成年型神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症的临床和病理特征

目的 报道2例成年型神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症(ANCL)临床特点和病理改变。方法 综合分析临床资料和病理结果。结果 患者临床表现为智能障碍、肌阵挛、运动障碍、行为异常及锥体外系症状。电镜下可见神经元及胶质细胞胞浆内有大量脂褐素体沉积。结论 根据起病年龄、临床表现及超微结构特征可诊断为成年型神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症，脑活检电镜检查是确诊本病的可靠方法。     

晚期婴儿型神经元蜡样质脂褐素沉积病患者临床特点和基因改变

目的总结临床病理诊断为晚期婴儿型神经元蜡样质脂褐素沉积病(LINCL)患者的临床特点和基因改变。方法总结分析9例LINCL患者(其中3例为文献报道的患者)的临床特点,并对其中4例患者进行CLN2基因检测。结果癫痫是我国LINCL患者最主要的首发临床症状,其发作表现形式多样。CLN2基因检查结果显示,在两例患者分别发现位于第3内含子的IVS3-1G→A剪接突变和第6外显子的G217V杂合突变以及第13外显子的S538Y纯合突变,上述突变均为文献尚未报道过的新突变,在50名健康人中未发现这些基因突变。另两例患者CLN2基因检查正常。结论我国LINCL患者癫痫发作具有多种表现形式,肌阵挛癫痫不常见。我国CLN2基因的突变类型与其他国家或地区可能不同,也可能存在新的基因。     

GM_2神经节苷脂沉积症(附2例报告)

目的　探讨 GM2 神经节苷脂沉积症的临床特点和病理改变。方法　报道 2例晚发型 GM2 神经节苷脂沉积症的临床表现 ,并取 2例患者右额叶脑组织进行病理观察。结果　晚发型 GM2 神经节苷脂沉积症的临床表现无特异性 ,光镜下神经元呈气球样肿胀 ,胞浆内有脂质沉积 ,电镜观察见沉积物为膜性胞浆体和斑马体。结论　对临床上疑为 GM2 神经节苷脂沉积症的患者 ,脑活检光镜加电镜观察有助于明确诊断     

GM2神经节苷脂沉积症（附2例报告）

目的 探讨GM2神经节苷脂沉积症的临床特点和病理改变。方法 报道2例晚发型GM2神经节苷脂沉积症的临床表现,并取2例患者右额叶脑组织进行病理观察。结果 晚发型GM2神经节苷脂沉积症的临床表现无特异性,光镜下神经元呈气球样肿胀,胞浆内有脂质沉积,电镜观察沉积物为膜性胞浆体和斑马体。结论 对临床上疑为GM2神经节苷脂沉积症的患者,脑活检光镜加电镜观察有助于明确诊断。     

系统性红斑狼疮神经系统病变的临床及病理特征

目的探讨系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）神经系统病变的临床及病理特征。方法回顾性分析6例SLE神经系统病变患者的临床及病理资料。结果本组患者累及中枢神经系统4例,其中癫痫1例、脑梗死2例、白质脑病1例;多发性单神经病3例,腓肠神经活检示1例有典型血管炎改变,2例无血管炎改变,腓肠神经内可见有髓纤维丢失、轴索和髓鞘断裂呈块状深染及髓磷脂小球形成。肌活检1例示肌纤维轻度变性坏死。皮肤活检3例示胶原变性,小静脉周围可见炎性细胞浸润。结论SLE可导致神经系统广泛病变,故其临床表现和病理改变复杂多样。     

JO-1综合征骨骼肌病理改变(附二例报告)

目的总结2例JO-1综合征患者骨骼肌病理改变特点并分析其发病机制。方法采用组织学、酶组织化学和抗CD68单克隆抗体的免疫组化染色对2例JO-1综合征患者骨骼肌活检标本进行病理观察。结果2例患者骨骼肌存在节段性肌束衣玻璃样变性伴随CD68阳性单核细胞浸润。可见散在或小组样分布的小角状萎缩肌纤维。结论JO-1综合征骨骼肌主要病理改变是节段性结缔组织断裂变性和单核细胞浸润,提示抗原靶点可能在成纤维细胞,并可伴发神经源性骨骼肌损害。     

