Time Trends in the Incidence of Cancer Cervix in Karachi South, 1995-2002

Introduction: The objective of the study was to determine the trends of cancer cervix in Karachi Southduring an eight (1995-2002) year period. Methodology: Cancer cervix cases recorded at Karachi Cancer Registryduring 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2002 were analyzed. Trends were studied by analyzing the agestandardized incidence rates (ASR)s in 2 time periods, 1995-97 and 1998-2002. Results: Cancer cervix rankedsixth in the 1995-97 period the age standardized incidence rate (ASR) world and crude incidence rate (CIR) per100,000 were 6.81 and 3.22. It reached the fifth ranking in the 1998-2002 period with an ASR and CIR of 7.5and 4.0 per 100,000. Thus between 1995 and 2002, the incidence of cervical cancer registered an approximate10% increase. The mean age of the cancer cases was 53.27 years (SD 11.6; 95% CI 50.58, 55.96; range 32-85years) and 50.68 years (SD 11.7; 95% CI 48.8, 52.5; range 51 years) in period 1 and 2 respectively. Themorphological components of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma remained stable during this period,though a marginally higher component and increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma was observed throughout.A negligible down staging was observed in the 1998-2002 period. Localized malignancy was observed in 30.8%in period 2 as compared to 25.7% in period 1 and the component of carcinoma in situ increased from 0%percent in period 1 to 1.3% in the second period. Despite this two thirds of the cases still presented with aregional or distant spread of disease. Conclusion: Pakistan at present falls into a low risk cancer cervix region.The cause of concern is the steadily increasing incidence especially in the younger birth cohorts, the advanceddisease at presentation; insignificant in-situ cancers and no preventive intervention or awareness practices inplace.     

Incidence and Trends of Prostate Cancer in Karachi South, 1995- 2002

Introduction: Cancer prostate (CaP) is a commonly diagnosed cancer in western men, but there is sparseinformation about the demographics of this malignancy in Pakistan. The study objective was to provide anoverview of CaP in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: Epidemiological data of 282 incident CaP cases registeredat Karachi Cancer Registry (KCR) during 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2002 were reviewed. Incidenceand trends were studied in 2 time periods, 1995-7 and 1998-2002. Results: In 1995-7, CaP accounted forapproximately 3.4% of the cancers in males and ranked 8th in hierarchy with an age standardized incidencerate (ASR) world and crude incidence rate (CIR) per 100,000 of 6.0 and 2.8 respectively. During 1998-2002, CaPaccounted 4.6% of the cancers, ranked 4th with an ASR world and CIR per 100,000 of 10.1 and 4.4. Thus anapproximate 60% increase was observed between 1995 and 2002. Mean ages of the patients were 67.0 and 67.4years. Age-specific curves showed a gradual increase in risk from the fifth decade onwards. A marginal downstaging was also observed in period 2, more apparent in the more educated Mohajir and Punjabi ethnicities.Conclusion: Karachi falls into a low risk region for CaP, with a rapidly increasing incidence and a marginaldown staging. The probable reasons for the lower incidence are a low life expectancy, lack of availability oraccessibility to health care and lack of public awareness. Implementation of CaP screening and public healtheducation is a necessity today. The low incidence of CaP in Pakistan may be an artefact!     

2009—2015年甘肃省肿瘤登记地区子宫体癌发病与死亡特征分析

目的 分析甘肃省肿瘤登记地区2009—2015年子宫体癌发病和死亡流行状况及变化趋势,为甘肃省子宫体癌的防治提供依据.方法 审核整理2009—2015年甘肃省肿瘤登记地区子宫体癌发病(死亡)率、构成比、中国人口标化率(中标率)和世界人口标化率(世标率)等,分析年龄别发病及死亡情况,并通过Joinpoint回归模型计算年...     

