人膀胱移行细胞癌细胞系PUMC—91的建立及其EGF受体检测

移行细胞癌细胞系ＰＵＭＣ－９１来自人膀胱乳头状移行细胞癌，材料取自７１岁反复发生膀胱乳头状移行细胞癌之女性患者，病理诊断为膀胱移行细胞癌Ⅲ级。采用电切组织原代培养后，使用１０％胎牛血清ＲＰＭＩ１６４０培养液，体外稳定传代１４０代，历时１５个月。细胞体外培养有恶性特征。裸鼠接种后有多个移植性肿瘤生长，培养细胞及移植瘤病理ＨＥ及电镜检查与原肿瘤标本相似。有移行细胞癌特点，肿瘤细胞系进行生物学特性检测。     

膀胱移行细胞癌VEGF表达和MVD检测的临床意义

目的　探讨膀胱移行细胞癌组织中血管内皮细胞生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ） 的表达与肿瘤间质微血管密度（ＭＶＤ）检测的临床意义。　方法　采用免疫组化方法对７７ 例膀胱移行细胞癌及１０ 例正常膀胱组织进行ＶＥＧＦ多克隆抗体及第Ⅷ因子相关抗原（ＶＷＦ：Ａｇ） 单克隆抗体染色,观察膀胱移行细胞癌ＶＥＧＦ的表达与ＭＶＤ 之间的相关性。　结果　ＶＥＧＦ的表达与肿瘤间质微血管密度之间存在正相关性,二者均与膀胱移行细胞癌的病理分级显著相关,浸润性肿瘤明显高于浅表性肿瘤（Ｐ＜０ ．０５） ;术后随访６ 年,术后２ 年内复发组明显高于６ 年内未复发组（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ,但与肿瘤大小、性别、年龄无关。　结论　ＶＥＧＦ的表达为膀胱移行细胞癌的恶性表型,并与膀胱肿瘤间质微血管形成有关,上述二项指标对评估膀胱移行细胞癌的预后有重要意义。     

膀胱移行上皮癌发生发展的分子病理学研究

研究４９例复发性膀胱移行上皮癌的临床病理资料，将膀胱移行上皮癌分成两大类。Ⅰ类癌始于非典型增生，经早期乳头状非浸润癌发展成典型的Ⅰ、Ⅱ级乳头状移行上皮癌，该类癌多以固有膜上浸润为主。Ⅱ类癌始于结构不良，经原位癌发展成浸润癌。为了解两类癌的发生发展实质，从中选出七种病变经免疫组化ＡＢＣ法检测，ｒａｓＰ２１、Ｐ５３、Ｒｂ、Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＥＧＦＲ的基因表达产物。结果表明：在Ⅰ类癌发生的早期以ｒａｓＰ２１和Ｒｂ表达，ＥＧＦＲ和Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２弱表达为主。在Ⅱ类癌发生发展过程中以Ｐ５３突变、Ｒｂ转阴Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２和ＥＧＦＲ过表达为主。结果表明癌基因的激活多造成细胞的增生为主，而抑癌基因的丢失、突变、灭活或重排等多引起细胞的突出间变，两者的协同则造成肿瘤的浸润和转移。     

膀胱肿瘤表皮生长因子和受体表达的意义

表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）以尿液中浓度最高［１］。表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）是细胞恶变的标志。为了解ＥＧＦ、ＥＧＦＲ在膀胱肿瘤中的表达及意义,我们采用免疫组化技术对９６例膀胱肿瘤和１０例正常膀胱粘膜进行了研究。１．资料和方法：组织标本系本院和解放军第１５３医院１９７５～１９９４年间手术及电切的膀胱肿瘤组织。其中乳头状瘤１５例,移行细胞癌８１例。１０例正常粘膜来自非泌尿系疾患者群。标本常规ＨＥ染色,进行病理组织学分类,判别分化程度,浸润深度。ＡＢＣ免疫组化染色,分别作二种抗体染色的阳性对照和磷酸盐缓…     

膀胱移行细胞癌表皮生长因子受体基因扩增及其表达

运用免疫组织化学技术和分子杂交技术研究了膀胱移行细胞癌表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦｒ）表达状况以及ＥＧＦｒ基因扩增和其ｍＲＮＡ与受体蛋白表达的相关性。结果表明：４例正常膀胱粘膜ＥＧＦｒ染色阴性；５６例膀胱肿瘤中，２９例呈不同程度的阳性染色，并与肿瘤的分期、分级有显著性差异；１３例膀胱肿瘤中，ＥＧＦｒ基因未见扩增，５例ｍＲＮＡ过表达，７例ＥＧＦｒ过表达，但二者表达的量并无相关性。提示ＥＧＦｒ表达可作为膀     

