3种百合水煎液抗疲劳与耐低氧作用比较

目的考察卷丹、龙芽、细叶3种百合水煎液的抗疲劳和常压耐低氧作用。方法①取NIH小鼠50只随机分成5组,每组10只，分别灌服纯化水、卷丹百合水煎液30 g·kg 1、龙芽百合水煎液30 g·kg 1、细叶百合水煎液30 g·kg 1及人参水煎液15 g·kg 1，均每天1次，连续15 d后测定小鼠游泳时间；②取小鼠50只,分组、给药方法及时间同实验①，测量小鼠在常压低氧状态下的存活时间。结果卷丹、龙芽、细叶3种百合水煎液30 g·kg 1对小鼠连续灌胃15 d，均能明显增强小鼠的耐低氧及抗疲劳作用,与纯化水组比较均差异有显著性(均P＜0.05)；其中以细叶百合作用最好。结论卷丹、龙芽、细叶3种百合水煎液均有较明显的抗疲劳和常压耐低氧作用，其中以细叶百合作用最佳。     

黄秋葵提取物抗疲劳的实验研究

目的观察黄秋葵水提物对实验动物的抗疲劳作用,探讨黄秋葵水提物抗疲劳作用的机制。方法以观察小鼠负重力竭游泳时间探讨黄秋葵提取物抗疲劳作用;测定小鼠游泳前后血清尿素的变化、小鼠肝糖原含量、小鼠血乳酸等探讨抗疲劳机制。结果黄秋葵提取物能明显延长小鼠负重游泳时(P<0.05),减少小鼠血清尿素产生(P<0.01),减少小鼠血乳酸含量(P<0.05),对小鼠肝糖原含量无明显影响。结论黄秋葵提取物具有良好的抗疲劳作用。该作用可能与提高小鼠代谢能力和增强应激能力有关。     

泥鳅多糖对小鼠耐缺氧作用的研究

目的　研究泥鳅多糖 (MAP)对小鼠耐缺氧作用的影响。方法　连续灌胃小鼠不同剂量的泥鳅多糖 14d ,末次给药后 1h ,进行密闭缺氧实验、亚硝酸钠中毒缺氧实验和急性脑缺血性缺氧实验。以存活时间、Hb、MDA含量及SOD活性为指标 ,观察MAP对小鼠耐缺氧作用的影响。结果　实验结果表明 ,MAP可延长小鼠在不同缺氧条件下的存活时间 ,以 5 0mg·kg-1·d-1剂量效果最佳。MAP可增高小鼠血红蛋白含量 ,抑制组织脂质过氧化反应以及增加血浆中SOD活性。结论　MAP具有提高实验小鼠耐缺氧能力的作用     

黄芪水提物中微量铅对小鼠急性毒性和骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验的影响

目的 :研究中药黄芪水提取物中微量铅的毒性及致突变性作用。方法 :以铅含量为 2 .71μg·g- 1 黄芪水提物混悬液(0 .76g·ml- 1 )灌胃给药进行了急性毒性试验及小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验。结果 :急性毒性试验最大耐受量为 3 0g·kg- 1 (铅摄入量为 81.3 μg·kg- 1 )相当药材 10 5g·kg- 1 ,约相当于临床用高剂量的 2 10倍。小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验 ,给药组与阴性对照组结果比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,阳性对照组与阴性对照组结果比较 ,差异具有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :急性毒性试验结果表明 ,该黄芪水提物属实际无毒。小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性 ,表明无致突变性作用 ,为临床安全用药提供了客观的科学依据。     

珍珠粉抗疲劳作用的实验研究

目的:探讨珍珠粉对小鼠的抗疲劳作用.方法:经灌胃给予小鼠珍珠粉0.125,0.250,0.500 g·kg-1·d-1(分别相当于人体推荐摄入量的5,10和20倍),分别观察小鼠的体重、负重游泳时间、血清尿素含量、肝糖原含量和血乳酸含量.结果:珍珠粉对实验小鼠体重未见影响;在0.500g·kg-1·d-1时能延长小鼠负重游泳时间和降低运动后小鼠血清尿素含量;在0.250,0.500 g·kg-1·d-1时能增加小鼠肝糖原;且无降低运动小鼠血乳酸的作用.结论:珍珠粉具有增强小鼠抗疲劳的作用.     