重症肌无力Osserman V型1例临床及病理分析

目的 报道1例Osserman V型重症肌无力患者,讨论其临床和肌肉病理特点.方法 对1例Osserman V型重症肌无力患者的临床特点进行回顾性分析,对患者行右侧肱二头肌的活体组织病理检查.结果 该患者临床早期出现肌肉萎缩,球部症状明显.肌肉活检可见轻微肌源性和神经源性改变,同时合并有微血管病变.结论 Osserman V型重症肌无力发病率低,充分认识其临床特点及肌肉病理特征,有利于提高诊断率,预测预后及合理治疗.     

散发性脑炎的病理诊断及病因探讨

本文报告19例临床诊断为散发性脑炎的脑组织活检病理材料。15例病理变化主要表现为神经元不同程度的变性、坏死,有嗜元现象,胶质细胞增生,大部分可见胶质结节淋巴、单核细胞形成管周浸润,部分有小片状出血。4例仅见白质髓鞘脱失及水肿。上述结果表明:本组病例病理改变多数(79％)具有病毒性脑炎的特征,少数(21％)具有变态反应性脱髓鞘性脑炎的特征。作者认为脑组织活检可作为诊断本病的有效手段,并有助于明确病因。     

6例强直性肌营养不良患者临床与病理分析

目的 探讨强直性肌营养不良(DM)的发病机制、临床和病理特点.方法 回顾分析并总结6例DM患者临床和病理资料.结果 6例患者,均为男性,年龄8～43岁.均有不同程度的肌紧张、肌强直,叩击有明显肌球.1例患者其爷爷奶奶为姑舅亲结婚,2例有脱发;1例伴有智力障碍、吞咽困难及讲话不清;2例有张口费力,EMG均示肌源性改变,可见肌强直电位发放;肌活检光镜下可见肌纤维大小不等,不同程度的肌纤维萎缩,未见明显再生肌纤维,部分小角纤维、变性及坏死肌纤维,典型核内移、核聚集、链状核;少数NADH、SDH、COX染色酶活性呈局限性增高或减低,ATP酶染色可见肌纤维群组化,其中1例以Ⅰ型肌纤维占优势;l例Ⅱ型肌纤维有群组化趋势.结论 (1)骨骼肌活检病理检查对该病诊断及鉴别有辅助诊断价值;(2)强直性肌营养不良临床表现多样,需注意除骨骼肌病变以外的其他表现:如内分泌异常等;(3)DM确诊需进一步进行基因检测.     

散发性Creutzfeldt-Jakob病23例临床分析

目的为提高散发性Creutzfeldt-Jakob病(Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease,CJD)的临床诊断水平,对目前应用的诊断指标进行评价。方法对23例CJD的临床表现、脑电图、影像学、脑脊液、组织病理、基因、免疫组化、14-3-3蛋白等临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果(1)23例中10例为确定CJD,10例很可能CJD,3例为可能CJD。(2)83%为亚急性发病,首发症状按出现频率依次为认知障碍,走路不稳,视力障碍及精神症状。所有病人晚期均发展为去皮层状态。(3)22例脑电图均有中到重度广泛异常EEG改变,11例出现典型的周期性尖慢复合波(PSWCs)。(4)检测19例脑脊液14-3-3蛋白,16例阳性,3例阴性。(5)PrP基因129位点密码子检测,14例中有12例为甲硫氨酸/甲硫氨酸(Met/Met)纯合子,2例为甲硫氨酸/缬氨酸(Met/Val)杂合子。(6)8例头颅MRI显示双基底节区异常信号。(7)10例病理检查发现,有不同程度的海绵状变性和神经细胞脱失。可见异常PrP沉积。结论(1)国人EEG典型改变-PSWCs诊断CJD的灵敏度及特异度均低于西方。(2)14-3-3蛋白对诊断sCJD敏感度和特异度均高。在没有脑活检的前提下,是确诊CJD的指标之一。(3)病理检查证实,在人脑组织中有prpSc沉积仍是确诊CJD的不可替代的指标。     

