41例长期使用呼吸机患者的撤机护理体会

目的：探讨长期使用呼吸机患者的成功脱机方法。方法：对41例长期使用呼吸机患者进行回顾性分析，对患者采用心理支持，呼吸肌锻炼，监测呼吸，营养支持，对呼吸道进行有效护理等护理方法，采取间断脱机方式，选择最佳脱机的时间。结果：35例患者顺利脱机，6例患者因并发多功能脏器衰竭死亡。结论：了懈停机的指征，熟练应用呼吸机，做好患者心理护理，加强呼吸道管理及营养支持，是保证患者顺利撤机的关键措施。     

综合护理干预在长期使用呼吸机脱机患者中的应用

目的:探讨综合护理干预在长期使用呼吸机脱机患者中的应用效果。方法:对80例使用呼吸机的患者逐步降低机械通气水平,逐步延长自主呼吸时间,进行综合护理干预,观察脱机时间。结果:2 d脱机成功30例,4 d脱机成功12例,≥6 d脱机成功12例,死亡6例。结论:正确掌握脱机的指征时机,做好患者的心理疏导,取得家属支持配合,严密观察病情及各项生理指标,做好营养支持等是护理干预长期使用呼吸机成功脱机的关键。     

重度肥胖伴呼吸机依赖患者成功脱机的护理

总结1例重度肥胖伴呼吸机依赖患者成功脱机的护理经验。结合患者重度肥胖的实际情况,做好重度肥胖患者的气道护理、循序渐进的脱机计划、早期下床功能锻炼、营养支持及呼吸机依赖患者脱机前的健康教育,历时35天患者成功脱机,病情好转后转入普通病房。     

1例无创通气致呼吸机依赖慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺癌成功脱机患者的护理

总结1例慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺癌患者发生无创通气依赖后成功脱机的护理经验。护理要点是动态观察呼吸机指标及病情变化、适应性调整呼吸机参数，优化患者带机护理及气道管理，无创呼吸机阶梯式降压脱机治疗，带机下渐进式早期活动，营养支持与液体管理。经治疗和护理，患者于12天内成功脱机，18天出院，一月后院外延续随访，患者恢复良好。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气和营养支持治疗37例分析

目的探讨急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者机械通气和营养支持治疗的临床特点及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析37例ARDS患者经机械通气和营养支持治疗的临床资料。结果37例ARDS机械通气患者1次脱机成功者30例,2次脱机成功者5例,3次脱机成功者2例。机械通气3—10d,无一例依赖呼吸机。全胃肠外营养（TPN）支持4-12d,TPN支持期间合并高血糖5例,消化道出血4例,肺感染、呼吸衰竭5例,无一例中心静脉置管并发症。结论机械通气和营养支持治疗ARDS临床效果较好。但应注意营养供给方式的选择。     

1例吉兰-巴雷综合征呼吸机依赖患者的脱机护理

总结了1例吉兰-巴雷综合征呼吸机依赖患者的脱机护理,包括采用间断脱机锻炼、呼吸肌功能锻炼、心理支持、有效沟通等措施.认为坚持肢体功能锻炼、积极预防呼吸机相关肺炎、加强基础护理、营养支持,能够使患者成功脱机.     

婴儿先天性心脏病术后呼吸机脱机的护理

报道婴儿先天性心脏病术后呼吸机脱机的护理要点。通过掌握脱机指征和恰当的脱机方法,做好呼吸道的管理,维持循环稳定,给予营养支持及合理镇静,使患儿顺利脱机。认为加强脱机前后的护理,有效提高了婴儿先心病术后呼吸机脱机的安全性和成功率。     

机械通气患者脱机致急性左心衰11例原因分析

目的分析机械通气患者脱机致急性左心衰的原因,提高脱机成功率。方法对2008年1月至2010年9月我院ICU收住的80例机械通气患者中脱机后发生急性左心衰致脱机失败的原因进行回顾性调查分析。结果 69例脱机成功,11例脱机后出现急性左心衰,其中6例经对症处理后脱机成功,5例脱机失败。结论机械通气患者脱机发生急性左心衰的原因:①原有基础心脏病。②脱机时机掌握欠佳。③患者精神因素。     

心脏直视手术后呼吸机脱机后的护理

目的 总结心脏直视手术后呼吸机脱机后的护理经验。方法 回顾性研究72例心脏直视手术患者的临床资料。结果 通过治疗及护理，全组患者顺利脱机，未出现并发症。结论 脱机前做好患者的心理护理、控制肺内感染、维持循环功能稳定、保持呼吸道通畅、严格掌握脱机指征并加强停机后拔除气管插管的观察及护理是成功脱机的关键。     

