老年性颅内肿瘤临床特点分析

目的 报告218例老年性脑肿瘤,对其临床表现、病例特点及预后进行总结。方法 218例病人中男138例,女80例,平均年龄65．6岁,全部经手术治疗。结果 病理类型：脑膜瘤64例（29％）,胶质瘤63例（28％）,垂体瘤35例（16％）,转移瘤32例（15％）,听神经瘤17例（9％）,血管母细胞瘤3例（1．5％）,颅咽管瘤2例（0．9％）,非何杰金氏淋巴瘤2例（0．9％）。结论 老年人脑肿瘤发现率呈逐步升高趋势。肿瘤主要位于幕上,临床表现不典型。治疗上应采取积极态度,手术是首选治疗,术后可辅以放疗、化疗。老年人脑肿瘤手术并发症多,发生率高,术后应重视并发症的预防及治疗。     

老年人消化性溃疡并出血93例临床分析

目的探讨老年人≥60岁消化性溃疡（PU）并出血的临床、内镜特点及转归．方法查找资料完整的老年患者93例并随机与同期≤45岁中青年患者79例进行对比，分析其临床特点，出血诱因、伴发病、病死率及内镜溃疡、伴发癌变（GCa）、萎缩性胃炎（CAG），胃粘膜肠腺化生（IM）情况．统计学资料采用X2检验．结果临床特点：出血量＞1000mL，老年组38例，占40．9％，中青年组17例，占21．5％（P＜0．01）．出现休克，老年组20例，占21．5％，中青年组3例，占3．7％（P＜0．001）．大便潜血阳性超过1wk，老年组44例，占47．3％，中青年组5例，占6．3％（P＜0．001）．内科保守治疗无效需手术，老年组16例，占17．2％，中青年组3例，占3．7％（P＜0．01）．伴发病，老年组76例，占81．7％，中青年组15例，占19．0％（P＜0．01）．病死率，老年组10例，占10．8％，中青年组2例，占2.5％（P＜0．05）．溃疡特点：胃溃疡（GU），老年组63例，占67．7％，中青年组16例，占20．3％（P＜0．001）．十二指肠溃疡（DU），老年组30例，占32．3％，中青年组63例，占79．8％（P＜0.001）．伴发CAG，老年组76例，占75．3％，中青年组20例，占25．3％（P＜0．01）．IM：老年组60例，占64．5％，中青年组18例，占22．8％（P＜0．001     

脑膜瘤患者瘤组织中PCNA、PR表达及其与术后复发的关系

为探讨脑膜瘤组织中增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）及孕激素受体（PR）表达的临床意义。应用免疫组化方法检测了70例脑膜瘤患者组织中的PCNA、PR表达情况。结果：32例复发性脑膜瘤组织中PCNA阳性28例，PR表达阳性7例；38例初发生脑膜瘤中PCNA表达阳性22例，PR表达阳性31例，随脑膜瘤组织学分级的增高，PCNA强阳性表达者增多，复发组阳性率显著高于初发组（P＜0．05），组织学分级与PR表达阳性呈极显著负相关， 组织学分级越高，PR阳性表达率越低（P＜0．01），复发组表达阳性率（21．8％，7／32）显著低于初组（81．5％，31／38），有统计学意义（P＜0．01），PR阴性组PCNALI明显高于阳性组（P＜0．01）。认为PCNA、PR表达水平与组织学分级及肿瘤复发显著性相关，可作为脑膜瘤复发的预测指标。     

老年人急性肾功能衰竭的临床特点

目的：探讨老年急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的临床特点,方法：将151例ARF病人分为老年组（47例）和对照组（104例）,并比较两组病人的临床资料、治疗方法和预后。结果老年组引起ARF最常邮病因是感染,明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）,而肾实质性疾病引起的ARF明显低于对照组（P＜0．01）。多脏器功能衰竭的发生率、病死率均明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）。治疗开始前血清肌酐水平明显低于对照组（P＜0．01）。接受透析治疗病例数明显低于对照组P＜0．01）。结论老年ARF的原发疾病及临床经过有其特殊性。加强透析治疗,尤其早期预防透析是治疗成功的关键,预后与年龄、原发病能否控制及透析时机的选择有关。     

中青年与老年消化性溃疡患者临床资料对比分析

目的探讨中青年与老年消化性溃疡的临床特点。方法对我院近5年间经胃镜检查或手术病理确诊为消化性溃疡的904例患者临床资料进行统计分析。结果消化性溃疡患者904例，其中中青年患者703例，老年患者201例。中青年患者中症状不典型，以并发症为首发症状者明显少于老年组（P〈0．01）；老年组患者并发症、伴发病发生率、高位溃疡,巨大溃疡发生率、并发症死亡率均明显高于中青年组（均P〈0．01）。结论中青年患者与老年患者消化性溃疡的临床流行病学特点存在较大差异。     

