胎盘血管瘤超声表现1例

患者女,25岁.孕1产0,孕38周来我院检查.超声所见:宫内单胎,双顶径9.8 cm,股骨长7.2cm,颅骨环完整,脊柱排列整齐,胎心搏动正常,羊水量适中,胎盘位于前壁,功能3级,胎盘上缘可见一大小约10.5 cm×9.2cm×8.0cm的低回声团块(图1)向羊膜腔内突出,边界清晰,团块内可见强回声带分隔.CDFI:团块内血流信号丰富.超声提示:(1)宫内孕单活胎;(2)胎盘内低回声团块,可考虑血管瘤.孕妇当日剖腹产,病理证实为胎盘毛细血管瘤(图2).     

超声诊断胎盘绒毛膜血管瘤1例

患者女,孕6月余.进行超声检查:胎头位于中上腹偏右,双顶径6.7cm,脑中线居中,胎头与脊柱连续未见中断,脊柱位于左侧腹,胎心搏动良好,可见胎动,羊水6.6cm,后壁胎盘,子宫内胎盘前方胎头右侧可见一约9.6cm×9.2cm中低回声和无回声的混合性团块,周边似有包膜,对后方胎盘形成一定压迫(图1).CDFI:团块内充满彩色血流,团块通过脐带血流(频谱证实)与胎盘相连(图2).超声诊断:1.宫内孕单活胎6+月;2.宫内混合性团块(胎盘绒毛膜血管瘤可能).     

实时三维彩超诊断胎儿脑膜脑膨出1例

孕妇,22岁.孕1产0,孕17周,无遗传病史.产前超声检查:宫内见单胎,胎头双顶径3.2 cm,左、右侧侧脑室后角横径分别约为0.33 cm、1.1 cm,枕部颅骨回声可见约0.9 cm的连续性中断,局部可见一范围约1.9 cm×1.3 cm的不均匀回声向外膨出,其内大部分为实性回声,可见少许液性暗区(图1左).胎儿脊柱、心脏、胸腹腔、四肢均未发现异常.胎心率158次/min,律齐.羊水深度3.9 cm.实时三维超声所见:胎儿枕部可见一类球形的明显隆起,表面光滑(图1右).超声提示:(1)单胎,胎儿存活;(2)胎儿脑膜脑膨出;(3)胎儿右侧侧脑室扩张.后经引产证实.     

超声诊断绒毛膜血管瘤1例

孕妇,20岁.孕1产0,孕39周.超声所见:单胎头位,双顶径:9.6 cm,股骨长:7.7 cm,头围:32.9 cm,腹围:39.7 cm,羊水无回声区最深约5.6 cm,羊水指数18.5 cm,见胎心搏动,胎盘位于子宫前壁,厚约3.4 cm,成熟度Ⅱ级,其内见椭圆形实质性5.43 cm×3.08 cm肿块,表面规则,边界清楚,内部回声紊乱,其强度略低于胎盘,彩超显示肿块内丰富血流信号(图1).超声提示:晚孕,宫内单胎头位存活.     

乳腺髓细胞肉瘤超声表现1例

患者女,41岁.囚发现右乳肿块1周就诊.超声检查:右乳内上象限见一枚低回声团块,大小约2.7 cm×1.7 cm× 4.0cm,边界欠清,形态不规则,内部血流丰富,内可见一枚钙化灶,大小约0.5 mm.腋下淋巴结(一).提示:右乳低回声团块伴钙化.     

超声诊断胎儿隔离肺1例

病例 孕妇,27岁,孕1产0,孕25周,来我院进行产前常规超声检查.超声描述：单胎,头位,双顶径约6.2 cm,脊柱光带完整,位于左前方,胎心搏动规则,心率约150次/min,股骨长约4.1 cm,羊水较深处约4.5 cm,羊水指数约10 cm,胎盘位于前壁,成熟度为1级,脐带未见绕颈.于胎儿左胸腔内见一大小约4.8 cm＆#215;2.5 cm均匀强回声团块,边界清楚,呈叶状（图1）.CDFI：其内见分支状血流信号,来源于腹主动脉（图2）.余胎儿未见明显异常.超声提示：①单活胎,头位;②胎儿左胸腔内强回声团块（考虑隔离肺）.     