高龄患者术后呼吸衰竭治疗的临床分析

目的总结高龄患者术后并发严重呼吸衰竭的治疗经验。方法术后并发呼吸衰竭的高龄患者12例，在积极治疗原发疾病的同时，给予了较长时间机械通气（通气时间15～61d，平均27．6d），以及敏感抗生素和营养支持治疗。结果12例患者均成功脱机拔管，治愈出院。结论高龄患者术后并发严重呼吸衰竭时，在维持适当机械通气的条件下，给予积极的原发疾病治疗、有效的抗感染以及合理的营养支持等对于呼吸衰竭的治疗十分重要。     

Replacement of fentanyl infusion by enteral methadone decreases the weaning time from mechanical ventilation: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) are frequently administered prolonged and/or high doses of opioids which when removed can cause a withdrawal syndrome and difficulty in weaning from MV. We tested the hypothesis that the introduction of enteral methadone during weaning from sedation and analgesia in critically ill adult patients on MV would decrease the weaning time from MV. METHODS: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in the adult intensive care units (ICUs) of four general hospitals in Brazil. The 75 patients, who met the criteria for weaning from MV and had been using fentanyl for more than five consecutive days, were randomized to the methadone (MG) or control group (CG). Within the first 24 hours after study enrollment, both groups received 80% of the original dose of fentanyl, the MG received enteral methadone and the CG received an enteral placebo. After the first 24 hours, the MG received an intravenous (IV) saline solution (placebo), while the CG received IV fentanyl. For both groups, the IV solution was reduced by 20% every 24 hours. The groups were compared by evaluating the MV weaning time and the duration of MV, as well as the ICU stay and the hospital stay. RESULTS: Of the 75 patients randomized, seven were excluded and 68 were analyzed: 37 from the MG and 31 from the CG. There was a higher probability of early extubation in the MG, but the difference was not significant (hazard ratio: 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87 to 2.64; P = 0.11). The probability of successful weaning by the fifth day was significantly higher in the MG (hazard ratio: 2.64 (95% CI: 1.22 to 5.69; P < 0.02). Among the 54 patients who were successfully weaned (29 from the MG and 25 from the CG), the MV weaning time was significantly lower in the MG (hazard ratio: 2.06; 95% CI 1.17 to 3.63; P < 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of enteral methadone during weaning from sedation and analgesia in mechanically ventilated patients resulted in a decrease in the weaning time from MV.     

肠内营养支持对慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期机械通气患者营养和预后的影响

目的 探讨营养支持对改善慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)机械通气患者营养状况和预后的作用。方法 采用随机对照法,将初期入选的100例AECOPD机械通气患者分成治疗组(n=50)和对照组(n=50)。治疗组于机械通气后48小时内开始给予肠内营养混悬液(能全力?)肠内营养(enteral nutrition, EN)支持,对照组给予自制流食支持治疗。观察并监测两组治疗前及治疗7 d和14 d后的营养指标：血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(Hb)、氮平衡(NB);营养状况：体重指数(BMI)、肱三头肌皮褶厚度(TSF)、上臂中间点周径(AMC);免疫指标：免疫球蛋白(IgA);临床指标：2周内脱机成功率、机械通气时间、入住ICU时间、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)的发生率,APACHE II评分以及观察肠内营养不耐受性：胃潴留、反流、误吸,导管相关感染等不良事件的发生情况;同时对未到达终点(死亡或放弃治疗)的患者做退出处理。结果 治疗14 d后,治疗组血清ALB、PA、NB、IgA各指标均明显提高,与治疗前及对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组BM...     

Transitional Percentage of Minute Volume as a Novel Predictor of Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Failure

PurposeSome patients with respiratory failure fail initial weaning attempts and need prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV). Prolonged MV is associated with many complications and consumption of heathcare resources. Objective weaning indices help staffs to identify high-potential patients for weaning from the MV. Traditional weaning indices are not reliable in clinical practice. Transitional percentage of minute volume (TMV%) is a new index of the work of breathing. This study aimed to investigate the utility of TMV% in the prediction of weaning potential.MethodsThis study was prospectively performed including all patients with prolonged MV. Researchers recorded their demographics, TMV%, respiratory parameters, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, and laboratory data upon arrival at the respiratory care center. The factors associated with successful weaning were analyzed.ResultsOut of the 120 patients included, 84 (70.0%) were successfully weaned from MV. Traditional weaning indices such as rapid shallow breathing index could not predict the weaning outcome. TMV% was a valuable parameter as patients with a lower TMV%, higher tidal volume, higher hemoglobin, lower blood urea nitrogen, and lower Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores had a higher rate of successful weaning. TMV%, tidal volume, and HCO3^- levels were independent predictors of successful weaning, and the area under the curve was .79 in the logistic regression model.ConclusionTMV% is a novel and effective predictor of successful weaning. Patients with lower TMV% had a higher MV weaning outcome. Once patients with a high potential for successful weaning are identified, they should be aggressively weaned from MV as soon as possible.Clinical Trials Government IdentifierNCT033480.     