酵母致小鼠高尿酸血症模型

目的　建立小鼠高尿酸血症模型。方法　采用酵母膏灌胃给药 ,磷钨酸法测定不同时间小鼠血清尿酸水平。结果　 30、1 5g·kg- 1 ·d- 1 连续灌胃 1、2、3、4wk ,小鼠血清尿酸水平分别为 :(2 71 8± 53 2 )、(2 1 5 4± 31 5)、(1 95 9±56 0 )、(1 4 2 1± 30 7) μmol·L- 1 ,(2 2 6 8± 40 7)、(1 76 9±2 7 0 )、(1 4 8 67± 30 4)、(1 1 9 3± 2 7 4) μmol·L- 1 。 7 5g·kg- 1 ·d- 1 连续灌胃 1wk ,小鼠血清尿酸水平为 (1 1 7 0±2 9 0 ) μmol·L- 1 ,对照组小鼠血清尿酸为 (1 0 8 1± 1 3 9)μmol·L- 1 。结论　酵母膏灌胃可以复制出小鼠高尿酸血症模型 ,以 1 5～ 30 g·kg- 1 ·d- 1 连续灌胃 1～ 2wk较好     

鄂产竹节参多糖成分抗疲劳作用的研究

目的研究鄂产竹节参多糖类成分对小鼠的抗疲劳作用.方法取♂性昆明种小鼠,体重20～25 g,随机分为低、中、高3组,经灌胃给予小鼠竹节参多糖提取物300,600,1 200 mg·kg-1·d-1,同时设空白对照组(纯化水),连续灌胃30 d.分别观察小鼠的体重变化情况、负重游泳时间、血清尿素氮、肝糖原和血乳酸的含量.结果低、中、高3个剂量组对实验小鼠体重变化均无影响,可显著延长小鼠的游泳时间,降低小鼠血清尿素氮的含量;中、高剂量组能明显降低运动后小鼠血乳酸含量并提高肝糖原的储备值.结论鄂产竹节参多糖类成分具有抗疲劳的作用.     

桔梗水提液的镇咳、祛痰作用研究

目的:研究桔梗水提液的镇咳、祛痰作用。方法:通过氨水引咳,观察小鼠咳嗽潜伏期和咳嗽次数,实验分为5组,即模型(等容生理盐水)、右美沙芬(0.03g·kg-1)和桔梗水提液高、中、低剂量(16、8、4g·kg-1)组,ig给药,每12h1次,连续6次。通过测定小鼠气管酚红排泌量来评定小鼠气管黏液分泌量,实验分为5组,即空白对照(等容生理盐水)、盐酸氨溴索(0.03g·kg-1)和桔梗水提液高、中、低剂量(16、8、4g·kg-1)组,ig给药,每12h1次,连续6次。结果:与模型组比较,桔梗水提液高、中剂量组咳嗽潜伏期显著延长(P<0.01或P<0.05),咳嗽次数显著减少(P<0.01或P<0.05)。与空白对照组比较,桔梗水提液高、中剂量组小鼠气管酚红排泌量显著增加(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:桔梗水提液在镇咳、祛痰方面效果较好,本研究可为临床用药提供理论依据。     

芍甘附子汤配方颗粒抗炎、镇痛作用研究

摘要：目的:观察芍甘附子汤配方颗粒的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法:采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验、醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高实验观察芍甘附子汤配方颗粒的抗炎作用,50只昆明小鼠随机分为5组:模型组、地塞米松组(5 mg·kg-1·d-1)、芍甘附子汤配方颗粒高(6 g·kg-1·d-1,以生药计)、中(3 g·kg-1·d-1,以生药计)、低(1.5 g·kg-1·d-1,以生药计)剂量组,每组10只,各实验组连续灌胃给药3 d,2次/d,给药间隔不低于4 h,模型组给与等体积0.5%CMC-Na溶液;采用小鼠醋酸扭体实验、小鼠热刺激反应实验观察芍甘附子汤配方颗粒的镇痛作用,50只昆明小鼠随机分为5组:模型组、布洛芬组(250mg·kg-1·d-1)、芍甘附子汤配方颗粒高(6 g·kg-1·d-1,以生药计)、中(3 g·kg-1·d-1,以生药计)、低(1.5 g·kg-1·d-1,以生药计)剂量组,每组10只,给药方法同前。结果:与模型组相比,芍甘附子汤配方颗粒各剂量组可降低二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀度（P<0.01）,抑制醋酸诱导的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高（P<0.05或P<0.01）。芍甘附子汤配方颗粒各剂量组可减少醋酸所致小鼠疼痛的扭体次数（P<0.01）,高、中剂量组还可显著延长小鼠的扭体潜伏期（P<0.01）。芍甘附子汤配方颗粒高、中剂量组的热板痛阈值较模型组增加（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论:芍甘附子汤配方颗粒具有一定的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

