Efficacy of Intra‐Arterial Treatment for Massive Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Hemodialysis Patients

The incidence of acute nonvariceal massive gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is higher in hemodialysis (HD) patients than in healthy individuals, and this is often a life‐threatening event. We evaluated the efficacy of intra‐arterial treatment for GIB in HD patients. Between January 2006 and June 2012, eight HD patients with GIB were treated with superselective transarterial embolization. Of the eight cases, one was duodenal bleeding, two were jejunal bleeding, one was ileocecum bleeding, two were ascending colonic bleeding, and two were sigmoid colonic bleeding. After examining the site of bleeding by endoscopy or contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT), embolizations with microcoils, gelatin sponges, or N‐butyl cyanoacrylate were performed through interventional radiology (IVR). In all cases, blood transfusions were frequently administered. Six of the eight patients with GIB were successfully salvaged by transarterial embolization. In one case, duodenal bleeding was refractory to endoscopic treatment. Embolization was performed twice in this case; however, the patient died of an aneurysm rupture at the embolization site 24 days after the embolizations. In another case, massive jejunal bleeding and disseminated intravascular coagulation were identified at the time of the first examination, and the patient died of multiorgan failure 26 days after the embolization. On the basis of our experience, we established an effective treatment strategy for HD patients with acute nonvariceal massive GIB, by immediately identifying the exact site and degree of bleeding using contrast‐enhanced computed tomography and performing early treatment with transarterial embolization.     

Transarterial embolization for massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage following abdominal surgery

AIM:To evaluate the clinical results of angiography and embolization for massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage after abdominal surgery.METHODS:This retrospective study included 26 patients with postoperative hemorrhage after abdominal surgery. All patients underwent emergency transarterial angiography,and 21 patients underwent emergency embolization. We retrospectively analyzed the angiographic features and the clinical outcomes of transcatheter arterial embolization.RESULTS:Angiography showed that a discrete bleeding focus was detected in 21(81%) of 26 patients.Positive angiographic findings included extravasations of contrast medium(n = 9),pseudoaneurysms(n =9),and fusiform aneurysms(n = 3). Transarterial embolization was technically successful in 21(95%) of 22patients. Clinical success was achieved in 18(82%) of 22 patients. No postembolization complications were observed. Three patients died of rebleeding.CONCLUSION:The positive rate of angiographic findings in 26 patients with postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage was 81%. Transcatheter arterial embolization seems to be an effective and safe method in the management of postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage.     

Minimally invasive thalamic hematoma drainage can improve the six-month outcome of thalamic hemorrhage

Objective To explore predictors of the 6-month clinical outcome of thalamic hemorrhage, and evaluate if minimally invasive thalamic hematoma drainage (THD) could improve its prognosis. Methods A total of 54 patients with spontaneous thalamic hemorrhage were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical data, including demographics, stroke risk factors, neuroimaging variables, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) on admission, surgical strategy, and outcome, were collected. Clinical outcome was assessed using a modified Rankin Scale, six months after onset. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to determine predictors of a poor outcome. Results Conservative treatment was performed for five patients (9.3%), external ventricular drainage (EVD) for 20 patients (37.0%), THD for four patients (7.4%), and EVD combined with THD for 25 patients (46.3%). At six months after onset, 21 (38.9%) patients achieved a favorable outcome, while 33 (61.1%) had a poor outcome. In the univariate analysis, predictors of poor 6-month outcome were lower GCS on admission (P = 0.001), larger hematoma volume (P < 0.001), midline shift (P = 0.035), acute hydrocephalus (P = 0.039), and no THD (P = 0.037). The independent predictors of poor outcome, according to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, were no THD and larger hematoma volume. Conclusions Minimally invasive THD, which removes most of the hematoma within a few days, with limited damage to perihematomal brain tissue, improved the 6-month outcome of thalamic hemorrhage. Thus, THD can be widely applied to treat patients with thalamic hemorrhage.     