N端脑钠素前体对机械通气撤机结局的预测意义

目的 探讨达到撤机条件的机械通气患者撤机前N端脑钠素前体(NT-proBNP)水平与撤机结局间的关系.方法 选择2008年8月至2009年12月重症监护病房(ICU)机械通气患者126例,统计其病因构成.在患者达到撤机条件时取血测定NT-proBNP水平,随后依次进行自主呼吸试验(SBT)并序贯撤机拔管.根据48 h内的撤机结局,比较撤机成功组与失败组NT-proBNP水平的差异,并绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),寻找预测撤机结局的最佳NT-proBNP水平.结果 撤机前患者的上机病因组成仍以肺部感染(占33.3%)和外科手术后(占30.2%)为主,以心力衰竭(心衰)为上机原因的仅占11.9%.撤机前患者的血浆NT-proBNP水平与撤机结局存在关联:失败组(38例)lg NT-proBNP水平较成功组(88例)明显增高(3.97±0.48比2.99±0.67,P<0.05);NT-proBNP的ROC曲线下面积为0.875±0.043,95%可信区间(95%CI)为0.792～0.959,其预测撤机失败的截点值为3 914.5 ng/L,在此截点值下的敏感性为78.3%、特异性为91.1%.结论 不论机械通气的病因如何,心功能因素在撤机时都必须考虑;3 914.5 ng/L血浆NT-proBNP水平可以预测撤机结局,达到该截点值应对患者进行改善心功能的治疗,从而提高撤机成功率.     

Automated weaning from mechanical ventilation: Results of a Bayesian network meta-analysis

PurposeMechanical ventilation (MV) weaning is a crucial step. Automated weaning modes reduce MV duration but the question of the best automated mode remains unanswered. Our objective was to compare the major automated modes for MV weaning in critically ill and post-operative adult patients.Material and methodsWe conducted a network Bayesian meta-analysis to compare different automated modes. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane central registry for randomized control trials comparing automated weaning modes either to another automated mode or to standard-of-care. The primary outcome was the duration of MV weaning extracted from the original trials.Results663 articles were screened and 26 trials (2097patients) were included in the final analysis. All automated modes included in the study (ASV°, Intellivent ASV, Smartcare, Automode°, PAV° and MRV°) outperformed standard-of-care but no automated mode reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation weaning as compared to others in the network meta-analysis.ConclusionCompared to standard weaning practice, all automated modes significantly reduced the duration of MV weaning in critically ill and post-operative adult patients. When cross-compared using a network meta-analysis, no specific mode was different in reducing the duration of MV weaning.The study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42015024742).     

重症肌无力术后机械通气脱机方法的比较

目的:比较重症肌无力胸腺切除术后经验性脱机和程序化脱机在机械通气(MV)撤机的临床效果。方法:重症肌无力胸腺切除术后行机械通气的患者67例,根据脱机方式不同分为经验性脱机组和程序化脱机。比较两种脱机方法的MV时间、监护室住院时间、脱机成功率、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率和住院死亡率等差异。结果:两组重症肌无力术后机械通气患者比较,程序化脱机组比经验性脱机组MV时间、监护室住院时间和总住院时间均有明显缩短(P<0.05);VAP发生率和住院死亡率方面,程序化脱机组均明显低于经验性脱机组(均P<0.05)。结论:重症肌无力胸腺切除术后机械通气时采用程序化脱机能明显缩短MV时间和监护室住院时间,提高脱机成功率,降低VAP发生率和住院死亡率,值得临床推广。     