老年高尿酸血症及其伴发疾病临床特点

目的：探讨老年高尿酸血症患者的临床特点。方法：选取≥60岁老年高尿酸血症患者243例为Ⅰ组,60岁以下中青年高尿酸血症患者265例为Ⅱ组,同时设立正常对照组（血尿酸正常老年人）243例为Ⅲ组。采用统一设计的体检表对所有患者病史、生活方式、一般情况及各项检查结果进行记录,并进行各组间的比较。结果：Ⅰ组患者高血压、冠心病、高脂血症、糖尿病及脑卒中的发病率均明显高于Ⅲ组患者（P〈0．05～〈0．01）;Ⅰ组患者肥胖、痛风性关节炎、痛风结石和肾结石的发生比例明显低于Ⅱ组患者（P均〈0．01）;Ⅰ组患者高血压、冠心病、高脂血症及脑卒中的发病率均显著高于Ⅱ组患者（P〈0．05～〈0．01）。结论：如果出现高尿酸血症的临床特点．应进行进一步检查,以早期诊断、治疗,改善预后。     

老年急性心肌梗死临床特点

目的：探讨老年人急性心肌梗死（AMI）临床特点，方法：对比分析59例老年人和41例青年人AMI临床资料。结果：老年组与对照组相比，女性患者较对照组多（P＜0．01），其余危险因素比例无差别（P＞0．05）；老年AMI无明显诱发因素者明显多于对照组（P＜0．01），老年组曾有心肌梗死和脑梗死者多（P＜0．05－P＜0．01）；老年组症不典型者多，且心衰、房颤发生率高（P＜0．05－P＜0．01），死亡率亦高（P＜0．05），而两组相比室速，室颤、房室传导阻滞无差别（P＞0．05）老年组广泛前壁，前壁，无Q波性心肌梗死多于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：老年人AMI诱发因素及临床症不典型，心衰发生率及近期死亡率高。     

尿毒症患者桡动脉病变影响因素及临床意义

目的：观察尿毒症患者血管病变的临床与病理联系，探讨导致血管病变的各种危险因素。方法：对27例尿毒症患者的临床检测指标以及桡动脉病理改变（按病变程度分为轻、中、重组）进行了观察和分析。结果：尿毒症患者与正常对照组（n=50)比较，存在血浆胰岛素（INS）、C肽、甲状旁腺激素（PTH）、皮质醇、血清脂蛋白（a)[Lp(a)]、三酰甘油和平均动脉压（MAP）增高（P＜0．01），同时存在血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－C）、胰岛素敏感指数（IAI）等降低（P＜0．01），其中，重度血管病变组的INS、PTH显著增高（与另两组比较P＜0．01），血浆皮质醇增高也较明显（与中度组比较P＜0．05）。Lp(a)水平有随血管病变程度加重而逐渐升高的趋势。此外，血管病变程度与临床心血管检查指标异常的发生率之间呈正相关（P＜0．05），其中超声心动图（UCG）与血管病变程度关系最为密切（P＜0．01）。结论：高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗（IR）和LP（a),PTH，皮质醇增高是导致尿毒症患者血管病变的危险因素。对上述因素及时干预可能延缓尿毒症血管病变的发生和发展。     

老年心力衰竭患者血清白细胞介素10水平的临床研究

目的 探讨老年充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清白细胞介素10（IL－10）水平的变化及临床意义。方法 采用双抗体夹心法ELISA测定40例老年（≥60岁）CHF患者血清IL－10水平，以38例老年前期（50－59岁）CHF患者和30例健康老年人（≥60岁）作比较，分析老年CHF不同心衰程度间血清IL－10水平差异。结果 CHF患者血清IL－10水平显著低于正常对照组（P＜0．001），老年CHF患者亦低于老年前期CHF患者（P＜0．001），老年CHF不同程度心衰间血清IL－10水平差异显著（F＝101．41，P＜0．01），且随心衰的加重而降低（P＜0．05－0．01）。结论 IL－10可能参与CHF的发生和病理发展过程，监测血清IL－10水平可作为判断老年CHF免疫功能和心衰病情的指标之一。     