膀胱癌组织中血管内皮生长因子的表达及与血管生成的关系

目的 探讨血管内皮生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）在原发性膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其与膀胱癌血管生成之间的关系。方法 免疫组织化学技术检测６８例原发性膀胱移行细胞癌和７例正常膀胱组织中血管内皮生长因子的表达,测定４０例浸润性膀胱癌的微血管密度,并分析ＶＥＧＦ和ＭＶＤ间以及它们与膀胱癌病理分级和临床分期间的关系。结果 ＶＥＧＦ在正常膀胱中不表达或低表达,而在膀胱表达较强;ＶＥＧＦ表达及ＭＶＤ值均与肿瘤的病理分级     

bcl—2基因蛋白在膀胱移行细胞肿瘤中的表达及意义

为探讨ｂｃｌ２基因蛋白在膀胱移行细胞和移行细胞肿瘤中表达程度的差异及该蛋白表达与移行细胞癌病理分级、临床分期和预后的关系，用抗体ｂｃｌ２（Ｎ１９）及流式免疫学技术对６例正常膀胱粘膜、６例炎性增生粘膜、６例乳头状瘤和４５例移行细胞癌的ｂｃｌ２蛋白表达进行了定量分析。结果表明：ｂｃｌ２蛋白在４种组织标本中均表达，阳性率分别为３３．３％、５０．０％、８３．３％、１００．０％。ＦＩ值呈移行细胞癌＞乳头状瘤＞炎性增生粘膜＞正常粘膜。肿瘤组ｂｃｌ２蛋白表达显著高于非肿瘤组（Ｐ＜０．００１）。在膀胱移行细胞癌中ｂｃｌ２蛋白的表达程度与肿瘤病理分级、临床分期和预后无关（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示ｂｃｌ２蛋白的异常表达可能在膀胱移行细胞肿瘤发生、发展中起着促进作用。     

膀胱肿瘤表皮生长因子受体基因扩增及其表达的研究

为了探讨膀胱肿瘤表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦｒ）过表达的分子生物学行为，采用核酸分子杂交、免疫组织化学技术研究了１３例膀胱移行细胞癌ＥＧＦｒ基因扩增，ｍＲＮＡ和受体表达状况，并相互进行了比较。结果表明：１３例膀胱肿瘤中ＥＧＦｒ基因未见扩增，５例ｍＲＭ过表达，７例ＥＧＦｒ阳性，但二者表达的量并无相关性。提示在膀胱肿瘤中ＥＧＦｒ基因扩增并不普遍，而其ｍＲＮＡ及受体过表达则较常见，推断可能系ＥＧＦｒ基因转录和翻译调控机制异常引起。     

膀胱移行细胞癌VEGF表达及与血管形成定量的关系

为了探讨膀胱移行细胞癌中血管内皮生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）表达及其与血管形成定量关系，应用免疫组织化学方法，对６２例原发性膀胱移行细胞癌及８例正常膀胱组织中ＶＥＧＦ进行检测，并对其在３０例浸润性膀胱癌组织中表达与血管形成定量关系进行了研究。结果发现正常膀胱组织均为阴性反应，膀胱癌组织中ＶＥＧＦ蛋白阳性表达率为５６％。低分化和浸润性癌中ＶＥＧＦ蛋白阳性表达率明显高于高分化和表浅性癌组（Ｐ＜００５），浸润性膀胱癌组织中血管形成定量与ＶＥＧＦ表达密切相关（Ｐ＜００１）。结果提示：ＶＥＧＦ表达对膀胱癌生物学行为有重要影响。ＶＥＧＦ是膀胱癌发生发展过程中一个主要血管生成因子，ＶＥＧＦ蛋白表达和血管形成定量有可能成为预测膀胱癌转移和预后的指标     