影响脑出血微创颅内血肿清除术死亡和再出血的因素分析

目的：探讨影响微创血肿抽吸引流治疗脑出血患者疗效的因素。方法：前瞻性地观察分析261例行血肿抽吸引流治疗的幕上脑出血患者的病历资料。结果：患者病死率与血肿量（P=0.0067）、GCS评分（P〈0．0001）、年龄（P=0．0255）和拔管后残余血量有关（P=0．0406）,而与出血部位、入院时血压、手术时机、中线结构移位、首次血肿清除率和并发症无关（P〉0.05）。刚果红染色阳性组（P=0．0334）与未用止血剂组（P=0．0125）再出血的发生率较高,但与是否降低血压无关（P=0．3343）。结论：脑出血微创血肿抽吸引流术的死亡主要受出血量、GCS评分、年龄和首次血肿清除率的影响;刚果红染色阳性组再出血的发生率较高,再出血与是否用降血压治疗无关。     

Effects of Different Blood Purification Methods on Serum Cytokine Levels and Prognosis in Patients With Acute Severe Organophosphorus Pesticide Poisoning

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of three different blood purification methods, hemoperfusion (HP), continuous blood purification (CBP), and on‐line high‐volume hemodiafiltration (OL‐HDF), on the survival rate of patients with acute severe organophosphorus pesticide poisoning (ASOPP), as well as on major pro‐inflammatory (interleukin [IL]‐1, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α [TNF‐α]) and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10) cytokines in the serum. Eighty‐one ASOPP patients were randomly divided into three groups: HP (N = 23), HP + CBP (N = 26), HP + OL‐HD (N = 32). Serum IL‐1, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and IL‐10 levels were assessed by ELISA before treatment and at 24 and 48 h post‐treatment and survival rates were determined. Patient survival rate was significantly higher in OL‐HDF and CBP treated patients compared with HP group (P < 0.05). A significantly greater clearance effect in serum IL‐1, IL‐6, and TNF‐α levels at 24 and 48 h post‐treatment was observed in CBP and OL‐HDF groups compared with the HP group (P < 0.05). The levels of serum anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 increased significantly in CBP and OL‐HDF groups compared with the HP group (P < 0.05 at 48 h post‐treatment). In addition, OL‐HDF treatment achieved similar changes in serum TNF‐α, IL‐1, IL‐6 and IL‐10 levels as CBP (P > 0.05). Compared with the HP method, CBP or OL‐HDF combined with HP can rapidly clear inflammatory cytokines, reduce systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and improve the survival of ASOPP patients. Compared with CBP, OL‐HDF is an economical and effective method to treat ASOPP with less technical difficulty and more suitability for rural areas and primary hospitals.     

Bioimpedance Spectroscopy‐Based Fluid Status in Combined Dialysis Compared With Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis: A Cross‐Sectional Study

Combination therapy with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis (PD+HD) is widely used in Japan for PD patients with decreased residual renal function. However, fluid status in PD+HD patients has not been well studied. In this cross‐sectional study, we compared fluid status in 41 PD+HD patients with that in 103 HD and 92 PD patients using the bioimpedance spectroscopy. Extracellular water normalized to patient height (NECW, kg/m) was the highest in pre‐HD (8.3 ± 1.6) followed by PD (7.9 ± 2.7), PD+HD (7.5 ± 2.5), and post‐HD patients (6.9 ± 1.5) (P < 0.01). By multiple linear regression analysis, PD+HD was associated with a significantly lower NECW than pre‐HD (β = ?0.8, P = 0.03) and similar to PD (β = ?0.5, P = 0.24) and post‐HD (β = 0.6, P = 0.08) after adjustment for age, sex, diabetic nephropathy, ischemic heart disease, dialysis period, and daily urine volume. There was no correlation between NECW and daily urine volume in all dialysis groups. Average daily fluid removal (a sum of urine volume and ultrafiltration volume by dialysis) was positively correlated with NECW in PD+HD and pre‐HD, but not in PD and post‐HD patients. Our results suggest that fluid status in PD+HD patients with decreased residual renal function is acceptable as compared with that in HD and PD patients.     

Adalimumab in severe and acute sciatica: A multicenter,randomized, double‐blind,placebo‐controlled trial

Objective

Based on several experimental results and on a preliminary study, a trial was undertaken to assess the efficacy of adalimumab, a tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor, in patients with radicular pain due to lumbar disc herniation.