计划性脱机与经验性脱机的临床比较

目的比较计划性脱机与经验性脱机的优劣。方法 71位患者分成两组,做前后对照的前瞻性研究。结果与对照组相比,试验组机械通气(MV)的时间明显缩短(53．00 h vs 156．50 h,P=0．042); 开始脱机前的机械通气(MV)时间显著减少(15．00 h vs 92．00 h,P=0．000);住院死亡率明显降低 (34．3％ vs 61．1％,P=0．024);呼吸机相关性肺炎和气管切开的发病率显著下降(P<0．05)。试验组脱机成功率高于对照组(68．6％ vs 47．2％,P=0．069),而住院费用较低(67 256．12元 vs 104 570．76元,P= 0．295)。结论脱机方案指导的计划性脱机是安全的,它能提高医生的脱机意识、减少MV的时间和并发症、降低住院病死率。     

Survival of mechanically ventilated patients admitted to a specialised weaning centre

OBJECTIVE: Hospital mortality and survival rates of long-term ventilated patients.DESIGN. Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Specialised national weaning centre. INTERVENTION: Protocol-directed liberation from ventilator. PATIENTS: Four hundred three of 640 patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) who were admitted to our respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) were studied. MV lasted longer than 2 weeks and patients had failed more than two weaning trials in the referring ICUs. The majority of patients (59.3%) had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). RESULTS: After a mean duration of 41 days of MV prior to transfer, 68% of patients were liberated from the ventilator. In total, 98 of 403 patients (24.3%) died during the stay in our hospital, 305 patients (75.7%) were discharged. Compared to the non-survivors, the survivors were characterised by younger age, longer length of stay in our RICU, lower severity of illness scores at admission, fewer cardiac illnesses and a higher rate of weaning success. In 31.5% of the discharged patients non-invasive MV (NIV) was initiated during the stay at our unit. We gathered follow-up data on 293 patients (96.1%). Post-discharge survival rates were 67.6% at 3 months, 49.4% at 1 year and 38.1% at 3 years. Length of survival was significantly dependent on age, weaning success and main diagnosis (i.e., prognosis in COPD is worse compared to thoracic restriction, neuromuscular disease and others) in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Difficult-to-wean patients have a high hospital mortality rate and poor long-term prognosis. Age, main diagnosis, severity of illness, weaning success and institution of NIV predict survival.     

Right ventricular function during weaning from mechanical ventilation after coronary artery bypass grafting: effect of volume loading

Objective: The study was designed to investigate the right ventricular (RV) reaction to weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) in patients with and without volume loading after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Design: Controlled study. Setting: Surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients: 18 patients were randomized in two groups, Control group (n = 9) and Volume group (n = 9), when the established criteria for weaning from the respirator were satisfied. Intervention: During MV, patients in the Volume group received in rapid (10-min) 6 ml/kg infusion of a 6 % hydroxyethyl starch preparation. Measurements and results: Hemodynamic parameters were measured using a combined right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction-oximetry pulmonary artery catheter at T0 (during MV: baseline), T1 (during MV: 10 min after volume loading or at the same time in the Control group), T2 [after 20 min of spontaneous ventilation (SV)]. In the Control group, RV volumes did not differ throughout the study, while cardiac index (CI) and RV stroke work index (RVSWI) increased from T1 to T2. In the Volume group, RV volumes increased from T0 to T1, further increasing from T1 to T2, whereas CI increased only from T0 to T1. In this group, RVSWI increased from T0 to T1 in 8/9 patients and from T1 to T2 in 6/9 patients. Conclusions: An increase in RV volumes with a concomitant increase in RVSWI was observed in high preload patients when going from MV to SV, suggesting a preserved RV function during weaning from MV in this group compared with control patients. The depression in RV contractility observed in some patients suggested that rapid volume expansion before weaning from MV in CABG patients must be done carefully. Received: 25 April 1997 Accepted: 24 September 1997     

Carbon dioxide mandatory ventilation (CO2MV): A new method for weaning from mechanical ventilation

Summary We describe a new technique specially designed for weaning from mechanical ventilation: carbon dioxide mandatory ventilation (CO2MV). CO2MV is based on feedback between end tidal expired partial pressure of carbon dioxide and ventilatory mode, controlled or spontaneous. In order to evaluate its real interest we performed a randomized prospective study, CO2MV vs Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) and T. Tube Method (TTM). Fourty-two adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease entered this study at the end of acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilatory support. We observed a better stability of arterial blood gas during weaning with CO2MV and an increase in success rate (CO2MV 13/14 -IMV 5/14 - TTM 10/14). From this study CO2MV seems available for weaning of COPD patients. Nevertheless, further studies are required to appreciate its real clinical interest.Supported by grants from the National Institute of Health and Medical Research and the University of LILLE II.