、最大密度投影和容积成像等后处理方法显示真腔、假腔和内膜片。结果 50例AD均清楚地显示主动脉全程及其主要分支,均能辨别真腔、假腔、内膜片及撕破口部位,其中DebakeyⅠ型15例,DebakeyⅡ型6例,DebakeyⅢ型29例。主动脉弓三大分支受累5例;腹腔干受累9例;肠系膜上动脉受累10例;右肾动脉受累8例,左肾动脉受累12例;右侧髂总动脉受累7例,左侧髂总动脉受累13例,双侧髂总动脉均受累5例;合并动脉瘤或瘤样扩张4例;合并假腔内血栓形成10例;合并主动脉壁钙化23例。结论多层螺旋CT能为主动脉夹层的诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗提供准确的信息。     

Endoluminal repair of distal aortic arch aneurysms causing aorto-vocal syndrome

Purpose: We have evaluated the efficacy of endovascular repair of distal aortic arch aneurysms (DAAA) causing recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. Material and methods: Eight patients (five male and three female) with median age of 72 years (range: 59–80) presented with left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy associated with DAAA. All patients were considered unfit for open surgery. The median aneurysm size was 5.9 cm (range: 5–7.3). Thirteen stents were deployed: eight Gore, four Endofit and one Talent. Epidural anaesthesia was used in all patients. The left subclavian artery was covered in all and the left common carotid in three who had a preliminary right to left carotid–carotid bypass. Routine follow‐up (FU) was with computed tomography (CT) at 3–6 months and yearly thereafter. Results: Exclusion of the aneurysm sac was achieved in all patients. Thirty‐day mortality was 0%, with no paraplegia or stroke. Early complications included: rupture of the external iliac artery (one) and common femoral artery thrombectomy (one). One patient died of unknown cause at 17 months. The mean FU in the remaining seven patients was 21 months (range: 6–51). Aneurysm size decreased in five, was unchanged in one and increased in one. Three patients had improvement in voice quality postoperatively. One patient had a recurrent type 1 endoleak which was restented twice. No late deaths have occurred. Conclusion: Though technically the procedures involved were more complicated, endovascular repair of DAAA causing aorto‐vocal syndrome is safe and offers a realistic alternative to open surgery. Hoarseness of the voice can improve postoperatively and is associated with reduction in aortic sac diameter.     

Detection of false lumen perfusion at the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing repair of aortic dissection

OBJECTIVE: In patients undergoing surgical repair of aortic dissection, false lumen perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass may produce central nervous system damage, myocardial ischemia, aortic rupture, and death. We describe a method to detect false lumen perfusion at the beginning of retrograde aortic perfusion that may prevent these complications. DESIGN: Sonicated albumin microbubbles (8 mL) were injected through a side branch of the extracorporeal circulation line to detect true lumen and/or false lumen perfusion of the thoracic aorta at the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass. Transesophageal echocardiography was used to image aortic perfusion. SETTING: The study was performed in a cardiac surgery theater. PATIENTS: A total of 27 consecutive patients undergoing operation for Type I aortic dissection were studied. INTERVENTIONS: All patients underwent surgical repair of aortic dissection and retrograde aortic perfusion through one femoral artery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were divided into three groups: Group I, those having adequate true lumen perfusion: brisk appearance and washout of contrast in the true lumen with no, poor, or delayed opacification of the false lumen; Group II, those having mixed true lumen and false lumen perfusion: simultaneous opacification of both lumens; Group III, those having inappropriate false lumen perfusion: same criteria as for adequate true lumen perfusion applied to the false lumen. The true lumen was perfused in 13 patients, both lumens in 11 patients, and false lumen alone in three patients. In these three patients, cannulation was repeated through the contralateral femoral artery with restoration of true lumen perfusion; the first patient died of diffuse cerebral ischemic damage and renal failure, another one experienced temporary postoperative monoparesis, and the last had no neurologic sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast echocardiography allows immediate detection of retrograde aortic perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass and may help prevent neurologic complications and death in patients with Type I dissection.     

Pulmonary hypertension: clinical manifestations, classification and diagnosis

Dyspnoea on exertion is the most common presenting symptom of pulmonary hypertension (PH), often a progressive and ultimately fatal condition. However, the presenting manifestations are protean, and more subtle features such hoarseness (caused by compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve) challenge master clinicians. Clinician scientists have refined the clinical classification in a manner that aids in accurate diagnosis and facilitates communication among healthcare providers and research investigators. Diagnostic algorithms emphasize confirmation and characterization of PH by catheterisation as well as differentiating between the current classes based upon essential and contingent diagnostic tests.     

Acute aortic dissection mimicking an acute coronary syndrome through occlusion of the right coronary artery

Occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA) is an uncommon complication of type A aortic dissection. Aortic dissection and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) share a similar pathogenesis in atherosclerosis and hypertension. Consequently a patient with ischaemic risk factors presenting with chest pain and dynamic ECG change may well be incorrectly treated for ACS if careful attention is not paid to the presenting symptoms and signs. This case report describes a 59-year-old man who presented with chest pain, confusion and an ischaemic ECG and was initially treated for ACS. He subsequently deteriorated clinically and imaging confirmed type A aortic dissection complicated by RCA occlusion. Following emergent surgery with aortic root replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting he later made a good recovery.     