Methods

A multicenter, double‐blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted between May 2005 and December 2007 in Switzerland. Patients with acute (duration of <12 weeks) and severe (Oswestry Disability Index score of >50) radicular leg pain and imaging‐confirmed lumbar disc herniation were randomized to receive as adjuvant therapy either 2 subcutaneous injections of adalimumab (40 mg) at 7‐day intervals or matching placebo. The primary outcome was the score for leg pain, based on a visual analog scale (0–100 mm), which was recorded every day for 10 days and at 6 weeks and 6 months.

Results

Of the 265 patients screened, 61 were enrolled; 31 patients were assigned to receive adalimumab, and 4 patients in the placebo group were lost to followup. Over time, the course of leg pain was more favorable in the adalimumab group than in the placebo group (P = 0.002). However, the effect size was relatively small, and at the last followup visit the difference was 13.8 (95% confidence interval −11.5, 39.0). Compared with patients in the placebo group, approximately twice as many patients in the adalimumab group fulfilled the criteria for “responders” and for “low residual disease impact” (P < 0.05), and fewer surgical discectomies were performed (6 versus 13 in the placebo group; P = 0.04).

Conclusion

The addition of a short course of adalimumab to the treatment regimen of patients experiencing acute and severe sciatica resulted in a small decrease in leg pain and in significantly fewer surgical procedures.

     

Histopathologic correlates of serum amylase activity in acute experimental pancreatitis

The association of serum amylase activity with the extent of pancreatic injury in acute pancreatitis is unclear. To clarify this relationship, we induced acute pancreatitis ranging from mild to lethal in 118 Sprague-Dawley rats (350–450 g). This was achieved by controlled intraductal infusion of low- or high-dose bile salt, with or without enterokinase, followed by intravenous cerulein or saline for 6 hr. Serum amylase was measured at baseline and 6 hr. Pancreatic histopathology was evaluated by two blinded pathologists employing total surface scoring (N=118) and morphometric 20-field documentation (N =22). Serum amylase correlated best with edema (r=0.61) and fat necrosis (r=0.58), less well with acinar necrosis (r=0.53) and inflammation (r=0.50), and poorly with hemorrhage (r=0.33) and perivascular infiltrate (r=0.31). Inasmuch as edema and fat necrosis are not important determinants of severity, these observations could explain the poor prognostic value of serum amylase activity in patients with acute pancreatitis.J. Schmidt was supported by grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft No. Schm 781/1-1+2 and C. Fernandez-del Castillo was supported by Boehringer Foundation, Mexico.Preliminary results of this research have been presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the American Gastroenterological Association, New Orleans, May 19–22, 1991.     

Feasibility of primary clot extraction prior to percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction

Objectives : To test the feasibility, safety, and in‐hospital outcomes of utilizing the FilterWire EZ to extract clot prior to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Background : PCI in patients with acute MI is associated with a higher incidence of distal embolization, no‐reflow, or slow flow partly due to the presence of clot burden. Methods : The authors describe the feasibility, safety, and outcomes of using a FilterWire EZ distal protection device as a clot extraction device in patients who presented with acute MI and documented clot on coronary angiography. Results : Fifteen consecutive male patients with a mean age of 54 ± 8 years presented with acute MI (60% ST elevation MI). MI involved left anterior descending artery (n = 4), circumflex artery (n = 3), and right coronary artery (n = 8). Clot extraction followed by PCI reduced the percent diameter stenosis from 94 ± 12 to 65 ± 11 (P < 0.001) and restored TIMI 3 flow in all patients without distal embolization. The angiographic, procedural, and clinical success rates were 100%. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 52 ± 8% (range 30–62%) with only three patients (15%) who had an LVEF <50% and five patients (33%) without apparent wall motion abnormalities on echocardiography. Conclusions : Clot extraction before PCI during acute MI in native coronaries is feasible, safe, and effective in restoring TIMI 3 flow without distal embolization. Whether this approach results in better outcomes and improved LV function compared with standard therapy alone requires further investigation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