Cancer incidence in Karachi, Pakistan: first results from Karachi Cancer Registry

No cancer incidence data from Pakistan have been published in the 5 decades since independence. Incidence data for the period 1995-1997 from the population of the Karachi South district (1.7 million) are presented here. A total of 4,268 new cancer cases were registered during this period: 2,160 cases in males and 2,108 cases in females. Overall, 95.3% of the incident cases were microscopically verified. The incidence rates for all cancers combined were 80.5 per 100,000 (crude) and 136.7 per 100,000 (age- standardised rates [ASR]) for males and 91.8 (crude) and 163.2 per 100,000 (ASR) for females. In males, lung cancer (ASR 20.3) was the most frequently recorded malignancy followed by oral cavity (ASR 13.8) and larynx cancer (ASR 8.6). In females, breast was the most common site of cancer, accounting for one third of female cancers (ASR 51.7), followed by oral cavity (ASR 14.1) and ovarian cancer (ASR 10.2). Karachi reports the highest incidence of breast cancer for any Asian population, except Jews in Israel. Tobacco smoking is estimated to be responsible for 40% of cancers in males and tobacco chewing for a further substantial proportion of head and neck cancers.     

Rising Incidence of Gastric Malignancies in Karachi, 1995- 2002

Introduction: South Asia is an enigma for gastric cancer, a low risk region with a contradictory high prevalencefor Helicobacter pylori. Patients and Methods: To examine the demographics, pathology and trends of gastriccancer in Pakistan, epidemiological data of 335 gastric malignancies, registered at Karachi Cancer Registry(KCR) for Karachi South (KS), during 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2002 were reviewed. Trends werestudied by categorizing the cases into two time periods ‘1995-7’ and 1998-2002’. Results: Ninety six cases ofgastric cancers were registered in the 1995-7 period, 61 in males and 35 in females. In males, the ASR (world),and crude incidence rate (CIR) per 100,000 were 3.9 and 2.3 respectively. In females, the values were 3.0 and 1.5.In the 1998-02 period 239 cases of gastric cancer were registered, 156 cases in males and 83 in females. The ASRand CIR per 100,000 were 6.0 and 3.4 in males and 3.6 and 2.1 in females. An 18% increase was observed inmales and 14% in females during the seven year study period. The male to female ratio was 2:1.The mean age ofmale patients was 51.9 years [95% CI 45.8; 58.1; SD ±17.9] in 1995-7 and 53.7 years [(95% CI 51.6; 55.9; SD±14.0] in 1998-02. In females the mean age for the two periods was 48.8 years (95% CI 42.5; 55.0; SD ±18.2] and48.4 years [95% CI 45.4; 51.5; SD ±13.9] respectively. Age-specific curves showed a gradual increase in riskfrom the second until the seventh decade. The majority of the cases presented as poorly or moderatelydifferentiated distal (non-cardia) cancers with a regional spread. Conclusion: Gastric cancers in Karachi fallinto the prototype of a low risk developing country pattern. The incidence is increasing, most marked in malesabove 40 years of age. Larger pathology-based studies are required to comment on the precise morphologicalsub-types of gastric adenocarcinoma. Etiological studies focused on different strains of H. pylori are required toaddress the gastric cancer enigma, whilst examining possible protective environmental or genetic factors.     

2015年江苏省子宫体癌流行现状及2006—2015年趋势分析

目的 估算江苏省子宫体癌2015年发病和死亡情况,分析其流行现状及2006—2015年发病和死亡变化趋势.方法 利用江苏省疾病预防控制中心收集并质控合格的35个肿瘤登记处的2015年资料抽取子宫体癌数据,计算子宫体癌分城乡、性别和年龄组的发病率和死亡率,并结合2015年全省户籍人口数据,估算全省子宫体癌的发病数和死亡数...     

