左肝管全程剖开胆肠吻合术的应用解剖学研究

左肝管全程剖开手术,必须熟悉左肝管与邻近血管的局部解剖关系.为此我们用 ABS 丙酮溶液灌注塑型了6具新鲜成人尸肝脏,解剖40例(成人30,儿童10)肝脏标本,测量了左肝管长度和管径,左肝管与肝总管夹角。全程剖开左肝管与右肝管,并观察左肝管与右肝管、左肝动脉、门静脉左干和肝圆韧带的关系,提出了右肝管全程剖开手术方法和注意事项。     

左,右肝管全程部开的应用解剖

用６个取自新鲜成人尸体的肝脏，注入ＡＢＳ丙酮溶液制成铸型。另外还解剖了经固定的４２例（成人３２，儿童１０）肝脏标本，测量左，右肝管长度，管径，并观察左，右脖管与肝动脉，门静脉及其分支的关系。提出了左，右肝管全程剖开的手术方法和注意事项。     

肝管的测量及其临床意义

在90具成人尸体上,测量了肝左管,肝右管及肝总管的长度,直径和有关的角度.肝左管平均长7.5mm,直径7.6mm,与肝总管形成的角度为34.9°;肝右管长9.6mm,直径6.2mm,与肝总管形成的角度为50.2°.结果表明肝左管粗、短而直,肝右管细,长而倾斜.肝管这种解剖形态学上的差异,似与临床上常见华枝睾吸虫病肝左叶肿大较多及肝左管结石较多有关。     

肝内胆管主支投影范围的研究

对36例成人尸体肝脏胆管灌注造影剂,拍摄正位和侧位 X 光片。通过观察、测量和统计学处理,确定左、右肝管汇合点,左右肝管及其主要属支在正位和侧位的投影范围和密集区,为临床经皮肝穿刺胆道造影术(PTC)提供解剖学基础。     

胆囊管汇入肝右管伴右副肝管一例

肝外胆道系的形态学变异已有许多报道,但胆囊管汇入肝右管并伴右副肝管的变异少见,作者在制作一例成人肝脏标本时遇见一例,现报道如下:该例胆囊管以锐角直接汇入肝右管,胆囊管长约1cm,汇合下行约1cm 与肝左管汇合成胆总管。沿肝左管和肝右管向肝门追踪解剖,见肝右管上端有—来自肝方叶的肝管注入,为右副肝管。该副肝管注入处距肝右管与胆囊管汇合     

第一肝门的腹腔镜肝脏手术入路解剖学研究

目的:为腹腔镜肝脏外科提供第一肝门的应用解剖及手术入路设计。方法:成人尸体肝脏标本30例结合临床手术入路设计,研究肝门静脉主干及其属支的管径、汇合形式及分支直径、长度(从分叉至进入肝实质),横沟的长度、门静脉分叉点与肝方叶尖、尾状叶尖的距离。观察肝门静脉左、右支在横沟内与左、右肝动脉及肝左、右管的伴行关系。结果:①肝门静脉在胰颈或胰体之后由肠系膜上静脉、脾静脉[直径分别为(11.42±2.85)mm、(7.91±3.06)mm]汇合而成。其汇合类型分为3型;②横沟呈槽状,长度为(4.19±0.36)cm;③肝门静脉左支长为(1.45±0.17)cm,直径为(11.97±1.65)mm;④门静脉右支长为(1.57±0.05)cm,直径为(11.75±0.98)mm。结论:腹腔镜下解剖分离第一肝门是可行的;肝门阻断入路操作简单,效果切实;还可以进行手术区域的肝门管道预处理及肝门静脉保护。     

肝内门一腔静脉内支架吻合分流术（TIPSS）的应用解剖学

在４３例肝脏标上从肝脏面解剖出肝静脉，门静脉，肝管和肝协脉，观察了肝静脉的汇合类型，肝静脉与门静脉相交部位口径，两静脉间距和至第二肝门的距离，结合ＴＩＰＳＳ术进行了讨论，作者认为由肝静脉穿刺门静脉行吻合分流的首选部位是在肝右静脉与门静脉右支及其分支之间，其次在肝中静脉与门静脉左支之间，而肝左静脉与门静脉左支之间吻合较难达到分流目的。     

肝后下腔静脉的应用解剖

目的 通过对肝后下腔静脉、第二肝门、第三肝门的详细观测,为肝脏外科手术的临床实践提供解剖学参考.方法 随机选择40具成人尸体离体肝脏标本,从正后方剖开肝后下腔静脉,测量第二肝门处肝静脉的口径、长度、与下腔静脉的角度;观测第三肝门处肝短静脉的数量及分布.结果 肝左、中、右静脉的内径分别为(9.17±3.58)mm、(9....     