老年系统性红斑狼疮47例临床特点分析

目的探讨老年系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）的临床特点。方法47例老年SLE的主要临床表现、实验室检查、诊断、疗效与中青年组60例对比分析。结果老年组出现浆膜炎、继发性干燥综合征、血液系统异常、肺损害及抗核抗体（anti-ANA）、抗SSA抗体（anti-SSA）、类风漫因子（RF）的阳性率与中青年组比较显著增高（P〈0．05）;出现皮疹、雷诺现象、光过敏、肾损害、周围血管炎、补体C3降低及抗双链DNA抗体（anti—dsDNA）、抗Sm抗体（anti-Sm）、抗RNP抗体（anti-RNP）的阳性率与中青年组比较显著降低（P〈0．05）;老年组确诊时疾病活动指数（SLEDAl2000）比中青年组明显降低（P＜0．05）;老年组系统性红斑狼疮脏器损伤指数（SLICC／ACRDI）评分比中青年组明显升高（P〈0．05）;老年组从发病到确诊时间与中青年组比较明显延长（P〈0．05）;老年组误诊率与中青年组比较明显增高（P〈0．05）;两组疗效及预后无明显差别（P〉0.05）。结论老年SLE临床表现不典型,与中青年SLE有较多不同;老年SLE与中青年SLE比较,疾病活动指数低,损伤指数高,误诊率高,疗效及预后无明显差别。     

Three-dimensional reconstruction of tumor microvasculature: simultaneous visualization of multiple components in paraffin-embedded tissue

Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of microscopic structures may provide useful information about the exact 3D configuration, and offers a useful tool to examine the spatial relationship between different components in tissues. A promising field for 3D investigation is the microvascular architecture in normal and pathological tissue, especially because pathological angiogenesis plays a key role in tumor growth and metastasis formation. This paper describes an improved method for 3D reconstruction of microvessels and other microscopic structures in transmitted light microscopy. Serial tissue sections were stained for the endothelial marker CD34 to highlight microvessels and corresponding images were selected and aligned. Alignment of stored images was further improved by automated non-rigid image registration, and automated segmentation of microvessels was performed. Using this technique, 3D reconstructions were produced of the vasculature of the normal brain. Also, to illustrate the complexity of tumor vasculature, 3D reconstructions of two brain tumors were performed: a hemangioblastoma and a glioblastoma multiforme. The possibility of multiple component visualization was shown in a 3D reconstruction of endothelium and pericytes of normal cerebellar cortex and a hemangioblastoma using alternate staining for CD34 and alpha-smooth muscle actin in serial sections, and of a GBM using immunohistochemical double staining. In conclusion, the described 3D reconstruction procedure provides a promising tool for simultaneous visualization of microscopic structures.     

Three-dimensional reconstruction of tumor microvasculature: Simultaneous visualization of multiple components in paraffin-embedded tissue

Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of microscopic structures may provide useful information about the exact 3D configuration, and offers a useful tool to examine the spatial relationship between different components in tissues. A promising field for 3D investigation is the microvascular architecture in normal and pathological tissue, especially because pathological angiogenesis plays a key role in tumor growth and metastasis formation. This paper describes an improved method for 3D reconstruction of microvessels and other microscopic structures in transmitted light microscopy. Serial tissue sections were stained for the endothelial marker CD34 to highlight microvessels and corresponding images were selected and aligned. Alignment of stored images was further improved by automated non-rigid image registration, and automated segmentation of microvessels was performed. Using this technique, 3D reconstructions were produced of the vasculature of the normal brain. Also, to illustrate the complexity of tumor vasculature, 3D reconstructions of two brain tumors were performed: a hemangioblastoma and a glioblastoma multiforme. The possibility of multiple component visualization was shown in a 3D reconstruction of endothelium and pericytes of normal cerebellar cortex and a hemangioblastoma using alternate staining for CD34 and α-smooth muscle actin in serial sections, and of a GBM using immunohistochemical double staining. In conclusion, the described 3D reconstruction procedure provides a promising tool for simultaneous visualization of microscopic structures.     

贵州省一家族性VonHippel-Lindau病的临床诊治和随访

目的分析贵州省一家族性VonHippel—Lindau病的临床特点、影像学表现、诊断治疗方法和预后。方法回顾性分析贵阳医学院附属医院1997年3月至2011年11月收治的1个家族性血管母细胞瘤家系（38人）7例患者的病史、临床表现、影像学相关资料。结果7例患者均未合并其他部位病变,MRI显示6例为实质性肿瘤,1例囊性肿瘤;4例患者共进行7次显微手术,切除血管母细胞瘤10枚,术后随访1例血管母细胞瘤在不同部位反复复发又经2次开颅手术、2次伽玛刀放射治疗;先证者在术后6年异位复发,复发病灶约为1mm,未予处理,继续随访;1例进行激光治疗视网膜血管瘤;2例症状不明显进行随访,在随访中未见新发病灶,原病灶也未增大。结论对于家族性血管母细胞瘤,头颅MRI检查是主要的诊断及随访方法,显微手术切除是主要治疗手段,立体定向放射治疗可作为补充治疗方法。由于家族性血管母细胞瘤易合并其他部位病变、复发率高、常为多发病灶,应加强对整个家族成员追踪随访和基因检测。     