2010-2014年浙江省肿瘤登记地区子宫体癌发病与死亡分析

目的近年来子宫体癌发病呈现明显上升趋势,为了解浙江省近年来女性子宫体癌流行现状,现分析2010-2014年浙江省肿瘤登记地区子宫体癌的发病与死亡情况。方法数据来源于浙江省肿瘤防治办公室14个登记处(浙江省)上报的子宫体癌发病、死亡和人口资料,分别计算发病(死亡)例数、粗发病率(死亡率)、构成比和顺位、中国标准人口构成(中标率)、Segi’s标准人口构成(世标率)、累积率、截缩率、年龄别发病率(死亡率)、发病率(死亡率)年度变化百分比(annual change percent change,APC)及95%CI等指标。结果2010-2014年浙江省14个肿瘤登记地区共报告子宫体癌新发病例2767例,占女性癌症新发病例的3.08%。子宫体癌发病率为9.46/10万,中标率为6.11/10万,位居女性癌症发病顺位的第8位。子宫体癌发病率呈波动增长趋势,从2010年的9.31/10万上升至2014年的10.28/10万,APC为1.89%(95%CI:-2.90~6.91)。2010-2014年共报告子宫体癌死亡病例797例,占女性癌症死亡病例的2.10%。子宫体癌死亡率为2.72/10万,中标率为1.58/10万,位居女性癌症死因顺位的第13位。子宫体癌死亡率呈现波动下降趋势,由2010年的2.76/10万降至2014年的2.52/10万,APC为-4.28%(95%CI:-13.82~6.33)。结论浙江省子宫体癌发病率呈波动上升趋势,但死亡率呈波动下降趋势,应通过提高早诊早治比例、提高女性自我防护意识和倡导健康生活方式等综合措施做好子宫体癌防控。     

Patho-epidemiology of Lung Cancer in Karachi (1995-2002)

The objective of the study was to provide an overview of the demographics of lung cancer, the number one cancer ‍killer of men in Karachi South (1995-2002). Lung cancer cases recorded at Karachi Cancer Registry during 1st ‍January 1995 to 31st December 2004 were analyzed. To allow for maximum data completion, cases recorded from ‍1st January 1995 to 31st December 2002 were included for final analysis. Trends were studied by analyzing the age ‍standardized incidence rates (ASR)s in 2 time periods, 1995-1997 and 1998-2002. Odds ratio for sex, age-groups, ‍ethnicity, religion, and residence by socio-economic categories were calculated by considering all malignancies (except ‍tobacco-associated malignancies) for each group, registered at KCR for the same period as controls. Cancer of the ‍lung ranked the most frequent malignancy in men in Karachi in the entire 1995-2002 period, though it did not ‍feature amongst the first 10 malignancies in the females. In the 1995-1997 period, the ASR per 100,000 population ‍for cancer of the lung was 21.4 and 2.9 in males (M) and females (F) respectively. The mean age of the patients was ‍60.4 years (95% CI, 59.1-61.7) M and 53.7 years (95% CI 48.9-58.5) F. In the 1998-2002 period the incidence rate ‍increased to 25.5 per 100,000 (M) and 4.2 per 100,000 (F). Thus between 1995 and 2002, the incidence of lung cancer ‍registered a 19% increase in men and almost 100% in women. The component of adenocarcinoma in females remained ‍stable during 8 years, but increased 55% in males. Histologic confirmation was 80%; majority of cancer cases ‍presented as grade 3 and grade 4 lesions (62.3%), and were discovered at advanced stages (stage III 35.7%; stage IV ‍55.8%).The odds ratio (OR) in men was 4.5 (95% CI 3.7; 5.4). The risk of developing lung cancer increased with age, ‍the highest risk being observed in the 65+ age group. A marginally higher risk was observed in the higher socioeconomic ‍categories for men and in the lower socio-economic categories for women. A higher risk was also observed ‍for men who were residing along the coastal belt, and for ethnicities belonging to Southern Pakistan (Sindhi and ‍Mohajir) residing in Karachi South. In conclusion, Pakistan at present falls into a low risk lung cancer region in ‍females and a moderate risk region for males and the highest registered increase between 1995 and 2002 was observed ‍in the older age groups (65+). It is however a cause of concern that the overall lung cancer incidence rates continue ‍to rise. The age specific rates though stable in the younger age groups (35-49 years), are at present equivalent to ‍contemporary rates in high- risk countries. These rates correspond with the trends of smoking prevalence in the ‍younger age groups in the last 2 decades. Published studies have given alerts to increase in the smoking habits of the ‍present day youngsters and with an expanding population the country can expect a substantial increase in lung ‍cancer. This threat can only be averted by implementation of stringent anti-tobacco rules and health education; ‍prohibition of smoking in educational institutions at all levels and a ban on the sale of cigarettes to minors.     

