老年股骨颈骨折骨密度、Singh指数的研究

目的研究骨密度和Singh指数在衡量股骨近端骨强度和预测股骨颈骨折中的意义.方法对21名60岁以上、因轻度创伤所致新鲜股骨颈骨折老年人进行股骨近端骨密度、Singh指数及Ward三角矿化骨体积进行测量.结果本组患者股骨近端骨密度减少规律,Ward三角>股骨颈>股骨粗隆,骨密度减少的下限(±s)是股骨颈1.14SD、粗隆部0.35SD、Ward三角2.04SD;Singh指数4级以下(含4级)20名(95.2%);Singh指数与MBV呈正相关(r=0.517P<0.05),与粗隆部骨密度及减少的标准差呈正相关(r=0.457,0.474P<0.05).结论骨密度较峰值骨量减少的标准差数在股骨颈大于1.14、粗隆部大于0.35、Ward三角大于2.04,加上Singh指数低于4级(含4级)提示股骨颈骨折的危险性明显增高.     

老年髋部骨折风险与Singh指数相关性研究

目的 探讨应用Singh指数预测老年人骨质疏松性骨折,并为发现高危人群提供简便廉效的方法.方法 本文统计了888例因受轻微外伤致股骨颈或粗隆间骨折患者的情况,拍骨盆正位片并用Singh六级分类法统计股骨上端骨小梁级数,并对骨折进行分型;运用SPSS软件探索不同性别、髋部不同骨折部位之间Singh指数分级差异;年龄、骨折分型与Singh指数的等级相关性等.结果 男性平均级数4.11±1.52,女性平均级数为3.08±1.40;股骨颈骨折患者为3.60±1.54,而粗隆间骨折的平均级数为3.12±1.43;两组数据经独立样本t检验均示P=0.000,具有非常显著的差异.Spearman等级相关分析显示:年龄与Singh指数具有非常显著地正相关性;而骨折分型方法中只有股骨颈骨折Garden分型与指数具有一定程度的负相关性.结论 Singh指数可作为有效的骨质疏松性髋部骨折风险评估的方法,尤其是对女性股骨颈骨折具有较大的预示意义;骨质疏松症是老年人髋部骨折的高危因素,其判断标准是股骨上端骨小梁级数下降男性低至Ⅳ级,女性低至Ⅲ级.     

Singh指数在股骨转子间骨折治疗的应用

[目的]探讨Singh指数在股骨转子间骨折外科治疗中的指导意义。[方法]回顾2005年7月～2006年7月本院70例老年股骨转子间骨折病例:男26例,女44例;平均74岁。术前均按Singh分级,3～6级者共65例,均施行骨折复位内固定手术;1、2级者共5例,采用人工髋关节置换。[结果]55例获临床随访(平均15个月),内固定组中4例术后3个月内发生骨折移位、内固定螺钉切割、股骨颈吸收。关节置换组无关节脱位,假体松动等并发症。[结论]应用Singh指数对骨质疏松程度评级对于指导股骨转子间骨折治疗有重要意义。     

老年髋部骨折Singh指数的临床应用

目前：探讨Singh指数在骨质疏松性髋部骨折中临床应用价值。方法：取193例因低能量损伤致髋部骨折的骨盆X平片作Singh指数测定，按股骨近段骨质丢失程度由低到高分为Ⅶ度。结果：193例中有176例（91％）为Singh Ⅳ度以下。结论：Singh指数为一项方便、实用、特异性强的诊断骨质疏松症的指标，在临床应用中有一定意义。     

骨密度结合Singh指数预测老年髋部骨折风险的意义

[目的]探讨骨密度值(BMD)结合Singh指数在预测髋部骨折风险的意义.[方法]观察组随机抽取老年髋部骨折50例,年龄60岁以上,其中男性13例,女性37例,股骨颈骨折29例,粗隆间骨折21例.对照组50例,年龄60岁以上,男11例,女39例.分别测量骨折组和对照组髋部骨密度(BMD),Singh指数,对比两组的测量结果.[结果]骨折组骨密度平均值(g/m2),股骨颈(0.64±0.13)、WardS三角(0.58±0.14)和转子处(0.69±0.11),对照组股骨颈(0.87±0.07)、WardS 三角(0.69±0.11)和转子处(0.75 ±0.14),组间差异显著.骨折组Sighn指数值3.34±1.05级,对照组Sighn指数值4.46±1.14级,组间差异显著.骨密度值与Sighn指数呈正相关.[结论]低骨密度值(BMD及Singh指数与骨质疏松髋部骨折有明显的相关性,二者结合应用可以更准确预测骨折.     