DNA Methylation: Hemodialysis Versus Hemodiafiltration

Aberrant DNA methylation is an emerging characteristic of chronic kidney disease including dialysis patients. It appears to be associated to inflammation. We compared the global DNA methylation status in 10 control subjects compared to 80 dialysis patients (N = 40 on‐line hemodiafiltration, N = 40 high‐flux hemodialysis) in relation to the dialysis technique and inflammation. Whole blood DNA methylation was assessed with a 5‐mc DNA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay Kit. Global DNA methylation was higher in hemodialysis (HD) compared to on‐line hemodiafiltration (HDF) patients (0.045 vs. 0.039; P < 0.0001) and controls (0.045 vs. 0.0284; P = 0.0002 for HD; 0.039 vs. 0.0284; P = 0.0254 for on‐line HDF). To study the influence of the dialysis technique on DNA methylation we divided dialysis patients according to the median value of 5‐mC. DNA methylation was highest in inflamed patients on hemodialysis. The dialysis technique was the only independent predictor of global DNA methylation in dialysis patients. On‐line HDF could be associated with a favorable DNA methylation profile.     

Serum Hepcidin Levels Are Associated With Serum Triglycerides and Interleukin‐6 Concentrations in Patients With End‐Stage Renal Disease

Hepcidin has emerged as a peptide with a key role in the regulation of iron homeostasis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), having a strong dependence on inflammation. Recent studies reveal that hepcidin may be also associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. This study was performed to analyze the relation of hepcidin to markers of atherosclerosis and inflammation in patients on dialysis. A total of 90 individuals were enrolled. Sixty patients with end‐stage renal disease, who were on hemodialysis (HD) (N = 30) and peritoneal dialysis (N = 30) were compared with 30 normal controls (NC). Age, body mass index, time on dialysis, serum lipids, C‐reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured and analyzed in correlation with hepcidin concentration. It was found that patients on HD and peritoneal dialysis have significantly higher (P < 0.0001) levels of hepcidin, CRP and IL‐6 than NC. Hepcidin in dialysis patients is significantly related to age (r = 0.373, P = 0.012), serum triglycerides (r = 0.401, P = 0.005), HDL‐C (r = ?0.268, P = 0.048), CRP (r = 0.436, P = 0.0007) and IL‐6 (r = 0.569, P < 0.0001). In multiple regression analysis, hepcidin correlated independently with triglycerides (β = 0.402, P = 0.041) and IL‐6 (β = 0.559, P = 0.006). Moreover, patients with high triglycerides in combination with high IL‐6 levels have significantly increased concentrations of hepcidin than those with low triglycerides and low IL‐6 levels (P < 0.0001). Elevated levels of hepcidin in patients with CKD on dialysis may be related to the occurrence of high triglycerides and high IL‐6 serum concentrations. This probably suggests that hepcidin may play a role to the progression of atherosclerosis and inflammation, but this hypothesis should be further evaluated.     

抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关血管炎伴非呼吸道出血的临床分析

目的:探讨抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)相关血管炎(AAV)伴非呼吸道出血的临床特征、诊疗及预后。方法:回顾性整理我院近5年诊治的47例AAV患者的临床病历资料,分析其中合并非呼吸道出血者的诊治过程。结果:47例AAV中合并非呼吸道出血6例(12.7%),中位年龄58岁。2例发生2处出血,共8处出血;消化道出血2例(4.2%),脑出血3例(6.4%),肾出血1例,腹膜后血肿1例,肌肉血肿1例。6例AAV临床表型为显微镜下多血管炎(MPA)4例,肉芽肿性多血管炎(GPA)2例(脑出血2例,肾出血1例)。6例中5例出血是AAV初诊活动期发生,同时伴急进性肾炎;胸部CT多提示双肺间质改变,但无咯血。1例肌肉血肿发生在血管炎复发期。4例MPOANCA强阳性,1例MPO-ANCA中阳性,1例PR3-ANCA强阳性。5例出血发作前已予激素治疗,临床表现较急骤危重,如头痛、腹痛、血便,常伴血红蛋白快速下降,3例休克血压;血小板计数及凝血指标均正常,仅1例血钙偏低。6例继续激素、环磷酰胺治疗,3例并用静脉免疫球蛋白、血浆置换和血液透析,辅以输血、止血(血管介入栓塞或手术)。6例中2例死亡(脑出血1例,消化道出血1例),4例存活者使用激素、免疫抑制剂诱导缓解,2例并用血浆置换治疗好转、脱离血液透析。结论:AAV合并非呼吸道出血的比例达12.7%;以脑出血和消化道出血为主,与本病导致血管损害相关,也是致命性的并发症。早期识别,积极免疫抑制剂治疗联合血浆置换、静脉免疫球蛋白,并止血处理(血管介入栓塞或手术),部分患者经救治可缓解。     