丹参水提物和丹参素促进成骨细胞活性和防治泼尼松所致大鼠骨质疏松

目的　研究丹参水提物 (DWE)对糖皮质激素造成大鼠骨质疏松的预防作用 ,同时研究DWE和有效成分丹参素对体外培养的大鼠成骨细胞的影响 ,以探讨其作用机制。方法　① 4mon龄SD大鼠分为对照组、模型组 (以泼尼松 2 7mg·kg- 1·d- 1灌胃 ) ,丹参水提物组 (泼尼松 +DWE 5 0g·kg- 1·d- 1)和综合治疗组 (泼尼松 +司坦唑醇 0 5mg·kg- 1·d- 1+VitD3 2 50IU·kg- 1·d- 1+葡萄糖酸钙 0 5g·kg- 1·d- 1) ,共给药 12wk。采用骨组织形态计量学方法定量观察大鼠胫骨松质骨的骨结构 ,同时测定骨无机及有机质含量 ;②采用体外大鼠成骨细胞培养 ,测定DWE和丹参素对细胞碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)的活性及药物量效、时效关系。结果　泼尼松可导致骨小梁面积明显减少 ,骨结构异常 ,破骨细胞增多和骨形成率下降 ,伴随骨无机质钙盐 (Ca)和有机质羟脯胺酸 (HyP)下降 ,血钙上升 (以上指标P <0 0 1)。DWE完全对抗由泼尼松引起的上述异常并增加骨干重 ,对增加骨干重和骨有机质含量优于综合组。DWE和丹参素均可促进大鼠颅骨成骨细胞ALP活性 ,呈量效关系 (DWE最佳作用浓度为 1 0～ 2 0g·L- 1,丹参素为 0 1～ 1 0mg·L- 1)和时效关系 (随时间延长作用明显增强 ) ,DWE的效应按含丹参素量计算 ,与丹参素作用相当。结论　丹参水提?     

In vivo anti-ulcerogenic effect of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal lesions

Context: Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) (Malvaceae), is a medicinal plant widely used in Turkish traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as ulcers and gastritis.

Objective: In the present study, we evaluated the gastroprotective effect of okra against ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in animal models.

Materials and methods: Wistar rats were treated with 500, 250 or 100?mg/kg okra; 20?mg/kg famotidine (Fam); and 75?mg/kg quercetin (Que). Following a 60?min period, all the rats were given 1?mL of ethanol (80%). One hour after the administration of ethanol, all groups were sacrificed.

Results: At 5000?mg/kg, the extract produced (okra) no signs of toxicity in animals. Okra 500, 250, 100, Fam 20 and Que 75 inhibited ulcer formation by 81.0, 67.5, 67.0, 76.3 and 72.4%, respectively. Okra 500 significantly decreased edema, hemorrhage and inflammation scores compared with the ethanol group (p?p?p?p?Discussion and conclusions: Our in vivo data indicate that okra has a gastroprotective effect against ethanol and could reduce the gastric ulcer as seen from biochemical and histopathological results. We suggest that okra could be a possible therapeutic antiulcer agent.     