2000~2009年浙江省肿瘤登记地区子宫体癌发病与死亡分析

[目的]分析浙江省肿瘤登记地区2000～2009年子宫体癌的发病与死亡情况。[方法]数据来源于浙江省6个肿瘤登记处上报于浙江省肿瘤防治办公室的肿瘤发病和死亡资料．分别计算发病（死亡）例数、粗发病率（死亡率）、构成比、中标率、世标率、累积率、截缩率以及年度变化百分比等指标。[结果]2000—2009年浙江省6个肿瘤登记地区共计报告子宫体癌新发病例2347例,占女性癌症新发病例的3-35％。子宫体癌发病率为7．92／10万,中标率为4．64／10万,位居女性癌症发病顺位的第9位。子宫体癌发病率呈总体增长趋势,从2000年的5．13／10万增长到2009年的8．69／10万,年度变化百分比（APC）为6．40％（95％CI：3．78％～9．08％）。2000～2009年共报告子宫体癌死亡病例854例,占女性癌症死亡病例的2．56％。子宫体癌死亡率为2．88／10万,中标率为1．41／10万,居女性癌症死因顺位的第11位。子宫体癌死亡率呈现波动增长趋势,年度变化百分比为5．84％（95％CI：-2．70％～15．13％）。[结论]浙江省子宫体癌发病和死亡呈上升趋势,应加强肿瘤防治等措施．以期降低子宫体癌的发病水平。     

上海市区女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤发病趋势分析

目的对1972～1999年上海市区常见的女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤的发病率进行统计,分析其发病趋势及变化原因,为防治措施的制定提供依据.方法根据上海市肿瘤发病登记处收集的1972～1999年的上海市区卵巢癌、宫颈癌、宫体癌和不明部位子宫癌的病例资料和相应年份的人口资料,分别计算各年龄组的年龄别发病率.并采用直接法计算世界人口标化发病率,对数线性回归法计算标化率的年变化率(Annual percentage change,APC),并对病例数进行加权计算.结果1972～1999年上海市肿瘤登记处共登记卵巢癌6106例、宫颈癌8063例,宫体癌3 933例和不明部位子宫癌1 312例.28年来,宫体癌和卵巢癌的标化发病率呈上升趋势,分别从1972～1974年的2.49/10万和4.77/10万上升至1996～1999年的4.75/10万和6.88/10万,年增长率分别为3.0%和2.0%.同期宫颈癌的标化发病率从26.66/10万快速下降至2.18/10万,年下降率达10.5%.不明部位子宫癌的标化发病率亦呈下降趋势(P＜0.01).宫体癌以55～64和65～74岁组发病率上升最快,年增长率分别为2.5%和3.3%.卵巢癌各年龄组的发病率均有上升趋势,年变化率都在1.0%以上.宫颈癌发病率下降最快的年龄组是45～54和55～64岁组,25～34和35～44岁组的发病率在近几年有升高趋势.结论上述肿瘤的发病率及年龄别发病率的变化趋势提示,上海女性生活方式和环境因素的改变可能是导致这种变化的重要原因.     

Incidence and Current Trends of Colorectal Malignancies in an Unscreened,Low Risk Population