Singh指数在骨质疏松性髋部骨折中的应用研究

老年骨质疏松性髋部骨折一直是骨科工作者重点关注问题,其致死致残率逐年上升。传统的评价骨质疏松指标Singh指数在临床工作中广泛应用。普通X线上即可快速评定其级别,在预测髋部骨折是可作为重要参考指标,同时Singh指数与骨密度、股骨解剖结构及多种生化指标相结合提高了预测髋部骨折的准确率。而对已存在的髋部骨折治疗时评估骨骼质量、内固定物选择及降低固定失败率方面具有指导意义,对术后关节功能的早期恢复,避免长期卧床并发症的发生也都具有应用价值,可对髋部骨折手术创伤作出正确评估。现对其研究及进展状况做简单综述。     

双能X线吸收法骨密度测定

骨质疏松作为老年人的常见病之一 ,越来越受到社会各界的关注。骨密度测量是明确骨质疏松的诊断、估计骨质疏松的程度、评价骨质疏松的疗效[1 ] 的必要手段。随着骨密度测量技术的发展 ,越来越多的精确度和准确度越来越高的骨密度测量方法问世。双能Ｘ线吸收法 (ＤＸＡ)以其准确度和精确度高、辐射剂量低、扫描时间短、调节稳定等优点广泛地应用于临床[2 ] 。本文就ＤＸＡ测定方法有关内容进行综述 ,供广大临床工作者参考。ＤＸＡ的工作原理ＤＸＡ用Ｘ线管代替同位素产生独立的双能量光子 ,通过单独测量这两种能量光子的吸收情况 ,计算出骨…     

老年人骨质疏松性髋部骨折与Singh指数和股骨近端几何结构的相关性初探

目的探讨老年性髋部骨折与Singh指数和股骨近端几何结构的关系。方法髋部骨质疏松骨折性46例。男24例,女22例;年龄56～82岁,平均(67.3±12.5)岁。对照组48例,为同期健康体检的志愿者,男25例,女23例;年龄54～79岁,平均(68.2±11.8)岁。测量两组受试者Singh指数及股骨颈轴长(FNAL)、颈干角(NSA)(髋部骨折组对其健侧进行检测),比较分析彼此间的相关性。结果老年性髋部骨折患者与对照组比较Singh指数明显降低,FNAL长于对照组,NSA较对照组大。结论 Singh指数和FNAL及NSA可以提高对老年性髋部骨质疏松骨折危险性的预测。     

Singh指数与髋关节置换术后关节功能的相关性研究

目的 分析髋关节正位DR片Singh指数与髋关节置换术后关节功能间的相关性,评价Singh指数对髋关节置换术后功能的预测能力.方法 对2010年1月至2012年1月在山西医科大学第二医院行髋关节置换术的175例患者进行随访,分析患者术前髋关节正位DR片Singh指数与术后1年患者髋关节Harris评分的Spearman相关性.结果 共获得资料完整病例175例,男81例,女94例.其中骨关节炎病例28例,男12例,女16例;股骨颈骨折病例106例：男38例,女68例;股骨头坏死41例：男30例,女11例.股骨颈骨折患者Singh指数与Harris评分相关性较高（r=0.708,P〈0.01）,股骨头坏死患者Singh指数与Harris评分相关性较低（r=0.642,P〈0.01）,骨关节炎患者Singh指数与Harris评分相关性最低（r=0.541,P〈0.01）,均有统计学意义,男患者Singh指数与Harris评分相关性较女患者高,但差异没有统计学意义.结论 股骨颈骨折行人工股骨头置换术患者可根据股骨近端Singh指数预测术后关节功能状态,但对于股骨头坏死和髋关节骨性关节炎行全髋关节置换术患者Singh指数对术后关节功能预测能力相对较差.     

2型糖尿病患者骨密度变化及其相关因素的探讨

目的：研究2型糖尿病（DM）患的骨密度变化，以了解2型DM患是否易合并骨质疏松（OP）及其相关影响因素，方法：采用双能X线骨密度仪，测定80例2型DM及62例性别年龄相匹配的健康前臂、腰椎、股骨颈、ward区以及大转子的骨密度，并对其与年龄，病程，体重指数、绝经年限，空腹血糖，糖基化血红蛋白及部分钙磷调节激素的相关性进行了分析。结果：均经统计学处理分析。结果：80例2DM患的骨密度较健康有不同程度下降，按中国人OP推荐诊断标准，本组有36例（45％）合并OP，OP与非OP组的病程，24h尿蛋白，绝经年龄，FSH、LH水平也存在显性差异（P均＜0．05）。相关性分析结果发现：骨密度与患年龄、病程、绝经年限，FSH、LH呈显负相关（P均＜0．05）。结论：2型DM型患较易发生OP，良好的DM及其并发症治疗对预防OP有益，糖代谢紊乱加速了绝经后妇女OP的发生，控制血糖并适时以激素补充治疗对治疗OP也是必需的，建议糖尿病医生在治疗DM的同时应注意OP防治。     