Effect of natural polymers on the survival of Lactobacillus casei encapsulated in alginate microspheres

Linseed and okra mucilages, the fungal exopolysaccharide botryosphaeran, and commercial fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) were used to microencapsulate Lactobacillus casei LC-01 and L. casei BGP 93 in sodium alginate microspheres by the extrusion technique in calcium chloride. The addition of carbohydrate biopolymers from linseed, okra and the fungal exocellular (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan, named botryosphaeran provided higher encapsulation efficiency (EE) (>93% and >86%) for L. casei LC 01 and L. casei BGP 93, respectively. The use of linseed, okra and botryosphaeran improved the stability of probiotics encapsulated in the microspheres during the storage period over 15 d at 5?°C when compared to microspheres formulated with sodium alginate alone as the main encapsulating agent (p?≤?0.05). In in vitro gastrointestinal simulation tests, the use of FOS combined with linseed mucilage was shown to be more effective in protecting L. casei cells LC-01 and L. casei BGP 93.     

‘Okra’ Hibiscus esculentus L.: A study of its hepatoprotective activity

In the present study, an attempt has been made to validate the claimed uses of ‘Okra’ Hibiscus esculentus in liver diseases. The preventive action of ethanolic extract of okra (EEO) against liver injury was evaluated in rodents using carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity model. EEO, at 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, exerted significant dose-dependent hepatoprotection by decreasing the CCl₄-induced elevation of serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, cholesterol, triglycerides and malondialdehyde (MDA) non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) and total protein (TP) levels in the liver tissue. A significant reduction was also observed in pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the extract are being comparable to standard silymarin. These findings were supported by histological assessment of the liver biopsy. The ability of okra extract to protect chemically induced liver damage may be attributed to its potent antioxidant property.     

Loss of tolerance to morphine after a change in route of administration: control of within-session tolerance by interoceptive conditioned stimuli

Tolerance to morphine analgesia (tail-immersion test) was examined after manipulation of two aspects of a tolerance test: 1) the route of drug administration and 2) the time interval between the test dosing and the tolerance test. The intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) routes were used, together with a novel test for tolerance in which the test morphine was infused IV just 2 min before measuring the opiate effect. The first experiment validated this test as an assay for tolerance by examining the log dose-response (LDR) curve changes produced by daily IP injection with 0, 20 or 200 mg/kg morphine; the IV test confirmed the expected parallel shift to the right and flattening of the LDR curve. In the second experiment, all rats of two groups were injected once daily for 3 weeks with 20 mg/kg morphine and with saline except that one group received the morphine IV (and saline IP), the other morphine IP (saline IV). The results indicated route-specific tolerance. On a test using 20 mg/kg given IV morphine, tolerance was significantly greater in rats treated with IV morphine than in those treated IP. However, a larger effect on tolerance was produced by a pretest application of 5 mg/kg morphine 30 min before the actual tolerance test. This manipulation was designed to prime short-term, adaptive processes hypothesized to occur within a normal tolerance test session as morphine is taking effect. The tolerance on the test increased (equivalent to 2 to 3 fold shift in the LDR curve) when the pretest morphine was given with the same route as the chronic morphine, regardless of treatment group. It was concluded that opiate tolerance may be modulated by conditioned stimuli produced by morphine acting through different routes. These interoceptive cues appear to modulate rapidly acquired and short-lived adaptive processes taking place within a given test session.     

Associative and behavioral tolerance to the analgesic effects of nicotine in rats: tail-flick and paw-lick assays

Rationale Theories of drug tolerance differentiate between associative and behavioral (instrumental) drug tolerance. However, there is little research comparing these two forms of drug tolerance beyond alcohol and morphine.Objective We examined the time course development of associative and behavioral tolerance to the analgesic effects of nicotine.Methods and results Associative tolerance was investigated by giving independent groups of rats one, five, 15, ten or 20 administrations of nicotine either explicitly paired or unpaired with a distinctive context. Associative tolerance, assessed in the tail flick, developed more rapidly and reached greater magnitude when nicotine and distinctive context were explicitly paired than when they were unpaired. This effect was evidenced after the fifth conditioning session and was maintained through the tenth, 15th, and 20th sessions. Contextual tolerance, assessed in the hot plate, was first evident after ten sessions. However, this effect disappeared safter 15 and 20 sessions. A second study examined the acquisition of behavioral tolerance to the disruptive effects of nicotine on the hot-plate response. Animals that practiced the test response while drugged developed greater tolerance than animals receiving as much nicotine and hot-plate practice but with these two conditions explicitly unpaired. This effect was evident in two different environments but did not generalize to the tail-flick test.Conclusions The findings suggest that contextual tolerance to drug effects is test specific, with tail-flick responses depending on cue-associative tolerance processes and hot-plate responses requiring procedures that allow the animal to practice the test response while drugged.     