Introduction: Karachi falls into a low risk region for colorectal (CRC). The incidence rate is known butdetailed epidemiology and pathology data regarding the disease are not available. The aim of this study is todescribe CRC with reference to incidence, gender; topographic sub-site, tumor morphology, grade and stage atdiagnosis and to determine the trends of incidence. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and seventy threecases of colorectal cancer submitted to the Karachi Cancer Registry for Karachi South, years 1995-2002 werereviewed. Cases were analyzed in two time periods (1995-7 and 1998-2002) to facilitate the study of time trends.Results: A total of 151 CRC cases were registered during period one [86 (57%) males; 65 (43%) females] and322 cases [210 (65%) males; 112 (35%) females] in period two. Age standardized rate (ASR) world per 100,000,crude incidence rate (CIR) and relative frequency in period one were 5.3, 3.2 and 4.1% in males and 5.5, 3.2and 3.2% in females respectively. Corresponding figures for period two were 7.1, 4.5 and 4.7% for males and5.2, 2.8 and 2.7% in females. The male, female ratio was equal for colon (1:1). Men had more rectal cancers(2:1) and overall CRC (1.7:1). The mean age of the patients varied with sub-site and gender from 43.7 years to51.2 years. Cancers of the rectum presented at a relatively earlier age. Less then 5% of the cases were diagnosedin adolescents, 50% above 50 years of age and only 30% above 60 years. The ratio under-40 to above-40 forCRC patients was 0.3, which is much higher than the international average, indicating a younger age group atrisk. The first cases were observed in adolescents (15-19 years) and a peak was observed in the seventh decade.Colon to rectum ratio was 1:1 in males and 2:1 in females. Most cases presented with advanced disease, thoughsome down staging was observed in period 2 (1998-2002). Conclusion: The current low but increasing incidence(especially in men), the younger age and advanced stage of CRC at diagnosis reflects a low risk, unscreenedpopulation. With existing prevalence of high risk factors in Pakistan, the low CRC incidence may be an artifact.There are concerns that an aging population over the next decade and changing lifestyle patterns may translateinto a higher CRC incidence. Screening must be considered as part of the health sector planning for the futureand include the high risk younger age groups.     

2015年中国子宫体癌发病与死亡分析

目的根据中国各省市登记处上报的2015年肿瘤登记数据,估算2015年中国子宫体癌发病与死亡情况。方法收集整理中国501个登记处上报的2015年肿瘤登记数据,对数据进行质量审核和评估,将符合标准的368个登记处数据纳入分析,按地区(城市、农村、东部、中部和西部)和年龄等因素分层,计算子宫体癌的发病率和死亡率,结合2015年全国人口数据估算全国子宫体癌发病和死亡数据。标化率分别采用2000年全国普查人口和Segi′s世界标准人口计算。结果2015年纳入分析的368个登记处覆盖309553499人口,占全国2015年年末人口的22.52%。估计全国子宫体癌新发病例数约6.89万,发病率为10.28/10万,中标率为6.86/10万,世标率为6.66/10万。城市地区发病率(11.35/10万)高于农村地区(8.90/10万),东部地区发病率(12.12/10万)高于中部地区(9.94/10万)和西部地区(8.25/10万)。估计2015年全国因子宫体癌死亡病例数约1.60万,死亡率为2.39/10万,中标率为1.49/10万,世标率为1.47/10万。城市地区死亡率(2.40/10万)与农村地区(2.39/10万)相似;中部地区死亡率(2.55/10万)高于东部地区(2.32/10万)和西部地区(2.31/10万)。结论中国子宫体癌发病不断上升且有年轻化趋势,威胁女性健康,疾病负担逐渐加重。中国子宫体癌发病存在城乡和区域差异,应有针对性地开展防控工作。     

Cancer Incidences in Urban Delhi - 2001-05

The Delhi Population based cancer registry collects data on new cancer cases diagnosed among Delhi urbanresident population. The sources for cancer registration are more than 162 government hospitals/centers and250 private hospitals and nursing homes. During the period 1st January 2001 to 31st December 2005 a total of54,554 cases were registered of which 28,262 were males and 26,292 were females. The age adjusted (worldpopulation) incidence rates were 116.9 per 100,000 for males and 116.7 per 100,000 for females. The leading sitesof cancer among Delhi males was lung (ASR: 13.8 per 100,000) followed by oral cavity (ASR:11.4), prostate(ASR:9.0) and larynx (ASR:7.9). In females, breast (ASR: 30.2 per 100,000) was the most common site ofcancer, followed by cervix uteri (ASR:17.5), ovary (ASR:8.5) and gallbladder (ASR:7.4). The incidence of prostatecancer in males and ovary cancer in females in Delhi were the highest among the Indian registries, while larynxamong males was the second highest and the gallbladder cancer in females was the highest among Indianmetropolitan cities.     