国人第一、二、三肝门的解剖学观测

对100例成年肝脏的第一、二、三肝门进行解剖学观测、并讨论,发现第一肝门四周肝裂的出现率为84%,副肝管的出现率为10±3.00%,门静脉在肝外分为左、右支者占42±4.93%,左、右肝管在肝门外汇合者仅37±4.28%。第二肝门,左、中肝静脉汇合成两口型者占64±4.98%,各肝静各自独立开口者占35±4.76%,其开口位置主要在下腔静脉肝后段的上3/8区内。第三肝门在100例肝脏中共有开口676个,其中长径大于1厘米者占5.35±2.60%,0.5至0.99厘米者占31.5±1.78%,分布遍布下腔静肝后段的各个区域。     

肝蒂内结构肝内分支的形态观测及临床意义

目的研究肝蒂内结构在肝内的分布状况,对肝叶及肝段进行量化分析;探讨肝脏手术时血管和胆管的保护及定位标志,为相关临床科室手术提供解剖学依据。方法取20例无肝病死亡后的人体肝脏标本及肝脏铸形标本,用游标卡尺和三角尺等进行有关数据的测量,所的数据用SPSS10.0软件进行统计学分析。结果肝蒂内结构入肝实质后三者以肝门静脉分支为主轴,攀附伴行。门静脉大多分为左、右干,部分右干缺如,且右干变异较大,肝管汇合方式常见为3型。结论肝脏血管丰富,解剖结构复杂,出血难以控制。肝脏的分叶与分段对于肝脏手术具体方式有指导作用。每一肝段都有它的单独管道系统,可以作为一个外科切除单位。     

Couinaud肝段在横断面上的划分

为给ＭＲ图像精定位肝内占位性病变提供断面解剖学依据，利用２０例腹部连续横断面标本，研究了肝段在横断面上的划分。正中裂为下腔静脉中点至肝中静脉或胆囊窝中份的连线；在叶间裂的上份为下腔静脉中点至镰状韧带的连线，门静脉左支脐部和肝圆韧带裂是其中、下份的天然标志；肝左静脉位一左段间裂中；右叶间裂为下腔静脉中点至肝右静脉的连结；肝门或门静脉右支可作为右段间裂的标志；背裂为下腔静脉缘至门静脉或静脉韧带裂右端的     

Surgical anatomy of the vasculobiliary apparatus at the hepatic hilum as applied to liver transplantations and major liver resections

Introduction

To evaluate the hepatic arterial, bile duct and portal venous anatomy as applicable to major liver resections.

肝静脉与门静脉的解剖及其在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术中的应用

目的：探讨肝静脉与门静脉的解剖及在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）中的应用。方法：在PUBMED、CNKI及维普等数据库中,查阅近年来国内外有关肝静脉、门静脉的正常解剖与变异及其在TIPS中应用的文献,进行分析总结。结果：肝静脉系统主要由肝右静脉、肝中静脉、肝左静脉3支组成,肝左静脉发生变异最多,肝中、右静脉变异相对少见。门静脉在肝门处进入肝脏,以分为左支和右支两主干这一类型居多,其解剖形态因地区、种族等因素而有差异。肝静脉和门静脉呈向后向上与向前向下的空间关系,经典TIPS是从肝右静脉距下腔静脉入口约2cm处向门静脉分叉部或右支内穿刺建立分流道。结论：肝静脉、门静脉的正常解剖与变异及其空间关系对顺利完成TIPS的操作至关重要。熟悉肝静脉、门静脉正常解剖和变异可提高TIPS的成功率,减少和避免并发症的发生。     

Arterial supply and biliary drainage of the dorsal liver: A dissection study using controlled specimens