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome complicated with aortic dissection: A case report

BACKGROUNDHemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is caused by hantaviruses presenting with high fever, hemorrhage, and acute kidney injury. Microvascular injury and hemorrhage in mucus were often observed in patients with hantavirus infection. Infection with bacterial and virus related aortic aneurysm or dissection occurs sporadically. Here, we report a previously unreported case of hemorrhagic fever with concurrent aortic dissection.CASE SUMMARYA 56-year-old man complained of high fever and generalized body ache, with decreased platelet counts of 10 × 10⁹/L and acute kidney injury. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays test for immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G hantavirus-specific antibodies were both positive. During the convalescent period, he complained sudden onset acute chest pain radiating to the back, and the computed tomography angiography revealed an aortic dissection of the descending aorta extending to iliac artery. He was diagnosed with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Stanford B aortic dissection. The patient recovered completely after surgery with other support treatments. CONCLUSIONHemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome complicated with aortic dissection is rare and a difficult clinical condition. Hantavirus infection not only causes microvascular damage presenting with hemorrhage but may be risk factor for acute macrovascular detriment. A causal relationship has yet to be confirmed.     

Isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy due to vertebral artery dissection

We report the case of a patient with unilateral tongue weakness secondary to an isolated lower motor neuron hypoglossal nerve palsy that was caused by a right vertebral artery dissection in the lower neck. The patient had a boggy tongue with a deviation to the right side but an otherwise normal neurological examination. Magnetic resonance angiography showed a narrow lumen of the right vertebral artery in the neck. After initially treating the patient with aspirin in the emergency room and later with warfarin for three months, there was complete recanalization of the right vertebral artery. Only one other case of vertebral artery dissection and twelfth nerve palsy has been reported before.     

Painless aortic dissection presenting with acute ischaemic stroke and multiple organ failure

Acute aortic dissection is an uncommon, life‐threatening catastrophe, and early diagnosis is essential for the best chance of survival. Although acute onset of severe chest or back pain is the most common presenting symptom, some patients might present with atypical symptoms and findings such as acute stroke and mesenteric ischaemia related to the involving arterial segment. Establishing the diagnosis of aortic dissection can be difficult in the presence of atypical symptoms, especially in the absence of pain. Here, we report a case of acute, painless aortic dissection presenting with multiple organ failure and neurological deficits suggesting acute ischaemic stroke.     

320排螺旋CT对主动脉夹层者肾血流灌注的研究

目的探讨主动脉夹层(AD)患者的肾脏CT灌注特点,分析夹层各种影响因素与肾灌注值的关系,评价其临床价值。方法对46例主动脉夹层患者术前进行双肾血流灌注检查(注射流率5 ml/s,总量40 ml,370 mg I/ml),同时行胸腹部CTA检查,测量双肾血流量参数值(BF),并观察主动脉夹层各种解剖形态学指标。结果显示破口位于左锁骨下动脉以远(36例)或升主动脉(7例)。A型夹层的BF值低于B型患者(P0.05),内膜破口数量不同BF值无显著差异(P0.05)。假腔无血栓的AD患者BF值显著高于假腔有血栓的患者(P0.05)。肾动脉开口于真腔、假腔和骑跨组BF值有差异(P0.05)。真腔组BF值最高,而骑跨组最低。内膜破口大小与BF值相关,随着破口大小增加BF值增大(P0.05)。肾动脉起源于真腔、假腔无血栓化及破口数目的增多易得到较高的BF值。结论 320排CT灌注成像可用于评价整个肾脏血流动力学特征,破口大小、数目及位置、假腔血栓形成及肾动脉起源对主动脉夹层患者肾血流灌注均有影响。灌注成像有助于术前的准备。     

Painless acute aortic dissection presenting as left lower extremity numbness

Acute aortic dissection may have variable presentations, making the diagnosis clinically challenging. Acute neurologic syndromes secondary to dissection of the aorta are uncommon. However, including aortic dissection in the differential diagnosis is imperative. This report describes the first reported case of an acute thoracic aortic dissection presenting with the chief complaint of unilateral lower extremity numbness. Peripheral ischemic neuropathy as the result of vascular occlusion is uncommon. The pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of ischemic neuropathies in the setting of acute aortic dissection are discussed.     