Cervical Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell CarcinomaIncidence Trends among Tunisian Women

Introduction: Uterine cervix cancer is an important public health problem in Tunisia. In this study, we reporttrends in the incidence of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri in the central regionof Tunisia during 1993-2006. Design: Data were obtained from the Cancer Registry of the Center of Tunisiawhich registers invasive cancer cases by active methods. Five-year age-specific rates, crude incidence rates (CR),world age-standardized rates (ASR), percent change (PC) and annual percent change (APC) were calculatedusing annual population data. Results: Among all women cancers, cervix uteri cancer accounted for 5.9% andranked the fourth during the study period with an ASR of 6.9 per 100,000. The ASRs decreased notably with anAPC of -6.7% over the whole period. However, incidence rates of adenocarcinomas have increased during thelast years (APC: +14.4%). Conclusion: The introduction of cytological screening programs has led to a markeddecrease of the incidence rates of cervix uteri cancer among Tunisian women. The data underline the fact thatthe population-based cancer registry is an indispensable tool for providing data for planning and evaluation ofprograms for cancer control.     

Cancer Incidences in Rural Delhi - 2004-05

There are no data available on cancer incidence pattern in rural Delhi. This is the first report on cancerincidence among Delhi Rural population during 2004-05 which gives the first hand information on cancerincidence. The data for this report has been collected by Delhi Population based cancer registry. The sources forcancer registration are more than 162 Government Hospitals/centers and 250 private hospitals and nursinghomes. A total of 594 cancer cases with 317 males and 277 females were registered during the period 1st January2004 to 31st December 2005. The age adjusted (world population) incidence rates for all sites were 55.2 per100,000 for males and 47.7 per 100,000 for females. The leading sites of cancer among Delhi Rural males wasoral cavity (ASR: 8.0 per 100000) followed by lung (ASR: 6.5), larynx (ASR: 4.0) and bladder (ASR: 4.1). Infemales cervix uteri (ASR: 10.3 per 100,000) was the most common site of cancer followed by breast (ASR: 7.8),gallbladder (ASR: 3.5) and ovary (ASR: 3.3). The overall incidence rates of cancer in Delhi Rural werecomparatively very less than Delhi Urban. A statistically significant difference was also found between DelhiRural and Delhi Urban in incidence rates (ASR) for first four common sites. The rates in Delhi Rural are alsocomparatively lower than other rural registries situated in India.     

Breast Cancer in Iraq,Incidence Trends from 2000-2009

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy of women worldwide. In Iraq, breast cancer ranksfirst among cancers diagnosed in women but no studies have been conducted on incidence trends. The presentstudy of breast cancer in the country during 2000-2009 was therefore performed. Materials and Methods: Theregistered data for breast cancer cases were collected from the Iraqi Cancer Registry/Ministry of Health. Thesignificance of incidence rate trends during 2000-2009 was tested using Poisson regression. Age-standardizedrates (ASR), and age-specific rates per 100,000 population were calculated. Results: A total of 23,792 incidentbreast cancer cases were registered among females aged ≥15 years, represented 33.8% of all cancers in femalesregistered during 2000-2009. It ranked first in all the years. The median age at diagnosis was 49 and the mean agewas 52 years. The incidence rate of all female breast cancer in Iraq (all ages) increased from 26.6 per 100,000 in2000 to 31.5 per 100,000 in 2009 (APC=1.14%, p<.0001). The incidence in age groups (40-49), (50-59) and (70+)increased in earlier years and has recently (2005-2009) become stable. The incidence in age group (60-69) didnot decline since 2003, while the incidence rates in the age group (15-39) started to decline in 2004. Conclusions:With the Iraqi Cancer Registry data during the period 2000-2009, the incidence of all female breast cancer inIraq (all ages) has risen. We found rapid increase in the age specific incidence rate among age group 60-69.However, breast cancer among Iraqi women still affects younger age groups than their counterparts in developedcountries. Further epidemiological research is needed to examine possible causes and prevention measures.     