Liver surgeons favor using the entity called the 'dorsal liver' (i.e. the caudate lobe and other paracavally located liver parenchyme of segments 7 and 8). According to minute dissection of 48 livers, we describe the territories of the left/right portal veins, hepatic ducts and hepatic arteries in the dorsal liver. In the caudate lobe, the right hepatic artery, rather than the left hepatic artery (23/48 vs 19/48 for right vs left, respectively), tended to supply the 'left' portal vein territory. Similarly, paradoxical drainage patterns, such as the right hepatic duct draining the left portal vein territory, were found in seven of 48 livers. In the territory of the hilar bifurcation, right hepatic artery dominance was also evident and various bile drainage patterns were found. These included double drainage by the bilateral hepatic ducts (3/48) and drainage into the confluence of bilateral ducts (6/48). In contrast, the arterial supply and biliary drainage of the paracavally located parenchyme of segments 7 and 8 usually depended on the proper segmental arteries and ducts and their variations were within the range of those found in other parts of the right lobe. Therefore, the dorsal liver concept may not be anatomical but, rather, simply aimed at usefulness in surgery. Nevertheless, clear subdivision of the caudate lobe according to biliary drainage and/or arterial supply seemed difficult because of the paradoxical relatioships among the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct. Consequently, the present results support extended surgery based on the dorsal liver concept for carcinomas involving the caudate lobe.     

Right hepatic artery traveling anteriorly to the common bile duct

The topographic relationship between arteries and hepatobiliary ducts can be crucial during cholecystectomy. We observed the right hepatic artery traveling a rare route in a 91-year-old male. The common hepatic artery gave off the left hepatic, the right gastric, the gastroduodenal, and the right hepatic arteries consecutively without forming the proper hepatic artery. The right hepatic artery crossed the common bile duct anteriorly, ascended on the right side of the duct, passed the cystic duct posteriorly, and entered the right lobe of the liver. The so-called 9 o’clock artery running on the right side of the common hepatic and common biliary is reasonably speculated to be the aberrant right hepatic artery as presently shown. Developmental and clinical issues are discussed.     

临床1～3级肝管剖开术相关的解剖组织学研究

用31具成人正常肝标本人工镂空,赛璐璐灌注正常新鲜尸肝6具,观察和测量了1～3级肝管长度、周径和夹角以及与肝动脉、门静脉相互关系;正常尸肝15具和30例肝内胆管结石并狭窄的肝标本,光镜观察各级肝管壁组织结构和病理改变。讨论了胆管结石存在部位,高位肝管剖开取石和行胆肠吻合术的术式选择及注意事项。     

肝外胆道的临床应用解剖学观测

目的观测肝外胆道解剖结构，为临床肝外胆道手术提供形态学依据。方法解剖30具甲醛固定的成人尸体．观察肝外胆道的形态，测量肝外胆道的外径、长度及各管道之间的夹角。结果肝左管细、直、略短，与肝总管延长线夹角较小；肝右管粗、斜、略长，与肝总管延长线夹角较大；肝左、右管汇合点距肝门较近；副肝管出现率高，胆囊下肝管较少见；胆囊管、肝总管汇合方式多为角形或平行型。在横断面上，胆囊纵轴与过脊柱椎体中心的水平线夹角约为45°。结论肝外胆道变异较多，手术者只有熟悉掌握肝外胆道手术正常解剖结构并了解可能出现的变异，才能减少术中胆道损伤。     

The congenital anastomoses between hepatic arteries:angiographic appearance

The purpose of this study was to evaluate congenital anastomoses between hepatic arteries demonstrated on angiography in ten patients and to correlate the anastomosis with types of hepatic arterial anatomy. We evaluated the types of the hepatic arterial anatomy based on Michels’ classification for 720 patients and compared the anatomic types between the patients with the anastomoses (ten patients) and without the anastomoses (710 patients). The diameter of the anastomoses ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 mm (mean, 2.4 mm). Five anastomoses were classified as tortuous type and five as straight type. Based on Michels’ classification for types of hepatic arterial anatomy, eight (80%) of ten patients with the congenital anastomoses were classified as type III (replaced right hepatic artery from superior mesenteric artery). The remaining two patients were classified as type IV (replaced right hepatic artery from superior mesenteric artery and replaced left hepatic artery from left gastric artery) and type VIIIa (replaced right hepatic artery from superior mesenteric artery and accessory left hepatic artery from left gastric artery). Eight (16%) of 48 patients who were classified as type III have the anastomoses. In conclusion, the congenital anastomoses were observed especially in patients with replaced right hepatic artery from superior mesenteric artery.