An autopsied case of corticobasal degeneration presenting with frontotemporal dementia followed by myoclonus

A Japanese woman developed frontotemporal dementia (FTD)‐like symptoms of abnormal behavior, such as stereotyped behavior and disinhibition. The patient developed these symptoms at the age of 59 years, although aphasia symptoms were not apparent at early disease stages. Progressive parkinsonism was dominant on the left side, and conspicuous myoclonus was recognized in the late disease stage. MRI indicated severe, right side‐dominant frontotemporal lobe atrophy with white matter degeneration. Brainstem and cerebellar atrophy were also observed. The patient underwent gastrostomy 7 years after the onset of her symptoms and died at the age of 70 years. Neuropathological examination showed diffuse neuron loss with gliosis and tissue rarefaction in the frontotemporal lobe, particularly in the right anterior portion of the frontal lobe. Spongiform changes and ballooned neurons were also observed in the frontotemporal cortex, particularly in the superficial layer and deeper layers, respectively. Gallyas‐Braak silver staining and anti‐phosphorylated tau immunostaining indicated numerous argyrophilic and tau‐positive structures, including pretangles, astrocytic plaques, coiled bodies and neuropil threads. We speculate that the myoclonus observed in the present case was at least partly caused by or related to the spongiform change and ballooned neurons in the cerebral cortex. The clinical phenotypes of corticobasal degeneration (CBD) vary considerably, and the clinical presentation of the present patient was compatible with frontal behavioral‐spatial syndrome in the early disease stage. However, in the later disease stages, her symptoms were reflective of corticobasal syndrome. Because it is not rare for the clinical phenotype to change along with disease progression in cases of CBD, we should consider CBD in cases presenting with FTD at symptom onset.     

Dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy in a spanish family: a clinical, radiological, pathological, and genetic study

The object was to describe the clinical, radiological, pathological, and genetic findings in a Spanish family with dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA). This is an inherited neurodegenerative disease, well recognised in Japan, but with few cases reported from Europe and America and no cases published from Spain. The clinical misdiagnosis of Huntington's disease is not infrequent. Pedigree analysis and clinical data of a family were collected. A genetic study was performed in two patients. Pathological information was obtained from the necropsy of one patient. RESULTS: Pedigree analysis showed an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Age at onset varied from 5 to 55 years. Ataxia and chorea were present in most of the members. Some of these had a long course disease with late dementia. Four patients had seizures and early mental impairment. In one patient, cranial MRI showed cortical, brain stem and cerebellar atrophy, and white matter changes. In another patient, necropsy showed atrophy of the globus pallidus and lipofuscin deposits in dentate and pallidal neuronal cells. Genetic study showed an abnormal CAG triplet expansion in the B37 gene on chromosome 12. As in other cases previously reported, Spanish cases of DRPLA show intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity. Clinical and MRI data could differentiate DRPLA from Huntington's disease but definitive diagnosis requires molecular studies. Pathological studies are still necessary to correlate DRPLA brain involvement with the clinical and molecular findings.     

A family of hereditary spastic paraplegia with dementia, ataxia, and dystonia]

We reported three siblings with complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. The striking features in these patients were characterized by early onset of gait disturbance, mental deficiency, and dystonia. The most likely diagnosis was Mast syndrome. Patient 1: A 44 years-old woman. She first developed gait disturbances at age of 8. She was admitted in our hospital because of progressive spastic paraplegia. Neurological examination revealed mental deficiency, saccadic pursuit eye movement, speech disturbance of cerebellar type, ataxia, and spastic paraplegia. She showed also dystonia in the face, tongue, and trunk. MRI showed cerebellar atrophy. Patient 2: A 51 years-old brother of the patient 1. He had mentally retarded. Late teens he developed gait disturbance. Gradually he manifested spastic paraplegia, dysarthria, dysphasia, mental deficiency, and ataxia. He also showed incontinence of urine and feces. Then he became bedridden, apathetic, and showed forced crying. MRI showed diffuse brain atrophy. Patient 3: A 48 year-old woman. This woman, a sister of the patient 1, showed progressive gait disturbance and dysarthria. She also developed incontinence, apathy, and dystonia. She became bedridden, responding to simple questions with only occasional single-word answers. Her speech was slurred, and spastic paraplegia was noted. MRI showed diffuse brain atrophy including marked atrophy of the cerebellum.     

