腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术28例报告

目的：探讨腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床疗效。方法：对采用腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗的28例输尿管中上段结石患者的资料进行分析。结果：28例手术均获成功,手术时间80～150min,平均115min,术中出血量20～60ml,平均35ml。术后住院5～7d。术中腹膜破裂2例,术后漏尿1例。26例随访3～18个月,无输尿管切开处狭窄及结石复发。结论：腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术安全、有效、微创,值得临床推广应用。     

腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的应用体会(附62例报告)

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石的适应证、手术技巧及临床效果。方法:回顾分析腹膜后腹腔镜肾盂、输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石62例患者的临床资料,其中肾盂结石8例,输尿管上段结石50例,中段结石4例。术前6例行体外冲击波碎石术(extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy,ESWL)无效,5例行输尿管镜取石术失败,余未行其他治疗。结石直径10～25mm。结果:62例腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术均获成功,手术时间35～120min,平均50min;术中出血5～30ml,平均15ml。无输血及中转开腹,术后漏尿4例。术后5～7d拔除后腹膜腔引流管,术后住院6～8d。随访55例6～18个月,肾积水均明显好转,无结石复发和输尿管切开处狭窄。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术可作为ESWL或输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石失败的补救措施,具有安全、可靠、创伤小、净石率高等优点。治疗较大的中上段输尿管结石尤其炎性包裹的结石可作为首选方法。     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床体会

目的 探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的技术要点,评价微创手术方法治疗上段输尿管结石的临床价值.方法 回顾应用后腹腔镜行输尿管切开取石36例的临床资料,术中发现3例输尿管结石周围有息肉包裹,摘除息肉.结果 36例手术均获成功,手术时间55～230 min,平均90 min;术中出血量平均20ml;肠功能恢复时间12～24 h;术后2例发生漏尿,7～15天后消失,余病例均3～4 d拔除腹膜后引流管,术后平均住院7 d;所有手术术中均留置双"J"管,术后1个月经膀胱镜拔除,其中一例术后出现持续发热,于15天拔除双"J"管后体温正常.随访30例时间3～12个月,B超及IVU检查证实患者肾盂积水及肾功能好转,所有病例无输尿管切开处狭窄.所有随访患者,无并发症发生.结论 后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管上段结石安全、疗效确切,患者创伤小、恢复快.     

三套管法腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术48例经验总结

目的探讨腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效及经验。方法总结2006年3月至2009年8月间我科采用三套管法腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗的48例输尿管结石患者临床资料。其中输尿管上段结石37例、输尿管中段结石5例,采用经后腹腔途径。输尿管下段结石6例,采用经腹腔途径。结果 48例腹腔镜手术中47例获成功,早期1例输尿管中段结石因结石移位至下段而中转开放手术。手术时间55～190min,平均85.2±23.1min。术中出血量为15～120ml,平均35.4±21.3ml。术后住院时间4～8d,平均6.1±1.1d。未发生严重并发症。结论腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石具有微创、并发症少、术后恢复快、住院时间短等优势,可取代部分开放手术,在基层医院也有较高的应用价值。     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术

目的评价后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的安全性和有效性。方法从2006年9月至2007年12月,采用后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗58例输尿管上段和中段结石患者,其中39例曾行ESWL治疗失败。结果所有病例均成功取出结石,手术时间中位数120（50～220）min、术中失血量中位数45．5（20～80）ml、平均术后肠道恢复时间（35．0±5．8）h、平均术后住院时间（7．0±0．7）d,无严重术后并发症发生。术后随访时间中位数为9（3～18）个月,无输尿管狭窄发生。结论后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术对输尿管上段和中段结石是一个安全且有效的治疗选择。     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术30例报告

目的 探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床疗效.方法 对30例输尿管上段结石行腹腔镜经腹膜后径路输尿管切开取石术,术中均留置双J管.结果 手术成功28例,中转开放手术2例.手术时间(90±20)min,术中出血量(30±5)ml,平均住院时间(5±0.5)d.30例随访3个月～3年,无中、远期并发症.结论 后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术微创、安全、有效,值得临床推广应用.     

后腹腔镜技术治疗输尿管结石(附31例报告)

目的 探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石治疗输尿管结石的适应证、手术技巧和临床价值。方法回顾分析采用后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石31例，其中输尿管上段结石22例，中段结石9例。15例术前行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）没有效果；2例行输尿管镜取石术失败；14例术前未行其他治疗。结石直径12-25mm，平均18．5mm。结杲31例患者取石均成功，手术时间50-130min，平均85min术中出血量20-60mL，平均35mL。术后无漏尿；患者术后1-2d拔除后腹膜腔引流管，术后住院3-6d。随访2-24个月，患者肾、输尿管积水均明显好转，无结石复发和输尿管切开缝合处狭窄。结论后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术可作为体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）或输尿管镜（URL）治疗输尿管结石失败的补救措施，对于较大的输尿管结石可作为首选的治疗方法。     

后腹腔镜下肾盂输尿管切开取石术（附52例报告）

目的探讨后腹腔镜下肾盂输尿管切开取石术治疗肾盂、输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法经腹膜后腹腔镜下行肾盂输尿管切开取石术,同时切除合并的息肉。术中均放置输尿管支架管并缝合输尿管。结果52例手术均成功,取净结石,无一例中转开放手术。手术时间50～200min,平均110min。住院时间5～14d,平均7.5d。术后8周拔出支架管。52例随访6个月：术后3个月超声检查,21例肾积水消失;术后6个月超声示共32例肾积水消失,结石无复发;ECT示8例重度积水肾脏的肾小球滤过率由术前平均16ml/min升高到平均25ml/min。结论后腹腔镜下肾盂输尿管切开取石术效果确切,创伤小,术后恢复快,是治疗肾盂及输尿管上段结石的有效术式之一。     

后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术25例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的疗效。方法2003年6月～2008年12月采用后腹腔镜行输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管上段结石25例。经后腹腔操作,分离出输尿管上段,用尖刀或电钩切开结石段输尿管,取出结石,术中借助＂加长的转换帽＂,通过trocar顺行留置双J管,4-0可吸收线间断缝合输尿管切口。结果手术时间60～200min,平均120min;出血量20～50ml,平均35ml;无中转开放手术者。术后2例发生尿漏,延长引流管放置时间,分别于术后7、15d尿漏停止。未发生其他并发症。住院时间5～17d,平均8d。21例随访6～60个月,平均24个月：无结石复发,B超及IVP复查,15例肾盂积水消失,6例轻度肾盂积水,无结石复发及输尿管狭窄,5例血肌酐偏高者术后均恢复至正常。结论后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术安全有效,具有创伤小、恢复快等特点,可作为较大的输尿管上段结石的首选治疗方法。     

140例后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术经验总结及改良

目的总结后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术经验,并改良术式。方法回顾性分析140例后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的患者临床资料。结果手术时间50～220 min(平均时间82 min),出血量10～50 m(l平均出血20 ml)。术后无漏尿、无结石残留,随访2～20个月,患者肾、输尿管积水消失或好转,无输尿管狭窄等并发症。结论后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术输尿管结石安全、有效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.