CT定位下微创穿刺治疗高血压基底节区脑出血短期疗效分析

目的探讨CT定位下微创穿刺血肿清除术治疗老年高血压基底节区脑出血的短期临床疗效及影响因素。方法回顾性分析82例微创穿刺血肿清除术(微创组)患者和46例常规开颅血肿清除术(常规组)患者术前格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、血肿量、有无脑疝、有无急性脑积水、手术时机和术后1个月GCS和生存情况。比较2组患者病死率和术后1个月GCS及影响微创组患者短期疗效的影响因素。结果微创组与常规组短期病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(26.8%vs 15.2%,P=0.132)。微创组术后GCS改善程度明显高于常规组(P=0.002)。手术时机和术前GCS是影响微创穿刺血肿清除术短期疗效的主要因素(OR=4.140,95%CI:1.153¹4.862,P=0.029;OR=5.199,95%CI:1.10914.862,P=0.029;OR=5.199,95%CI:1.109²4.386,P=0.037)。结论 CT定位下微创穿刺血肿清除术治疗老年高血压基底节区脑出血短期疗效确切,早期行微创穿刺血肿清除术可显著改善患者短期预后。     

Correlation of Coronary Artery Calcification With Pre‐Hemodialysis Bicarbonate Levels in Patients on Hemodialysis

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) leads to a significant increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Metabolic acidosis, which is common in HD patients, promotes bone resorption in human and animals as a result of buffer function of bone, and calcium and phosphate elute from bone into blood stream. However, the effect of acidosis on CAC in HD patients has never been precisely investigated. This is a cross‐sectional observational study performed in a single center. One hundred and seven prevalent HD patients (35 women and 72 men) underwent electron‐beam computed tomography (EBCT) to evaluate CAC score (CACS), and then we evaluated associated factors of CACS with clinical and laboratory parameters including pre‐HD pH and bicarbonate levels. Pre‐HD pH and bicarbonate levels were 7.35 ± 0.04, and 17.6 ± 1.8mmol/L, respectively. The pre‐HD pH had no significant correlation to CACS (r = ?0.025, P = 0.81). CACS was significantly negatively correlated with pre‐HD bicarbonate levels (r = ?0.329, P = 0.0009) and serum albumin levels (r = ?0.298, P = 0.0467), while it was positively correlated with age (r = 0.319, P = 0.0008) and HD duration (r = 0.385, P = 0.0004). Serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, intact parathyroid hormone, and use of phosphorus binders were not related to CACS. Multivariate analysis indicated that plasma pre‐HD bicarbonate level was independently associated with CACS. The present study showed that blood levels of pre‐HD bicarbonate were significantly associated with CAC in HD patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to determine whether correction of metabolic acidosis prevents the development of CAC, one of the features of accelerated atherosclerosis in HD patients.     

Outcomes of transplantation using organs from a donor infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)‐producing K. pneumoniae