Cancer incidence in Conakry,Guinea: first results from the cancer registry 1992–1995

We have registered 2,064 cases of cancer among the inhabitants of Conakry, Guinea, during 1992–1994, corresponding to age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of 83.3 per 100,000 in men and 110.5 per 100,000 in women. As elsewhere in West Africa, the principal cancer of men was liver cancer (ASR 32.6), with modest rates of stomach (ASR 6.2) and prostate (ASR 8.1) cancers. In women, cervix cancer was the dominant malignancy (ASR 46.0), followed by liver cancer (ASR 12.5) and breast cancer (ASR 10.9). In contrast to contemporary East and Central Africa, Kaposi's sarcoma remained rare (only 4 cases). In the childhood age group, relatively high incidence rates were found for Hodgkin's disease, Burkitt's lymphoma and, especially, retinoblastoma. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Rising Incidence of Primary Liver Cancer in Brunei Darussalam

Background: Primary liver cancer (PLC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and is still associatedwith high mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma are the two most common PLCs,and their incidence varies across regions. Currently there are no published data available on the incidence ofPLC in Brunei Darussalam. Materials and Methods: All proven PLCs between 2000 and 2009 were identifiedfrom the National Cancer Registry and reviewed. Metastatic diseases were excluded. A total of 123 cases (male65.8%, female 34.2%) were identified and their data collected for calculation of the age standardised rate(ASR). Results: The most common type of PLC was HCC (87.8%) followed by cholangiocarcinoma (10.6%).There were two cases of hepatoblastoma. The mean age at diagnosis was 63.2 years. The overall ASR of PLCwas 8.2/100,000, increasing from 4.5/100,000 population in 2000 to 11.4/100,000 population in 2009. The rateswere higher among males (12.0/100,000) than females (4.7/100,000). Among the ethnic groups, Chinese had thehighest rates (overall 13.1/100,000 with none recorded in 2000 to 30.3/100,000 in 2009) compared to the Malays(overall 8.5/100,000 increasing from 4.5/100,000 in 2000 to 12.3/100,000 in 2009) and the indigenous groups. Theincidence increased after the age of 50 and was highest among the 75-79 age groups. Increase was seen for HCCbut not for cholangiocarcinoma. Conclusions: The most common type of PLC is HCC and the annual incidenceof PLC is increasing in Brunei Darussalam,rates being higher in males and Chinese.     

The incidences and mortalities of major cancers in China, 2010

To estimate the cancer incidences and mortalities in China in 2010, the National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR） of China evaluated data for the year of 2010 from 145 qualified cancer registries covering 158,403,248 people （92,433,739 in urban areas and 65,969,509 in rural areas）. The estimates of new cancer cases and cancer deaths were 3,093,039 and 1,956,622 in 2010, respectively. The percentage of morphologically verified cases were 67.11%; 2.99% of incident cases were identified through death certification only, with the mortality to incidence ratio of 0.61. The crude incidence was 235.23/100,000 （268.65/100,000 in males and 200.21/100,000 in females）. The age-standardized rates by Chinese standard population （ASR China） and by world standard population （ASR world） were 184.58/100,000 and 181.49/100,000, respectively, with a cumulative incidence （0-74 years old） of 21.11%. The crude cancer mortality was 148.81/100,000 （186.37/100,000 in males and 109.42/100,000 in females）. The ASR China and ASR world were 113.92/100,000 and 112.86/100,000, respectively, with a cumulative mortality of 12.78%. Lung, breast, gastric, liver, esophageal, colorectal, and cervical cancers were the most common cancers. Lung, liver, gastric, esophageal, colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancers were the leading causes of cancer deaths. The coverage of cancer registration has rapidly increased in China in recent years and may reflect more accurate cancer burdens among populations living in different areas. Given the increasing cancer burden in the past decades, China should strengthen its cancer prevention and control.