血管内支架移植物置入术治疗StanfordB型主动脉夹层

目的评价血管内支架移植物置入术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的安全性和有效性.方法10名主动脉夹层患者,均在全麻下进行移植物置入术治疗,4例置入TALENT内支架移植物,6例置入国产内支架移植物.结果2例未能有效封堵动脉破裂口,其中1例治疗后12 h因动脉破裂死亡.1例移植物部分遮盖左锁骨下动脉,但无上肢进行性缺血加重,余7例动脉夹层及假腔均较好封堵.术后1周,9例行CTA检查,除1例夹层未得到封堵外,其余8例内支架移植物均无移位,假腔均缩小,真腔均扩大.随访8例(2～38个月),均无症状再发.结论内支架移植物置入术可有效治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层;严格选择适应证可提高治疗的安全性和有效性.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的　应用彩色多普勒超声诊断腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤。方法　应用彩超测量腹主动脉内径 ,观察腹主动脉及其分支内膜分离的部位和范围 ,以及鉴别真假腔。结果　内膜分离是本病最可靠的诊断依据 ,血流分隔现象、动脉扩张和管腔内血栓等具有重要的辅助诊断价值。彩超能很好地鉴别真假腔和诊断夹层动脉瘤破裂。结论　彩超能正确地评价本病受累血管 ,是诊断腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤的一种较为可靠的影像检查方法。     

带膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗B型主动脉夹层40例分析

目的：探讨带膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗B型主动脉夹层的技术方法及疗效。方法：对近年我院收治的40例主动脉夹层进行分析。40例患者均行股动脉穿刺插管至升主动脉造影,了解主动脉真假腔、夹层裂口及其与重要血管分支位置关系。切开右或左侧股动脉置人覆膜血管内支架,封堵原发破口,置入支架后重复造影检查。观察真假腔血流变化、主动脉分支供血的情况。结果：40例患者支架置入定位准确,术后即刻造影显示真腔血流恢复正常。手术成功率100％,无术中转开胸手术,无截瘫及瘤体破裂等严重并发症,无围手术期死亡。所有患者术后3～6个月复查增强CT,假腔不再显影,支架通畅,无扭曲、移位。结论：带膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗B型主动脉夹层具有创伤小,术后恢复快,手术死亡率低,手术成功率高的优点,但远期效果有待进一步观察。     

多排螺旋CT及数字减影血管造影对B型主动脉夹层评估的意义

目的探讨多排螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)和数字减影血管造影(DSA)诊断主动脉夹层(AD)的一致性及对主动脉夹层腔内修复术(TEVAR)的指导意义。方法回顾性分析资料完善的40例AD患者,比较两种方法显示的AD破口数、破口与左锁骨下动脉(LSA)的距离、左锁骨下动脉远端胸主动脉直径、主动脉夹层累及的范围及主动脉主要分支血管的累及情况、真假腔内血栓形成及钙化状况、行覆膜支架后内漏的发生率。结果两种检查方法在检测AD破口数、破口距LSA的距离、胸主动脉直径方面差异无统计学意义。CTA、DSA发现夹层累及左、右侧髂动脉平面的例数分别为16例(40.0%)、6例(15.0%)和15例(37.5%)、6例(15.0%),两种方法在检测夹层累及左、右侧髂动脉平面时的准确度差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CTA可检测出夹层血栓、动脉壁钙化,而DSA无法显示。40例AD患者行TEVAR 34例,覆膜支架置入后DSA即刻检测发现内漏者11例(32.4%)。结论 CTA、DSA两者对诊断AD有较好的一致性,对TEVAR术前、后有指导价值。     

以单侧声带麻痹为表现的延髓肿瘤长期误诊致反复肺部感染

目的探讨延髓肿瘤的不典型临床特点,以及单侧声带麻痹并反复肺部感染的可能病因,以减少误诊。方法回顾性分析1例以单侧声带麻痹和反复肺部感染为表现长期误诊的延髓肿瘤的诊治经过。结果该例因声音嘶哑28年,呛咳加重及反复出现肺部感染、肺脓肿7年余就诊。经外院多科室诊治,均以不明原因右侧喉返神经麻痹、肺部感染接受治疗,但无明显改善。在我院经查体、系统专科检查及喉镜检查发现单侧多支脑神经受累症状,行颅底MRI检查发现延髓右侧占位性病变,从而明确声带麻痹病因为延髓肿瘤。结论对于以单侧声带麻痹和反复肺部感染为表现患者,临床医生应拓展诊断思维,考虑到由颅底肿瘤所致的可能。     

Orbital pain as an isolated sign of internal carotid artery dissection. A diagnostic pitfall

Head pain is one of the main presenting symptoms of internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection, usually in association with ischemic and/or local signs such as Horner's syndrome, lower cranial nerve palsies, or tinnitus. In rare cases, head pain remains isolated and mimics other conditions. We report a patient who suffered isolated prolonged orbital pain as the only sign of intrapetrous ICA dissection. Early recognition of such unusual facial pain may be crucial in decreasing the risk of secondary cerebral or retinal ischemia.     

Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

OSA can be considered to arise as a result of the interaction of sleep-related changes in upper airway muscle function and subtle narrowing of the oropharyngeal lumen. The resulting apnea-induced asphyxia leads to an arousal response that terminates the obstructive event. Recurrent episodes of nocturnal asphyxia and recurrent arousals from sleep induce a series of secondary physiological responses that may eventually produce the clinical cardiovascular, hemodynamic, and neuropsychiatric manifestations of the OSA syndrome. The specific factors responsible for each of the clinical features of OSA are not fully understood. Nevertheless, as reviewed here, many of the mechanisms involved have been defined in recent years. Thus, during the past decade OSA has evolved from a disorder that was virtually unrecognized clinically to one whose pathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms are to a large extent well understood.