Transmission of pathogens from donor to recipient is a potential complication of organ transplantation. Herein, we describe the clinical course and outcomes of 4 transplant recipients who received tissues from a donor with multi‐organ infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)‐producing K. pneumoniae. Recipient 1 underwent simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation for alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency and alcohol‐related cirrhosis, and acute tubular necrosis, respectively. Soon after transplantation, he developed an infected hematoma and peritonitis due to KPC‐producing K. pneumoniae despite receiving tigecycline prophylaxis. He was treated with a prolonged course of tigecycline, amikacin, and meropenem, in conjunction with surgical evacuation and percutaneous drainage of the infected fluid collections. Recipient 2 underwent living‐donor liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis using vein graft from the donor infected with KPC‐producing K. pneumoniae. Culture of the preservation fluid containing the vein graft was positive for KPC‐producing K. pneumoniae. The patient received preemptive amikacin and tigecycline, and he did not develop any infection (as evidenced by negative surveillance blood cultures). The isolates from the donor and Recipients 1 and 2 were indistinguishable by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. Recipients 3 and 4 underwent kidney and heart transplantation, respectively; both patients received perioperative tigecycline prophylaxis and did not develop infections due to KPC‐producing K. pneumoniae. All transplant recipients had good short‐term outcomes. These cases highlight the importance of inter‐institutional communication and collaboration to ensure the successful management of recipients of organs from donors infected with multidrug‐resistant organisms.     

超早期高血压脑出血微创术治疗的临床研究

目的 :探讨超早期高血压脑出血微创术治疗的疗效和影响疗效的主要因素。方法 :回顾性分析微创术治疗 2 76例高血压脑出血患者的术后疗效。根据发病至手术时间分为超早期组 (≤ 7h)和早期组 ( 8～ 72h)。治疗 3个月后统计分析每组患者的再出血发生率、病死率、致残率及治愈率。结果 :超早期组再出血率 4 .4 1% ,致残率 18.38% ,病死率 19.85 % ,治愈率 5 7.36 % ;早期组再出血率 4 .2 9% ,致残率 36 .4 3% ,病死率 37.14 % ,治愈率 2 2 .14 %。两组比较 ,致残率、病死率及治愈率均有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,再出血率无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :微创术超早期治疗高血压脑出血安全有效 ,病死率低 ,致残率低 ,预后好。     

Randomized Pilot Trial Between Prostaglandin I2 Analog and Anti‐Platelet Drugs on Peripheral Arterial Disease in Hemodialysis Patients

The effect of the prostaglandin I₂ analog, beraprost sodium (BPS), on hemodialysis (HD) patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has not been fully elucidated. The effect of BPS was compared to that of PAD drugs in HD patients with PAD in a multicenter randomized prospective interventional pilot study (J‐PADD). Seventy‐two PAD patients on HD were entered and randomly divided into two groups; that is, BPS group (Group A: n = 35) and PAD drug (cilostazol or sarpogrelate) group (Group B: n = 37). Primary endpoint was changes in skin perfusion pressure (SPP). Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) score, cardiovascular events, PAD events, and adverse events were also evaluated. SPP increased significantly in both groups at 24 weeks from their basal levels. The absolute increase of SPP in Group A and Group B were 15.4 ± 30.0 mm Hg (P < 0.0001) and 20.2 ± 22.1 mm Hg (P = 0.025) (instep), and 13.8 ± 19.3 mm Hg (P < 0.0001) and 9.2 ± 16.3 mm Hg (P = 0.041) (sole), respectively. Changes of KDQOL score showed significantly better result in the role of physical score in Group A compared with Group B. Although heart rate was unchanged in Group A, 9.3/min increase was seen in Group B patients who received cilostazol. There was no intergroup difference in cardiovascular events and/or PAD events between the two groups during the study period. This exploratory pilot study suggested BPS was as effective as anti‐platelet drugs in improving microcirculation in HD patients.     