胎儿唇裂、腭裂合并脑积水超声表现一例

患者女,23岁,孕32 3周,孕1产0.1周前曾在外院行常规超声检查提示胎儿脑积水,来我院要求进一步复查.采用GE Logiq400彩色超声仪,探头频率为4 MHz.超声显示:单胎头位,双顶径为8.4 cm,颅骨回声完整,颅内正常结构消失,大部分显示为无回声区(图1);胎心搏动规则,胸、腹腔内脏器位置正常;胎儿上唇弧形回声带连续性中断约1.0 cm,两断端回声增强增厚,并向鼻部呈"Y"形延伸(图2),待胎儿张口允吸时,仔细观察见两断端间为无回声区(图3).超声诊断:宫内妊娠,单胎存活;胎儿先天畸形(唇裂、腭裂合并脑积水).经引产产下一死女婴,尸检证实唇裂、腭裂合并脑积水.     

B超诊断胎盘绒毛膜血管瘤1例

孕妇 ,2 3岁 ,孕 3 2周 ,G1P0。常规超声检查见 :胎头位于耻骨上 ,头颅光环完整 ,脑中线居中 ,双顶径 :7.8cm ,胎心率规整 ,胎儿发育正常。胎盘位于子宫后壁近底部 ,成熟度Ⅰ°,羊水无回声区平均深度 5 .5cm ,在胎盘边缘右上方处见一约6.6cm× 5 .5cm左右的异常回声团块 ,内为境界清楚的多房性液性无回声区 (图 1)。B超提示 :①单胎头位晚期妊娠 ;②胎盘肿块待查 (胎盘绒毛膜血管瘤可能 ) ;③建议观察。 3周后孕妇又来复查 ,B超见 :胎盘右侧边缘处异常团块同前 (图 2 )。为避免产时胎盘出血过多故生产方式选为剖宫产。产出一男活婴。后经…     

超声诊断胎儿颅脑肿瘤1例

孕妇,20岁.孕1产0,孕37周.产前超声检查显示:胎位LOA,胎儿双顶径9.9 cm,头围35.6 cm,颅骨强回声环完整,于左侧前颅窝探及6.5 cm×5.2 cm类圆形高回声团块,边界清晰,形态规则,内回声不均匀,未见液化及钙化回声(图1),脑中线向右偏移,侧脑室扩张,右侧扩张3.8 cm,左侧扩张1.6 cm,胎儿脊柱连续,因胎位关系胎儿四肢部分显示,胎盘位于前壁,成熟度Ⅲ级,羊水指数28.0 cm.超声提示:(1)宫内单活胎;(2)胎儿颅内占位病变;(3)胎儿脑积水;(4)羊水过多.自然分娩一女婴,生后即行CT检查,显示左侧前颅窝内肿瘤(图2),因家属原因未行尸检.     

胸骨上窝表皮样囊肿超声表现1例

患者女,16岁,主因"胸骨上窝肿块渐进性增大1年"来院就诊,无明显疼痛,患者无发热.查体:胸骨上窝触及一肿块,边界清,形态规则,质软,无压痛,推之无明显移动.超声:胸骨上窝皮下见一低回声团块,大小约2.3 cm×1.2 cm,边界清,形态规则,包膜光滑,内回声均匀;彩色多普勒血流显像(color Doppler flow imaging, CDFI)未见明显血流信号(图1).超声提示:胸骨上窝皮下低回声团块(性质待定).手术病理结果:胸骨上窝表皮样囊肿伴异物巨细胞形成.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.