骨密度与股骨颈抗骨折能力对骨质疏松诊断价值的比较研究

目的 探索骨密度及股骨颈抗骨折能力两种骨质疏松的诊断方法在临床上应用中各自的特点。方法 用双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)及神经-肌肉-关节-骨骼综合测量分析系统(MES)分别对118例绝经后妇女进行测量，比较两者的结果，探讨两者的差异的原因。结果 118例绝经后妇女中被DEXA诊断为骨质疏松者48人，患病率为40．67％。有24例被MES诊断为骨质疏松，患病率为20．34％。结论 研究提示DXEA测定骨密度(BMD)的方法更容易发现在正常体重者中的骨质疏松患者，而MES测定股骨颈抗骨折能力指标(FS)的方法在超体重和肥胖者中的骨质疏松诊断中占有优势。FS和BMD结合应用于骨质疏松诊断克服了骨密度(BMD)由于体重影响造成的漏诊和误诊现象。即在正常体重的患者进行诊断时选择BMD，而对于超体重和肥胖者使用FS指标则更为合理。     

老年骨质疏松症股骨颈骨折术后抗骨质疏松治疗的初步观察

目的探讨老年人骨质疏松症股骨颈骨折术后应用（密盖息＋钙＋维生素D3）方案抗骨质疏松治疗的效果。方法随机选择诊断为“原发性骨质疏松症＋股骨颈病理性骨折”的老年患者56例,人工关节置换术后除髋关节康复锻炼外,应用（密盖息＋钙＋维生素D3）方案治疗3个月,比较治疗前后临床症状和空腹血钙、磷、甲状旁腺激素、碱性磷酸酶、24h尿钙、磷以及定量CT腰椎骨密度值变化。结果周身疼痛症状改善有效率为50％;治疗3个月前、后空腹血钙、磷、甲状旁腺激素、碱性磷酸酶、24h尿钙、磷变化间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;腰椎骨密度值间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论老年人股骨颈骨折术后应用（密盖息＋钙＋维生素D3）方案抗骨质疏松治疗能有效增加骨密度,改善疼痛,从而预防再次骨折。     

DXA测定诊断骨质疏松症的敏感指标

目的探索双能X线吸收法（DXA）骨密度测定仪测定诊断骨质疏松症（OP）的敏感指标.方法随机抽取成都地区年龄20岁以上健康男、女1456名（其中女性793名）,准确测定身高（H）、体重（W）后,采用美国Lunar公司生产DPX-L型DXA测定受试者腰椎和髋部的骨矿含量（BMC）、骨密度（BMD）.全部资料输入微机,用SPSS软件进行统计学处理.结果男、女在峰值骨量后,随年龄增加,BMC、BMC/W、BMD均逐渐下降,BMC、BMD、BMC/W累积丢失率在40岁以上组均随年龄增加而增加,女性丢失更明显（P＜0.05）,同部位、同年龄组三指标累积丢失率差异无显著性（P＞0.05）.OP检出率以BMD为参照指标最高,明显高于BMC/W、BMC二指标（P＜0.05）.结论DXA测定中BMD能较好反应BMC、BMC/W变化,是诊断OP的敏感指标.     

骨质疏松症治疗药物的分类与用药选择

骨质疏松症是影响老年骨骼健康的主要疾病，其致残率和致死率高，严重影响着患者的生活质量和寿命，并给家庭和社会带来巨大人力和经济负担。随着人口老龄化进程的加剧，骨质疏松症越来越为社会所关注，抗骨质疏松药物研究已成为热点。传统的分类方法是按药物作用机制进行分类，种类繁多的药物使临床用药选择困难。治疗过程中应该既要考虑药物作用机制又要考虑患者个体机能，本着方便选择用药的原则进行了重新分类。     

Insufficiency fractures of both femoral necks in a young adult caused by osteoporosis: a case report

Insufficiency fractures of femoral necks due to osteoporosis of unknown aetiology occurring coincidentally on both sides in young adults, have not been described in English literature so far. A 18-year-old young girl presented with a 3-month history of gradual onset of bilateral thigh pain and progressive inability to walk. At the first look, plain radiographs of both hips showed no gross abnormal findings other than some tips on reduced bone mineral density of the femoral necks. MRI was ordered upon a high suspicion of fracture and T1-weighed MRI showed a linear low signal on both femoral necks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine and femoral neck showed low mineral density. She was treated surgically with in-situ internal fixation using cannulated screws. The bilateral thigh pain was resolved and walking started immediately after the treatment. Insufficiency fracture of the femoral neck due to osteoporosis should be kept in mind even in young adults complaining of atypical pain without evidence of unusual activities. We used both the terms of stress fracture and insufficiency (osteoporotic) fracture interchangeably as the mechanism of fractures resemble each other.     