高血压性脑出血微创穿刺血肿清除术后生活质量多因素分析

目的探讨基底核区高血压性脑出血行微创穿刺血肿清除术后生活质量的影响因素。方法回顾分析进行微创穿刺血肿清除术的80例基底核区高血压性脑出血患者病例资料,对影响患者术后生活质量的相关因素进行单因素分析及Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析结果表明,患者的年龄、家庭人口数、婚姻状况、受教育程度、家庭月收入、脑中线移位、脑出血量、脑疝及破入脑室情况以及患者意识状态对患者的术后生理健康具有显著影响;家庭人口数、是否与子女同住、婚姻状况、意识状态均是影响患者术后心理健康评分的显著因素;多因素分析结果显示家庭人口数(OR=1.941,95%CI 1.175～3.206)及脑中线位移(OR=0.589,95%CI 0.363～0.956)、脑出血量(OR=10.253,95%CI 6.099～17.235)是影响患者术后生理健康的独立影响因素;婚姻状况(OR=0.487,95%CI 0.357～0.664)及是否与子女同住(OR=5.392,95%CI 5.145～5.652)是影响患者术后心理健康的独立影响因素,其中家庭人口数、脑中线位移、脑出血量与患者生理健康评分呈显著负相关,婚姻状况与心理健康评分呈显著负相关,与子女同住与心理健康评分呈显著正相关。结论基底核区高血压脑出血患者在行微创穿刺血肿清除术后的生活质量与患者的家庭人口数、脑中线移位、脑出血量、婚姻状况以及是否与子女同住密切相关。     

NSAIDs are a significant risk factor for colonic diverticular hemorrhage in elder patients: evaluation by a case-control study

Background and Aim: Diverticular bleeding is a common cause of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Several factors, including use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antithrombotic agents and arteriosclerosis, could be risk factors. The aim of this study is to identify these risk factors. Methods: Between January 2000 and December 2008, 51 patients among 178 acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhages who visited Saga Medical School were diagnosed as colonic diverticular hemorrhage, established by emergency endoscopy and diagnostic criteria. Gender and age matched control cases were selected from patients of other diseases hospitalized during the same period. We evaluated by using logistic regression analysis the influences of comorbidities such as cerebrovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and osteoporosis, medications including NSAIDs and antithrombotic agents, and habits of smoking, alcohol, and chronic constipation. Results: Fifty one patients out of 178 acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (28.7%) were diagnosed as diverticular hemorrhage, which was the most common cause of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Sex ratio of men versus women for colonic diverticular hemorrhage was 35:16. NSAIDs were a significant risk factor for colonic diverticular hemorrhage in elder patients (odds ratio [OR] = 7.492, 95% CI: 1.516–37.024, P = 0.0135). Hypertension and hyperlipidemia had significant association with diverticular hemorrhage among patients younger than 65 years old. This study also indicated that use of NSAIDs was a risk factor for re‐bleeding (OR = 5.4, 95% CI: 1.01–28.78, P = 0.048). Conclusion: This case‐control study revealed that the use of NSAIDs was a significant risk factor for colonic diverticular hemorrhage in elder patients. In addition, use of NSAIDs is a risk factor for re‐bleeding from colonic diverticula.     

Serum Antioxidant Capacity is Preserved in Peritoneal Dialysis Contrary to Its Robust Depletion After Hemodialysis and Hemodiafiltration Sessions

Renal replacement therapy (RRT) may differentially affect systemic generation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of antioxidant pools of low molecular weight molecules and proteins. This study was designed to assess the magnitude of the impairment of serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in relation to different RRT modalities. The study included patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD, N = 21), hemodialysis (HD, N = 21), hemodiafiltration (HDF, N = 20), and healthy controls (N = 33). TAC was assessed by the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In CAPD patients, predialysis FRAP and DPPH were increased: 1.46 mM and 10.5% vs. control 1.19 mM and 7.2%, respectively (P < 0.001 in each). In HD and HDF patients, the FRAP and DPPH were significantly increased before and lowered after the RRT session (P < 0.05) if compared with healthy controls. During an HD session, FRAP was decreased from pre-HD 1.71 ± 0.29 mM to post-HD 0.85 ± 0.20 mM (P = 0.0001). The decrease of FRAP was lower during HDF (P < 0.05 vs. HD), it decreased from pre-HDF 1.41 ± 0.43 mM to post-HDF 0.87 ± 0.23 mM (P = 0.0001 vs. pre-HDF). The HD session decreased DPPH from the pre-HD median 10.3%, interquartile range (IR) 9.3–12.0% to post-HD 2.6% IR 2.3–3.1% (P < 0.0001). The adjustment of either urate or bilirubin up to pre-HD levels did not restore lowered post-HD levels of TAC. TAC remains preserved in CAPD, whereas the robust depletion of TAC, lower after HDF than HD sessions, cannot be attributed solely to the washout of dialyzable compounds.