Using Tolerance Intervals for Assessment of Pharmaceutical Quality

In quality control of drug products, tolerance intervals are commonly used methods to assure a certain proportion of the products covered within a pre-specified acceptance interval. Depending on the nature of the quality attributes, the corresponding acceptance interval could be one-sided or two-sided. Thus, the tolerance intervals can also be one-sided or two-sided. To better utilize tolerance intervals for quality assurance, we reviewed the computation method and studied their statistical properties in terms of batch acceptance probability in this article. We also illustrate the application of one-sided and two-sided tolerance, as well as two one-sided tests through the examples of dose content uniformity test, delivered dose uniformity test, and dissolution test.     

Acquisition and loss of behaviorally augmented tolerance to ethanol in the rat

The phenomenon of behavioral augmentation of tolerance (BAT) to ethanol (EtOH) in the rat was replicated in studies using the moving belt test of intoxication. Rats performing the test daily under the influence of EtOH (2.2 or 2.5 g/kg i.p.) developed tolerance more rapidly than those receiving the same dose after each daily session on the belt. However, both groups reached the same maximum level of tolerance. Acceleration of tolerance by BAT was proportional to the frequency of performance under the influence of EtOH when total exposure to EtOH was held constant. The degree of tolerance produced by BAT could not be increased by daily gavage with a large dose (6 g/kg) of EtOH. After termination of EtOH administration, tolerance produced by BAT was lost at the same rate, whether or not daily alcohol-free sessions on the belt test were given. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that BAT and conventionally produced tolerance differ only in rate.     

Glucose tolerance in adult Ethiopian patients with liver disease and porphyria cutanea tarda

Glucose tolerance test was done in 61 patients with liver disease, 54 with porphyria cutanea tarda and 62 controls. The results showed that 45 patients (73.8%) from the liver disease group, 19 (35.2%) from the porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) group and only 7 individuals (11.3%) from the control group had an abnormal glucose tolerance test. The differences were significant. Although nutritional state is known to influence the glucose tolerance test, we did not find any significant difference in the mean body mass index between those with an abnormal glucose tolerance test and those without in both groups of patients. Furthermore, the prevalence of an abnormal glucose tolerance test in those above and below 40 years in each group of patients was not significantly different, indicating that age probably played no significant role in this study. Therefore, glucose intolerance is common among Ethiopian patients with liver disease and PCT. As some patients with an abnormal glucose tolerance test may be expected to develop asymptomatic diabetes, we recommend that periodic blood glucose determinations should be part of the management.     

精氨酸及精氨酸脱羧酶抗体对痛阈及吗啡镇痛作用的影响(英文)

目的进一步阐明胍丁胺对阿片药理作用的影响。方法采用小鼠醋酸扭体法、小鼠热辐射甩尾法、小鼠热板法评价了精氨酸及精氨酸脱羧酶抗体对痛阈、吗啡镇痛及其耐受作用的影响。结果在小鼠醋酸扭体实验中,脑室注射精氨酸能剂量依赖性地抑制小鼠扭体次数,最大抑制率达84 %。在小鼠热辐射甩尾模型中,精氨酸不影响小鼠的甩尾时间,但能剂量依赖性地增强吗啡的镇痛作用,使吗啡2 .5 mg·kg-1的最大可能镇痛百分率从23 %增加到71 %。此外,在小鼠热辐射甩尾实验中,精氨酸能抑制吗啡100 mg·kg-1所诱导的急性耐受。精氨酸上述作用可被咪唑啉受体拮抗剂咪唑克生(3mg·kg-1,ip)所抑制。在小鼠热辐射甩尾实验和小鼠55℃热板实验中,精氨酸脱羧酶抗体能抑制吗啡镇痛,并能加重吗啡所致的耐受。结论上述结果提示,精氨酸及精氨酸脱羧酶在痛阈、吗啡镇痛及吗啡依赖形成过程中具有重要作用。