A case of membranous lipodystrophy (Nasu) with diffuse cerebral white matter involvement and cerebellar atrophy on brain CT and MRI

A 37-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of progressive dementia and gait disturbance. She was healthy until 34 years of age when she had difficulty in walking and memory disturbance with personality changes. At age 36, she developed urinary incontinence and dementia. The neurological examination demonstrated euphoric mental state, emotional incontinence, severe dementia, paraplegia, dysmetria, choreic movements in both arms and urinary incontinence. Diffuse hyperreflexia and bilateral Babinski signs were observed. Routine laboratory examination showed slightly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and alkaline phosphatase. Electroencephalogram revealed diffuse irregular slow waves. X-ray film of the ulnar bone revealed osteoporotic and cystic lesions. The biopsy of the left tibial bone showed a specific membranous cystic structure. Computerized tomography (CT) of the brain showed symmetric, diffuse low density areas in the cerebral white matter and severe atrophy of the cerebellum. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed diffuse high intensity areas in the cerebral white matter. The present case is characterized by diffuse changes in cerebral white matter and cerebellar atrophy, which have been never reported in Nasu-Hakola disease. The diffuse cerebral white matter changes shown by CT and MRI appear to indicate that this patient is the first case of leukodystrophy of sudanophilic type since the original case reported by Nasu et al.     

A case of HTLV-I associated myelopathy presenting with cerebellar signs as initial and principal manifestations]

We reported a 75-year-old woman with HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM) presenting with cerebellar signs. She was admitted to our hospital because of walking unsteadiness, which initially appeared 3 years previously with gradual worsening. Neurological examination revealed limb and truncal ataxia, cerebellar type dysfunction of eye movement, pyramidal sign, diminished vibration sense and neurogenic bladder. Anti HTLV-I antibody titers in serum and CSF were markedly elevated. MRI revealed abnormal signals in cerebral white matter, mild cerebellar atrophy and thoracic cord atrophy. Cerebellar signs and symptoms were initial and main neurological manifestations in this patient, which were improved by steroid therapy. We considered this case was unique among HAM, because cerebellum was considered her main lesions.     

A case of progressive hemiatrophy with type 2 muscle atrophy in muscle biopsy]

We reported a case of progressive hemiatrophy, whose skeletal muscle biopsy revealed type 2 fiber atrophy. This patient, a 40-year-old woman, noticed left leg atrophy at the age of 39. She had a history of minor trauma of the left thigh at the age of 30. On admission, physical examination revealed atrophy of various parts of her left side of body, predominantly in the left leg. There was no dermatological or neurological abnormalities except these atrophies. Hematological and biochemical examinations were normal. EEG, EMG, nerve conduction studies and autonomic function tests were normal in either side of the body. MRI study showed reduced muscle bulk as well as subcutaneous fatty tissue especially in her left leg. Skeletal muscle biopsy of her left quadriceps femoris muscle revealed type 2 fiber atrophy and type 1 fiber predominance. However, no abnormality was found in the intramuscular nerves. We considered that type 2 muscle fiber atrophy was one of the cause of atrophy of this case.     

Die Kufs-Erkrankung Seltene Ursache einer früh beginnenden Demenz

The case of a 35-year-old man with progressive dementia from the age of 17 is presented. Clinical examination showed mild extrapyramidal and cerebellar signs and rare myoclonus. Neuropsychological evaluation disclosed severe cognitive deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed moderate generalized atrophy with abnormal iron deposition in the basal ganglia. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) demonstrated clear temporoparietal hypometabolism. The clinical symptoms and course are typical for the rare adult type of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Kufs' disease). The diagnosis is supported by the electron microscope detection of an abnormal accumulation of lipid vacuoles and lipofuscin in the eccrine sweat glands and the rectal ganglia cells.     