Frequent brain metastasis after chemotherapy and surgery for advanced esophageal cancers

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Brain metastasis, rarely observed as a tumor recurrence after curative surgery for thoracic esophageal cancers (TEC), has been increasingly observed with improvement of the clinical outcome of TEC. METHODOLOGY: Records of 254 TEC patients who developed recurrent cancers after curative surgery during 1984-2002 revealed 11 patients (4.3%) with symptomatic brain metastasis, which were classified as five without extra-cranial disease (Brain type) and six with other metastatic diseases (Systemic type). RESULTS: Brain metastases were significantly associated with an advanced clinical stage and perioperative chemotherapy, which had been undergone by 73% of the brain metastasis patients, but only 23% for non-brain metastasis patients (p = 0.0008). Comparing to Systemic type, Brain type showed longer duration from esophagectomy to brain metastasis and tended to be more effective for perioperative chemotherapy. All Brain type but only two Systemic type brain metastases were removed by surgery. The average survival after brain metastasis was 17.7 months for the Brain type patients (two alive without tumor recurrence), but only 38.5 days for the Systemic type patients. The histological hallmark of Brain type metastasis was medullary tumor growth with mature tumor vessels, while Systemic type showed invasive tumor growth with naive capillaries. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative brain metastasis in TEC patients is not rare, especially in an advanced clinical stage following perioperative chemotherapy. Surgical removal of brain metastasis might be the most promising treatment unless tumor metastasis in other organs is evident.     

Long-term survival after resection of brain metastases from esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma: report of two cases and review of the literature

The prognosis for brain metastasis from primary esophageal or gastric cancer is often poor because of late detection and a lack of effective treatments. We encountered two cases of long-term survival after resection of brain metastasis that was detected >1 year after primary esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma resection. Both patients underwent total gastrectomy, middle to lower esophagectomy, and Roux-en-Y reconstruction using the jejunum, and intrathoracic anastomosis was performed via right thoracotomy and laparotomy for primary tumor resection as well as brain metastasis resection followed by CyberKnife irradiation. They remained recurrence free—one remains alive after 6.5 years, while the other died of myocardial infarction 4 years after surgery. The present cases emphasize that long-term survival in patients with brain metastasis from gastric cancer can be expected after resection and stereotactic radiosurgery of brain metastasis detected >1 year after the resection of primary gastric adenocarcinoma.     

Giant metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma in the left ventricle: appearance in echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathology

Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare soft-tissue neoplasm that accounts for <1% of all soft-tissue sarcomas. Most cases arise in the extremities and head and neck region of young adults. The common sites of metastasis are lung, brain, and bone. Cardiac metastasis is extremely rare, in particular. Here we present the diagnostic evaluation and successful surgical resection of such a cardiac tumor in a patient aged 50 years with a histology-confirmed diagnosis of metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma.     

扩散张量成像及扩散张量纤维束成像在颅脑肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)及纤维束成像(DTT)在星形细胞瘤、脑膜瘤与转移瘤肿瘤实质区的应用价值,通过对表观扩散系数(ADC)及各向异性分数(FA)的测量分析,观察脑白质与纤维束的关系,为临床提供有价值的信息。方法对32例经病理证实的脑肿瘤患者,其中不同级别星形细胞瘤12例、良性脑膜瘤10例、转移瘤10例,分别测量肿瘤实质区与对应区正常脑组织的平均ADC值和FA值,分析其ADC值和FA值的差异并观察3种脑肿瘤对白质纤维束的影响。结果星形细胞瘤、脑膜瘤或转移瘤患者组内肿瘤实质区与对侧正常脑组织FA值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),星形细胞瘤、脑膜瘤、转移瘤患者肿瘤实质区的FA值分别为0.07±0.03、0.14±0.05、0.16±0.07,P<0.05。星形细胞瘤及转移瘤患者肿瘤实质区ADC值较对侧正常脑组织高(P<0.05);脑膜瘤患者肿瘤实质区ADC值与对侧正常部位无显著性差异(P>0.05);星形细胞瘤、脑膜瘤和转移瘤患者肿瘤实质区ADC值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在DTT图中星形细胞瘤和转移瘤多数表现为纤维束部分中断、受压、偏移或变形移位;脑膜瘤纤维束呈现为稀疏,移位。结论测量肿瘤实质区ADC值及FA值可用于鉴别脑内和脑外的肿瘤,如星形细胞瘤与脑膜瘤的鉴别或转移瘤与脑膜瘤的鉴别,其中ADC值有显著的鉴别意义;DTT可清晰显示正常白质纤维束和肿瘤的解剖关系,有利于术前方案的制定。     