膀胱移行细胞癌微血管密度与肿瘤复发的关系

目的：探讨肿瘤微血管形成能力与膀胱移行细胞癌复发的关系及其机制,方法：采用免疫组织化学方法对２５例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ＶＩＩＩ因子相关抗原、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF)及血管内皮细胞生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）分别进行特异性染色,计数肿瘤内微血管密度（iWV),并观察bＦＧＦ、ＶＥＧＦ的表达,结果：ＶＥＧＦ和bFGＦ的阳性表达率分别为４８％和２８％,阳性表达组iMV显才高于阴性表达组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,术后复发组iMV显著高于未复发组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且高iMV组复发率高于低iMV组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,结论：iMV与膀胱移行细胞癌复发有关,而促血管形成因子的异常表达是其微血管形成能力增高的重要因素。     

Mantle cell lymphoma with plasma cell differentiation

The differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells (PCs) is an antigen-mediated process that largely depends on the interaction between B cells and regulatory factors in their microenvironment. Long-lived PCs are derived from activated B cells in the germinal center (GC), whereas PC differentiation from naive B cells occurs in the extrafollicular areas and the PCs are short-lived. Consequently, lymphomas arising from post-GC B cells often exhibit plasmacytic differentiation, whereas lymphomas arising from naive B cells less commonly show plasmacytic differentiation. Herein, we report 2 cases of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) with clonal PC differentiation. Both cases presented with the typical cytologic features of MCL and were characterized by a nodular and mantle-zone growth pattern. Clusters of clonal PCs with monotypic kappa light chain expression were identified in the centers of the tumor nodules and within reactive GCs. FICTION (Fluorescence immunophenotyping and Interphase Cytogenetics as a Tool for the Investigation Of Neoplasms) analysis demonstrated the characteristic t(11;14)(q13;q32) in both the MCL cells and clonal PCs, indicating that both cell types were derived from the same B-cell clone. These findings indicate that the clonal PC differentiation may occur within GCs in some cases of MCL.     

胚胎干细胞分化为软骨细胞的研究现状与展望

胚胎干细胞具有多向分化潜能,在组织修复治疗方面具有广阔的应用前景.近年研究表明,胚胎干细胞在细胞因子、激素、微环境等作用下能够分化为软骨细胞.本文对近年来胚胎干细胞向软骨细胞定向分化中的各种因素进行综述.     

Small cell squamous and mixed small cell squamous--small cell anaplastic carcinomas of the lung

Five patients are presented who had neoplasms which, by light microscopy and in two cases cytologically, appeared to be small cell anaplastic (polygonal and fusiform cell type) carcinomas of the lung. However, by electron microscopy, four of the carcinomas exhibited squamous characteristics including desmosomes and tonofilament bundles, and lacked demonstrable neurosecretory granules, suggesting that they were small cell squamous carcinomas. The fifth carcinoma contained cells with neurosecretory granules as well as cells demonstrating squamous differentiation. One patient died within 3 months of presentation. Three patients survived for approximately 18 months each; two received chemotherapy but one was treated by surgical resection alone. The fifth patient had a peripheral coin lesion which was treated by surgical resection only; he is alive without evidence of recurrent carcinoma 1 year after operation. We suggest that some carcinomas of the lung with the light-microscopic and cytologic appearance of small cell anaplastic carcinoma are actually small cell variants of squamous cell carcinoma and lack the characteristic neurosecretory granules of classic small cell carcinoma. The behavior of these tumors needs to be determined.     

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for renal cell carcinoma

Although the prognosis for patients with metastatic kidney cancer remains poor, a number of promising immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of metastatic disease have been developed over the past decade. The response of some patients to cytokines such as interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha, and more recently, vaccination with dendritic cell/tumor fusions has laid the ground work for ongoing immune-based investigational approaches. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a potent form of immunotherapy capable of delivering potentially curative immune-mediated anti-tumor effects against a number of different hematological malignancies. Knowledge of renal cell carcinoma's unusual susceptibility to immune attack has led to the hypothesis that tumor rejection, mediated through immunocompetent donor T-cells, might be generated against this solid tumor following the transplantation of an allogeneic immune system. Although clinical trials are early and ongoing, the recent observation of metastatic disease regression following non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation has identified renal cell carcinoma as being susceptible to a graft-versus-tumor effect. Disease responses following such therapy have ranged from partial to complete and have been observed even in patients who have failed conventional cytokine based strategies. This article reviews the design, methodology and early clinical results of studies investigating the use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.     

Renal cell carcinoma with non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia

We report a case of an elderly gentleman with renal cell carcinoma presenting with the rare entity of non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH). Non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia syndrome is caused by the tumor producing insulin-like growth factor II, causing hypoglycemia. The syndrome is most commonly associated with very large fibromas or fibrosarcomas.