Femoral neck geometry and hip fracture risk: the Geelong osteoporosis study

To determine the relationship between femoral neck geometry and the risk of hip fracture in post-menopausal Caucasian women, we conducted a retrospective study comparing the femoral neck dimensions of 62 hip fracture cases to those of 608 randomly selected controls. Measurements were made from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans (Lunar DPX-L), using the manufacturers ruler function, and included: hip axis length (HAL), femoral neck axis length (FNAL), femoral neck width (FNW), femoral shaft width (FSW), medial femoral shaft cortical thickness (FSCT_med), and lateral femoral shaft cortical thickness (FSCT_lat). The fracture group was older (median age 78.3 years vs 73.8 years), lighter (median weight 59.9 kg vs 64.5 kg), and, after adjustment for age, taller (mean height 158.7±0.8 cm vs 156.7±0.2 cm) than the controls. Furthermore, bone mineral density was lower in this group (0.682±0.016 g/cm² vs 0.791±0.006 g/cm²). After adjustment for age, bone mineral content (BMC) or height, hip fracture patients had greater FNW (up to 6.6%) and FSW (up to 6.3%) than did the controls. Each standard deviation increase in FNW and FSW was associated with a 1.7-fold (95% CI 1.3–2.3) and a 2.4-fold (95% CI 1.8–3.2) increase in the fracture risk, respectively. BMC-adjusted FNAL was greater in the fracture group (+2.1%) than in the controls, while the age-adjusted FSCT_med was reduced (–7.2%). There was a trend towards longer HAL (up to 2.1%) after adjustment for age or BMC, and thinner age-adjusted FSCT_lat (–1.7%) in fracture patients that did not reach statistical significance. In multivariate analysis, the risk of hip fracture was predicted by the combination of age, FNW, FSW, BMC and FSCT_med. HAL was not analyzed because of the small number of HAL measurements among fracture cases. We conclude that post-menopausal women with hip fractures have wider femoral necks and shafts, thinner femoral cortices and longer femoral neck axis lengths than do women with no fractures. Alteration in hip geometry is associated with the risk of hip fracture.The authors declare no conflicts of interest with regard to this article     

More aggravated osteoporosis in lateral trochanter compared to femoral neck with age: Contributing age difference between inter-trochanteric and femoral neck fractures in elderly patients

In the medical literature, elderly patients with inter-trochanteric fractures are considered older than those with femoral neck fractures, but the reason for this age-related difference remains unclear. Inconsistent bone mass re-distribution with age in both regions was hypothesised and the change in bone mineral density (BMD) was studied. This study aims to investigate another possible pathomechanism of reducing bone strength in the proximal femur with increasing age. The findings might help in developing a better method for preventing osteoporotic hip fractures.

Patients and methods

In the BMD study, 400 consecutive female patients were divided into eight groups, comprising 50 individuals each. Except for the first group (16–20 years), all other groups were divided by 10-year age increments up to 90 years. Relative BMD change with age in different regions in each group was compared.

Results

The BMD ratio of the lateral trochanter to the neck gradually reduced with age, whereas that of the medial trochanter to the neck gradually increased. The comparisons were statistically significant (p < 0.001 in both cases).

Conclusion

One important predisposing factor to affect patients with inter-trochanteric fractures older than those with femoral neck fractures may be that the BMD is further lowered in the lateral trochanter compared to the femoral neck with age. It may be caused by lack of compressive loads in the lateral trochanter in daily activity. All devices which may increase bone mass in the lateral trochanter, theoretically, may be helpful in lowering the incidence of hip fractures.     

骨密度测量技术诊断骨质疏松的评价

骨矿密度(BMD)是诊断骨量减少(低骨量,骨质疏松),评价骨丢失率和疗效的重要客观指标。被世界卫生组织(WHO)用来定义骨质疏松(OP)的诊断标准。目前非创伤性骨密度测量方法主要有以下几种:X线光密度法(RA),单光子吸收法(SPA),双光子吸收法(DPA),双能x线吸收测定(DEXA),定量CT(QCT)。不同的测量方法的优、缺点和临床意义不同,在此简要综述几种BMD测量方法和特点。     

球囊扩张骨水泥加强内固定术治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的临床初步报告

目的 探讨一种治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的简单、微创、安全、有效的方法。方法 自2001年7月-2003年9月，采用球囊扩张骨水泥加强内固定术治疗23例骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折，男9例，女14例，平均85岁。结果 所有患者术后1-10d疼痛减轻，均下地免负重活动，无严重并发症发生。结论 球囊扩张骨水泥加强内固定术是一种治疗骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折简单、有效、安全的新方法，能早期去除疼痛，尽快使患者下床，减少卧床所致并发症，尤其适用于严重骨质疏松不能耐受人工髋关节置换术的病人。