Diffuse central hypomyelination presenting as 4H syndrome caused by compound heterozygous mutations in POLR3A encoding the catalytic subunit of polymerase III

We describe a 33-year-old male patient with mental retardation and cerebellar ataxia whose brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed diffuse central hypomyelination. The associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypodontia were consistent with the clinical diagnosis of 4H syndrome. Two compound heterozygous mutations in POLR3A were found: p.Met852Val and p.Asn1249His. MRI of the brain showed cerebellar atrophy, atrophy of the corpus callosum, and diffuse hypomyelination extending as far as the U-fibers, with preservation of the basal ganglia. T2 hyperintensity was observed in the bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles. The patient showed almost normal development until 4-5years of age. After 25years of age, the patient showed a gradual but consistent motor and cognitive deterioration. We demonstrated the involvement of the corticospinal tract electrophysiologically, but peripheral nerve conduction was normal. Although this disease may start very early in life, the clinical course in the present case suggests that brains that initially appear to have developed normally may show dysfunction later in life, although the pathophysiological bases for this dysfunction may not be evident on MRIs.     

Corticobasal degeneration as cause of progressive non‐fluent aphasia: Clinical,radiological and pathological study of an autopsy case

A Japanese male developed gradual loss of spontaneous speech at age 60. Three years later meaningful speech had deteriorated to the point that it had become restricted to monotonous utterances. Neuropsychological examination at age 62 showed that he had severe non‐fluent aphasia. A brain MRI demonstrated mild cortical atrophy with ischemic lesions in the cerebral white matter. He was diagnosed as having primary progressive aphasia. At age 63, he was admitted to the hospital to reevaluate the neurological condition. Neurologic examination showed severe non‐fluent aphasia, hyperreflexia, snout and sucking reflexes. No alien hand was observed. He was able to walk, dress, wash himself and use chopsticks as well as name real objects. At age 65, ^99mTc‐hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single photon emission computed tomography (HMPAO‐SPECT) revealed diffuse cerebral hypoperfusion that was particularly prominent in the left frontal lobe. An MRI showed progressive cortical atrophy with the definite atrophy of the left paracentral gyrus. The hippocampal formation and putamen were also atrophic. He died of pneumonia at age 67. The brain weighed 810 g with atrophy of the frontal lobe, globus pallidus, enlargement of the lateral ventricles and depigmentation of the substantia nigra. Microscopic examination showed severe neuronal loss and gliosis in the cerebral cortex, globus pallidus interna and substantia nigra. Ballooned neurons were observed in the cerebral cortex. Gallyas‐Braak method revealed numerous astrocytic plaques and argentophilic threads in the cerebrum. Clinical diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration sometimes is difficult in individuals with atypical clinical presentations. More exact clinical and radiological criteria may warrant a diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration.     

Electroencephalographic changes in sisters with infantile-onset dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA)

We report the clinical course and results of electroencephalographic (EEG) examinations in 2 sisters with infantile dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA). Typical development was seen until the age of 6 months. From that age, however, development was delayed. The elder sister experienced astatic seizure at the age of 3 years. She began to deteriorate and had difficulty in controlling her body movement at the age of 3 years and 7 months. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed marked cerebellar atrophy and genetic analysis of the DRPLA gene led to a diagnosis of DRPLA. Repeat size of the CAG base sequence was 86/19. Neurological deterioration was rapid and controlling convulsions using antiepileptic drugs was difficult. EEG was characterized by high-voltage slow waves and poor development of basic wave through the follow-up period. In contrast, the younger sister showed only mild developmental delay, and could stand independently at the 2 years and 9 months. Repeat size of the CAG base sequence was 79/11. Myoclonic seizures developed at 4 years and 7 months, but have been well controlled using sodium valproate. EEG showed diffuse 3-4 Hz spike-and-wave complexes that were rather different from the findings in her elder sister.