Expression of insulin-like growth factor-2, c-MET, matrix metalloproteinase-7 and MUC-1 in primary lesions and lymph node metastatic lesions of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Lymph node metastases are thought to be formed as lymphatic flow, so the first metastasis is formed in the lymph node nearest the primary tumor and then further lymph node metastases are formed continuously down stream. In this study of gastric cancer, we evaluated whether IGF-2 (insulin-like growth factor-2), c-MET (hepatocyte growth factor receptor), MMP-7 (matrix metalloproteinase-7) and MUC-1, which are associated with nodal metastasis from primary tumor, are concerned with metastasis from nodal metastatic lesion to other nodes. METHODOLOGY: Tissue specimens were obtained from 146 patients who underwent gastrectomy at the Department of Surgery II of Kanazawa University between 1989 and 1997. We evaluated the expression of IGF-2, c-MET, MMP-7 and MUC-1 in 146 primary tumors and 66 metastatic lymph nodes by immunohistological staining. RESULTS: In primary lesions, these 4 factors had significant association with lymphatic vessel infiltration and MMP-7 and MUC-1 had significant association with nodal metastases. In nodal metastatic lesions, positive rates of MMP-7 and MUC-1 were higher than in primary lesions. Furthermore, 37 (73%) of the 51 cases with positive staining for MMP-7 in metastatic lesions in perigastric lymph nodes and 5 (33%) of the 15 cases without the staining had nodal metastases in group 2 or more, showing significant difference (P < 0.05). And 37 (76%) of the 49 cases with positive staining for MUC-1 in metastatic lesions in perigastric lymph nodes and 5 (29%) of the 17 cases without the staining had nodal metastases in group 2 or more, showing significant difference (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: MMP-7 and MUC-1 were associated with not only nodal metastasis from primary tumor but also metastasis from nodal metastatic lesion to other nodes.     

Secondary erythrocytosis due to a cerebellar hemangioblastoma: demonstration of erythropoietin mRNA in the tumor

Cerebellar hemangioblastoma is a rare cause of secondary erythrocytosis. Although the erythrocytosis is a result of erythropoietin (Ep) stimulation, direct evidence of Ep synthesis by the tumor has been lacking. In an erythrocytotic patient with a cerebellar hemangioblastoma we found elevated levels of Ep in the tumor cyst fluid and for the first time demonstrated Ep mRNA in the tumor by Northern blotting. This finding confirms cerebellar hemangioblastoma as a site of ectopic Ep production.     

Clinical and radiological pictures of hepatocellular carcinoma with intracranial metastasis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with extrahepatic spreading is not uncommon. In order to delineate the clinical and radiological pictures of HCC with intracranial metastasis, 33 documented cases were analysed. Eighteen had brain parenchymal metastasis without skull involvement; the other 15 cases disclosed skull metastasis with brain invasion. The underlying HCC are mainly of expanding (13/33, 39.4%) and multifocal (13/33, 39.4%) types. Eighteen cases (18/33, 54.5%) had mental changes not related to hypoglycaemia or hepatic encephalopathy. Eighteen cases (18/20, 90%) disclosed hyperdense mass lesions by non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scans and 17 cases showed homogeneous enhancement (17/22, 77.3%) by post-contrast CT images. In the non-skull involved group, five cases (5/12, 41.7%) disclosed ring-shape enhancement and 14 cases (14/16, 87.5%) had perifocal oedema, which were not seen in the skull involved group. Eight cases (8/33, 24.2%) presented as intracerebral haemorrhage. Twelve (12/33, 36.4%) died of brain herniation. Most (14/18, 77.8%) non-skull involved cases had simultaneous lung metastasis without bony metastasis, while the skull involved group often (10/15, 66.7%) disclosed extracranial bony metastasis without lung metastasis. The difference in extracranial metastasis was statistically significant (P<0.05). The multivariate survival analysis disclosed that lower lactate dehydrogenase level (≤316 U/L, P= 0.029) and treatments (surgery or radiation, P= 0.001) were positively associated with longer survival. In conclusion, HCC with intracranial metastasis is symptomatic and life-threatening. Half the cases may come from pulmonary metastasis and the other half may be from bony metastasis. Brain irradiation or surgery can prolong their survival.